TYR011 BSI Research On ISO Report July 061 (Tyre Recycle)

Creating markets for recycled resources
Tyres Report Tyres Report

Research on Legislation, National and
International (ISO) Standards and Best
(industry) Practices for Tyres and Tyre
Bale Recycling
In Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany,

the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, UK and USA
Project code: TYR011 (Research Paper)

Date of commencement of research: November 2005
Finish date: January 2006
Written by:
Technical Information Group

Professional Standards Services
British Standards Institution
Published by:
The Waste & Resources Action Programme
The Old Academy, 21 Horse Fair, Banbury, Oxon OX16 0AH
Tel: 01295 819900 Fax: 01295 819911 www.wrap.org.uk
WRAP Business Helpline: Freephone: 0808 100 2040
Date Published: July 2006 ISBN: 1-84405-281-8

Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................. i
Abstract............................................................................................................ ii
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................1
2. Research Objectives and Scopes.............................................................1
3. Research Methodology and Limitations....................................................2
3.1 Research Methodology......................................................................2
3.2 Research Limitations .........................................................................2
4. Listing of Results ......................................................................................3
4.1 European Countries (Belgium, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom)............................................3
4.1.1 Belgium ......................................................................................3
4.1.2 Finland........................................................................................4
4.1.3 Germany.....................................................................................4
4.1.4 The Netherlands .........................................................................5
4.1.5 Portugal ......................................................................................5
4.1.6 Sweden ......................................................................................5
4.1.7 United Kingdom ..........................................................................6
4.2 United States of America .................................................................7
4.2.1 California ....................................................................................7
4.2.2 Texas..........................................................................................8
4.2.3 Michigan .....................................................................................8
4.3 Canada............................................................................................9
4.3.1 Alberta ........................................................................................9
4.3.2 British Columbia .........................................................................9
4.3.3 Ontario........................................................................................9
4.4 Australia .......................................................................................10
5. Conclusions.........................................................................................11
Research on Legislation, National and International (ISO) Standards

and Best (industry) Practices for Tyres and Tyre Bale Recycling
Abstract
This report presents the listings of results from an investigation into various
legislations, standards and best industry practice in recycling tyres and tyre bales in
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden,
UK and USA. This investigation was carried out between November 2005 and
January 2006 by Technical Information Group (TIG) of the British Standards
Institution (BSI).
The findings are the results of comprehensive online searches and phone
conversations with various parties like environmental agencies, national standard
bodies, trade associations and manufacturers of tyres and tyre bales. BSI Database
was searched to identify any related standards.
Despite certain research limitations encountered during the investigation, this report
provides a fair representation of, and contributes to, the existing knowledge on
legislations, standards and best industry practice in recycling tyres and tyre bales in
the above-mentioned countries.
A key finding of this report is that there is no united approach in dealing with tyres
and tyre bale recycling in those countries, and there seems to be no specific
legislation dealing with tyres and tyre bale recycling. There are legislations on
general waste management. In Europe, there are directives on Disposal to Landfill
and End-of-Life Vehicles. In the United States of America, those general legislations
are mostly to do with the whole management of used tyres, ranging from disposal to
storage of used tyres. The authority of applications of such legislations rests with the
State government. A similar situation applies in Canada. In Australia, there is a
Product Stewardship, including used tyres, being drafted at the moment.
Regarding standards on tyres and tyre bale recycling, this research shows that all of
them are published by ASTM International either on a specific recycling process or
recycling in the transportations and civil engineering applications.
There appear to be one or two Technical Specifications and Guidelines published by

either the Trade Associations or Environmental Agencies on the used tyres. There is
a United States Patent on tyre bale process.
Most of the surveyed European countries take CENELEC Workshop Agreement

14243:2002 as a ‘guideline’. It was discovered that the CENELEC Task Force is
looking into ways to redeliver the agreement.
This report is intended to aid the development of a Publicly Available Specification

(PAS) standardising ways to recycle tyres and tyre bales.
ii
Research on Legislation, National and International (ISO) Standards

and Best (industry) Practices for Tyres and Tyre Bale Recycling
1. Introduction
In the framework of the development of a Publicly Available Specification on Tyres and Tyre Bale
Recycling, the Waste and Resource Action Programme (WRAP) has requested Technical
Information Group (TIG) of the British Standards Institution (BSI) to investigate various
legislations, standards and best industry practices in recycling tyres and tyre bales in these
countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, UK
and the USA
It is estimated by the European Tyre Recycling Association that there are about +250 millions
post-consumer tyres accumulated each year in the 15 Member States of the European Union and
comparable amounts amassed in Eastern Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia, the Middle-
East, totalling about 1 billion post-consumer tyres accumulated per year.
Instead of letting new accumulations being added to the billions that have been stockpiled or
buried in designated landfills as well as the uncounted millions found in illegal dumping sites,
warehouses, and through-out mountains and valleys, worldwide, it is recognised that all the rubber
tyres can be recycled into new products.
Processes that are commonly used for tyre recycling are retreading, energy recovery, gasification,
shreading and chipping, crumbing, cryogenic fragmentation, devulcanisation, pyrolysis, reuse for
civil engineering applications, and others.
This would then result in less waste and less environmental degradation.
In order to further reduce waste tyres, it is recognised that a more united approach should be
adopted, and as such, this report provides the listing of titles of any legislation, standards and best
industry practices governing recycling of tyres and tyre bales in the above mentioned countries.
This report is intended to be used as a basis in developing the Publicly Available Specification
(PAS).
2. Research Objectives and Scopes

The two key objectives of this research conducted for Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland,
Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, UK and USA are as follows:
Research into legislations, national and international (ISO) standards and best industry practices
for tyres (excluding re-treading and incineration)
Research into existing legislations, national and international (ISO) standards and best (industry)
practices for tyre bales
The scope of this research is limited to listing names and titles of the results found; the results will
not be translated (unless a translation is available) nor will the content of any of the results be
summarised.
1
TYR011 - Research on Legislation, National and International (ISO) Standards and Best
(Industry) Practices for Tyres and Tyre Bale Recycling
3. Research Methodology and Limitations
This section outlines the research process and the data collection techniques employed to perform
in this investigation. It further outlines the limitations encountered in the process of carrying out
the research.
3.1 Research Methodology

In order to achieve the objectives of this research, the following research methodology was
developed:
a) Regulations and Standards relevant to the scope of this research were identified by:
Performing a comprehensive search into databases held by BSI (Perinorm and British
Standards catalogue)
Contacting environmental agencies, World Trade Organisation (WTO) Enquiries Points and
national standards bodies (ISO) to enquire about any legislation and national standards on
tyre and tyre bale recycling
Holding conversations with relevant personnel at the above mentioned organisations
b) Schemes and Industry Practice relevant to the scope of this research were identified by:
Conducting online searches to identify any Manufacturer and Trade Associations of Tyre
and Tyre Balers in each country to request information on specifications, schemes or
industry practice of tyre and tyre bales that they may be aware of
Holding conversations with relevant personnel at the above mentioned organisations
3.2 Research Limitations

As with each piece of research, the results presented in this report bear the restrictions of the
specific methodology used and are shaped by certain limitations encountered throughout the
investigation. The specific limitations encountered in our research are as follows:
As the schemes and best practices were identified using major search engines, some results may
have been omitted due to the indexing of such information on the search engines. This may then
affect the identifications of such schemes and practices.
This investigation was somewhat limited by the initially established time frame, as with every piece
of research.
It should be noted that despite the research limitations outlined above, this report fulfils its
objectives and gives a fair representation of the listing of legislations, standards and best industry
practices on tyres and tyre bale recycling in all the surveyed countries. Our investigations were
cross-referenced and substantiated with data obtained from different parties such as national
standard bodies, environmental agencies, World Trade Organisations and trade associations.
2
4. Listing of Results
4.1 European Countries (Belgium, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom)
In the European Union, there is no specific directive dealing with the recycling of used tyres and
tyre bales. There is only a general waste management framework that deals with environmental
concerns. The framework covers only some parts of the whole used tyres stream.
The Directive that covers disposal of used tyres to landfill is:
Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (OJ L 182, 16/07/1999)
Directives that govern only tyres that are integrated in vehicles are:
Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on
end-of life vehicles - Commission Statements (OJ L 269 , 21/10/2000). Amendments are
2002/525/EC and 2005/63/EC
Commission Decision 2003/138/EC of 27 February 2003 establishing component and material

coding standards for vehicles pursuant to Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council on end-of-life vehicles (OJ L 053 , 28/02/2003)
Proposal COM/2004/0162 final - CNS 2004/0054, Brussels, for a Directive of the European
Parliament and of the Council on the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to their re-
usability, recyclability and recoverability and amending Council Directive 70/156/EEC.
The directive that deals with the general waste-recycling processes where tyres are mentioned is
Communication from the Commission COM(2003) 0301 final, Brussel - Towards a thematic
strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste.
Note that disposal of whole tyres to landfill is banned according to Directive 1999/31/EC on the
landfill of waste. Disposal of shredded tyres to landfill will be banned from July 2006.
Specific EU countries were further investigated if they have implemented any legislation and
standards specifically on tyres and tyre bale recycling.
4.1.1 Belgium
Belgium is a small but complex country and the legislation regarding recycling of waste is not at
national but regional level, i.e. Wallonie, Brussels and Flanders.
Legislation - There are general legislations on waste management but there is no specific
legislation governing recycling of used tyres and tyre bales in all three regions in Belgium.
However, a document on implementation of used-tyres recovery might be of interest:
G.W. 23/01/03(M.B. 12/05/03) 23 JANVIER 2003, - Convention environnementale relative à

l'exécution de I'obligation de reprise en matière de pneus usés
It is for Wallonie region.
3
Standards - There is no specific standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling.
Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common scheme in recycling tyres
and tyre bales. Manufacturers are obliged to take back used tyres.
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.recytyre.be/fra/default.aspx
4.1.2 Finland
In Finland, the waste management of used tyres is based on the responsibilities of tyre producers,
manufacturers and importers, and it is stipulated by the Waste Act (1073/1993) and the Council of
State Decree on the Waste Management of Discarded Tyres.
Legislation - There is a general legislation on recovery and disposal of discarded tyres, but there
is nothing specific on tyres reuse or recycling. The legislation on recovery and disposal of
discarded tyres is:
No. 1246 Government Decision on The Recovery and Disposal of Discarded Tyres (October 12,
1995)
Standards - There is no national standard in Finland that deals specifically on tyres and tyre bale
recycling.
Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

tyres and tyre bale recycling.
Finnish Tyre Recycling Ltd, was setup by importers and domestic manufacturers in the tyre
business along with Autonrengasliitto (The Tyre Association) to voluntarily take care of the
collection and utilisation of used vehicle tyres in Finland.
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.rengaskierratys.com/en/
4.1.3 Germany
There is no special regulation in Germany on used tyre recycling. The German Waste Management
Act demands generally that waste should be recycled as far as possible on the highest available
technical and ecological standard.
Legislation - There is no specific regulation governing tyres and tyre bale recycling.
Standards - There is no national standard in Germany that deals specifically with tyres and tyre
bale recycling

tyres and tyre bale recycling
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.uba.de
4
4.1.4 The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, producers and importers are responsible for collecting and processing used car
tyres.
Standards - There is no national standard in the Netherlands that deals specifically with tyres and
tyre bale recycling

An organisation called BEM is setup to be responsible for waste tyre management.
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.bandenmilieu.nl
4.1.5 Portugal
There is no specific regulation in Portugal on used tyre recycling. It is the national framework that
establishes the law of waste management. There is a decree establishing a hierarchy of principles
and norms for used tyre management, giving priority to the prevention of the production of waste
of used tyres.
Legislation - The decree that deals with general used tyre management is:
- Decreto-Lei n.o 111/2001 de 6 de Abril, Ministério Do Ambiente E Do Ordenamento Do Território
Standards - There is no national standard in Portugal that deals specifically with tyres and tyre
bale recycling.
Schemes and Industry Practice - Producers of tyres are responsible for the collection,
transportation and adequate final disposal of used tyres. An organisation called Valorpneu was
setup for that purpose.
It is important to note that a recycling company, Biosafe (www.biosafe.pt), publishes specifications

on their website for tyres recycling while another company, Recipneu (www.recipneu.com ) follows
American’s ASTM standards, i.e. ASTM D 5644-01 on Determination of Particle Size Distribution of
Recylced Vulcanizate Particulate Rubber and ASTM D 5603-1 on Recycled Vulcanizate Particulate
Rubber.
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.inresiduos.pt/
4.1.6 Sweden
In Sweden, tyres are covered by producers’ responsibilities in setting up a system for collection
and treatment.
5
Standards - There is no national standard in Sweden that deals specifically with tyres and tyre
bale recycling
According to the Swedish Standards Institute who currently holds the Secretariat position of
CEN/BT/TF 145 Tyre Recycling, the members of the task force have been asked to revive CWA
14243:2002 Post Consumer tyre materials and applications.
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.svdab.se
4.1.7 United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, there are general regulations on waste management like Duty of Care,
Waste Management Licensing Regulations et cetera. There is no specific regulation on tyres and
tyre bale recycling.
Legislation - There is no specific regulation on tyres and tyre bale recycling.
Schemes and Industry Practice - There is a document on tyres for civil engineering
applications:
Civil Engineering Application of Tyres published by Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) and
Viridis
Another document on tyre bales in constructions is being drafted. It will be a document published
by TRL. The document is entitled ‘Tyre Bales in Constructions’.
HR Wallingford published a report on Sustainable Reuse of Tyres in Port, Coastal and River
Engineering
Sustainable Reuse of Tyres in Port, Coastal and River Engineering
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.dti.gov.uk
6
4.2 United States of America
In the United States, there are general regulations for non-hazardous wastes which are listed in
Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The rules are codified in the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) under Title 40. However, there is no specific regulation for tyres and
tyre bale recycling.
Legislation - There is no specific regulation on tyres and tyre bale recycling at federal level.
Standards - The following are standards on the rubber recycling processes:
ASTM D 6114 Asphalt-Rubber Binder

ASTM D 6700 Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
ASTM D 6270 Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications
Schemes and Industry Practice - There is a report on best practices in scrap tyres and rubber
recycling published by Environmental Protection Agency in the United States. The report is:
Best Practices in Scrap Tires and Rubber Recycling
There are guidelines for tyre scrap published by the Institute of Scrap Rubber Industries (ISRI) in
the States. It is called:
Guidelines for Tire Scrap: TS-2005
There is a patent on the process of tyre baling. It is:
Bale Tire Process, United States Patent, no. 4095560
There is a research report on tyre bales in highway application published by the Colorado
Department of Transportation. It is:
Tire Bales in Highway Applications: Feasibility and Properties Evaluation
More information can be found at:
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/tires/
As each individual state would create their own regulations, only California, Texas and Michigan
were investigated. California is the most populous state; Texas is the biggest state while Michigan
is the heart of the automotive industry in the USA. In addition, both California and Michigan were
mentioned in the pre-launch meeting.
4.2.1 California
Legislation - - California Tire Recycling Act 1989
Waste Tire Manifest System required by Public Resources Code Section 42961.55
7
Standards - There is no specific state standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling. There are
standards at federal level, as mentioned above.

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/tires
4.2.2 Texas
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) oversees the collection, processing, and
recycling or disposal of over 24 million tyres discarded each year in Texas.
Legislation:
Chapter 285.33 of Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

Chapter 328.66 of Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is currently working with the University of Texas
to develop minimum standards for bales used in construction projects and to determine
engineering properties for tyre bales.

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/
4.2.3 Michigan
The scrap tyre management programme regulates transportation, storage and disposal of scrap
tyres under Part 169 of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, 1994 PA 451, as
amended. An annual registration is required for scrap tyre transporters and collection sites.
Legislation - Tyre bale is not allowed.
Act 451 of 1994, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, Part 169 Scrap Tires

More Information can be obtained from:
http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3312_4122---,00.html
8
4.3 Canada
There are general tyre recycling programmes in Canada. Some operate as a component of the
provincial government concerned. Others focus on a stewardship model, with industry
stakeholders sharing responsibility through an external board of directors.
Legislation - There is no specific legislation on tyres and tyre bale recycling.
Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on tyre
and tyre bale recycling.
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.catraonline.ca/
4.3.1 Alberta
Legislation - There is no specific legislation on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.catraonline.ca/alberta/index.html
4.3.2 British Columbia
Legislation - There is no specific legislation on tyre and tyre bale recycling. The general waste
legislations are the Environmental Management Act and Recycling Regulation.

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/ips/tires/index.html
4.3.3 Ontario
Legislation - There is no specific provincial legislation on tyre and tyre bale recycling. The general
legislations are the Environmental Protection Act (R.R.O. 1990, REGULATION 347) and Waste
Diversion Act, 2002 (WDA). The Scrap Tire Diversion Program Plan was withdrawn and is being
revised.
Standards - There is no specific provincial standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.ene.gov.on.ca
9
4.4 Australia
There is no specific legislation on tyres and tyre bale recycling in Australia. However, there is
legislation regarding disposal of tyres to landfill and where tyres are used as an alternative fuel
source, such as in kilns or power stations, there are general environmental standards applied
through environmental license conditions
Legislation - There is no specific legislation on tyres and tyre bale recycling in Australia.
A Tyres Product Stewardship Agreement for A National Environment Protection (Product

Stewardship) Measure is being drafted at the moment in order to support a new national
legislative instrument called “National Environmental Protection (Product Stewardship) Measure”
(PS NEPM)
Neither of these are available publicly yet.
Standards - There is no documented common practice or scheme on tyres and tyre bale recycling
Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common scheme on tyres and tyre
bale recycling.
More Information can be obtained from: http://www.deh.gov.au
10
5. Conclusions
In Europe, there are only general regulations on waste management. There is no specific
legislation and standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling. If there is one, it is about the used tyre
management, like in Finland and Wallonie region in Belgium. During the research, it was
discovered that the CENELEC Workshop Agreement 14243:2002 is treated as a ‘guideline’ as far as
tyres and tyre bale recycling are concerned. A CENELEC Task Force is looking into ways to revive
the agreement in another form of delivery. Most surveyed countries in Europe exercise
Environmental Taxes. The countries transpose the EU Directives on End-of-Life Vehicles and
Disposal to Landfill to national legislations.
In the United States of America, there is no specific legislation and standard on tyres and tyre bale
recycling. The waste management programmes are mostly to do with grants, transportation,
storage and disposal of scrap tyres. There are standards on testing and processes at federal level.
Most technical documents on tyres are in the areas of civil engineering and transportation
applications.
In Australia, there is no specific legislation and standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling. A new
Product Stewardship on used tyres is being drafted to support the National Product Stewardship
Arrangements for a variety of products. The current legislation is to do with disposal to landfill.
In Canada, there is nothing specific on tyres and tyre bale recycling. There are general recycling
programmes.
11

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Creating markets for recycled resources

Tyres Report Tyres Report

In Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany,

Project code: TYR011 (Research Paper)

Technical Information Group

Date Published: July 2006 ISBN: 1-84405-281-8

Research on Legislation, National and International (ISO) Standards

There appear to be one or two Technical Specifications and Guidelines published by

Most of the surveyed European countries take CENELEC Workshop Agreement

This report is intended to aid the development of a Publicly Available Specification

Research on Legislation, National and International (ISO) Standards

2. Research Objectives and Scopes

3.1 Research Methodology

Holding conversations with relevant personnel at the above mentioned organisations

Holding conversations with relevant personnel at the above mentioned organisations

3.2 Research Limitations

The Directive that covers disposal of used tyres to landfill is:

Commission Decision 2003/138/EC of 27 February 2003 establishing component and material

G.W. 23/01/03(M.B. 12/05/03) 23 JANVIER 2003, - Convention environnementale relative à

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.recytyre.be/fra/default.aspx

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.rengaskierratys.com/en/

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.uba.de

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

An organisation called BEM is setup to be responsible for waste tyre management.

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.bandenmilieu.nl

- Decreto-Lei n.o 111/2001 de 6 de Abril, Ministério Do Ambiente E Do Ordenamento Do Território

It is important to note that a recycling company, Biosafe (www.biosafe.pt), publishes specifications

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.inresiduos.pt/

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.svdab.se

4.1.7 United Kingdom

Legislation - There is no specific regulation on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

Standards - There is no specific standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

Sustainable Reuse of Tyres in Port, Coastal and River Engineering

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.dti.gov.uk

Standards - The following are standards on the rubber recycling processes:

ASTM D 6114 Asphalt-Rubber Binder

Best Practices in Scrap Tires and Rubber Recycling

Guidelines for Tire Scrap: TS-2005

There is a patent on the process of tyre baling. It is:

Bale Tire Process, United States Patent, no. 4095560

Tire Bales in Highway Applications: Feasibility and Properties Evaluation

More information can be found at:

Legislation - - California Tire Recycling Act 1989

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/tires

Chapter 285.33 of Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/

Legislation - Tyre bale is not allowed.

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

More Information can be obtained from:

Legislation - There is no specific legislation on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

Standards - There is no specific standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.catraonline.ca/

Legislation - There is no specific legislation on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

Standards - There is no specific standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on

More Information can be obtained from: http://www.catraonline.ca/alberta/index.html

4.3.2 British Columbia

Standards - There is no specific standard on tyres and tyre bale recycling.

Schemes and Industry Practice - There is no documented common practice or scheme on