EE3741 - L3 - Transmission Line PDF

Lecture 3 Transmission line
Subject lecturer: Dr. XU Zhao
Department of Electrical Engineering

Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Email: eezhaoxu@polyu.edu.hk
R
Room: CF632
Tel: 27666160
Outlines
• Types
• Inductance of transmission line
• Capacitance of transmission line
• Transmission line model
2 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Types of power lines
• Power lines classified according to voltage class

– Low voltage (LV) lines – 120 V – 600 V
• Lines are insulated conductors,
conductors usually made of aluminium,
aluminium
often extended from local power mounted distribution
transformers to service area of consumer
• Lines may be overhead or underground
– Underground cables found in metropolitan areas with grid
providing dependable service in which some outages will not
cause loss of load
– Medium-voltage (MV) lines – 2.4 kV – 69 kV
• Predominantly radial systems with lines spreading out from
sub-stations to feed power to high-rise buildings, shopping
centres and campuses
– High-voltage (HV) lines - <230 kV
• Lines composed of aerial conductors or underground cables
– Extra-high-voltage (EHV) lines – operate at voltages up to
800 kV
• Used when ggenerating
g stations very
y far from load centres
• May be as long as 1000 km
Aluminum outer strands
Component of HV 2 layers, 30 conductors
transmission line
Steell core strands,
St t d
• Conductors 7 conductors
– Stranded copper conductors or steel-reinforced aluminium

cable (ACSR)
• ACSR usually preferred because result in lighter and more
economical lines
• Insulators
– Serve to support and anchor conductors and insulate them
from ground
• Usually made of porcelain, but glass
and other synthetic insulating materials
may be used
– Must offer high resistivity to surface
leakage currents
– Must be sufficiently thick to prevent
breakdown under high voltage stress
Single-phase high-voltage cable with solid

dielectric
Component of HV transmission line
•Supporting structures
– Keep conductors at safe height from ground and at
adequate distance from each other
• Wooden poles equipped with cross-arms used for
voltages below 70 kV
• For higher voltage two poles used to create H-frame
• For very high voltage lines, steel tower used
– Spacing between conductors must be sufficient to
prevent arc-over under g
p gusty
y conditions and increased
as distance between tower and line voltages become
higher

Resistance
• DC Resistance at given temperature
RDC,T = ρl/A
l – length of conductor
A – cross-sectional area of conductor
ρ – resistivity of conductor
– Resistivity will depend upon conductor material

Resistance
• If resistance of conductor at certain temperature know, DC

resistance at other temperature given by:
⎛ M + T2 ⎞
RT 2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ RT 1
⎝ M + T1 ⎠
M – temperature constant
• Resistance of nonmagnetic conductors varies with frequency
due to “skin
skin effect”
effect
– Electric current distributions inside conductor not uniform
As frequency increases, current tends to flow nearer to outer
surface of conductor,
conductor decreasing effective cross section
E.g. RAC = K * RDC
RAC ≈ (1.05
(1 05 ~ 1.10)*
1 10)* RDC @ 60Hz
60H
Inductance
• Series inductance of transmission line consists of two

components
– Internal inductance
• Due to magnetic flux enclosed by conductor
– External inductance
• Due to magnetic flux outside conductor
• Total inductance a combination of both these effects

Internal Inductance
L=λ/I
Current carrying conductor
•Magnetic field intensity around path, radius x,

inside conductor

Internal Inductance
• Flux density around the path inside the conductor
• Flux linkages are equal to fraction of current linked

times flux per meter length. Thus the total flux linkages
inside the conductor
• The flux linkages and the consequent internal

inductance of the conductor
– THE INTERNAL INDUCTANCE IS CONSTANT!, IRRESPECTIVE

OF CONDUCTOR DIAMETER
External inductance
y to flux between p
• Inductance due only points at D1 and D2
meters
– Depends
p comparative
p distances from current carry
y conductor

Inductance of single phase line
•Consider two wire

transmission system
–Conductor 1 is active
conductor
d t
–Conductor 2 provide
return path for current
• “Neutral” conductor
2- wire transmission line system

• Inductance of two-wire circuit due to current
flowing
g in conductor 1
• Total
T t l inductance
i d t can b
be simplified
i lifi d tto:
r’1=r1e−1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

r’1=rr1e−1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

•r1’ – (GMR) equivalent radius of conductor 1=
0.7788r1
– The impact of self inductance is to reduce the effective
radius of the conductor
• Inductance
d off conductor
d 2
• The inductance
ind ctance of the complete ci
circuit
c it is then
OR
If r1 = r2

Inductance of Three-Phase Circuit
• Inductance due to current flow in
phase a
p
• Inductance of phase b, c
r’i=rie−1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

For a completely transposed
transmission line, the average
inductance of each conductor over
a complete cycle is the same.
Inductance of Three-Phase Circuit

• If all three conductors have same radius
–GMD – geometric mean distance = (D12D23D31)⅓

• For a three-phase,
p , equilaterally
q y spaced
p transmission
line, phase conductors have equal separation
distances
GMR of the conductor: r ’ = re-1/4
– D12 = D23 = D31 = D
=2×10-7[1/4+ln(D/r)] H/m
If 3-phase line not equilaterally spacedÆ different Φ and L, but small; assume
transposed,
16 Electrical i.e. eachHKPU
Engineering, conductor occupies the original positions of16theAss.
EE3741 other
Prof Zhao Xu
conductors over equal distances.

Examples
• A single circuit,
circuit fully transposed,
transposed three-phase,
three phase 60Hz transmission line
consists of three conductors arranged as shown. The aluminium
conductor has a diameter of 250mils, find the inductive reactance of the
line p
per kilometre pper pphase.
• Note: 1 mil: 1×10-3 in; 1m = 39.36in

Solution
1m = 39.36inches(in)
Diameter: 250mils=0.25in=0.25/39.36=0.006352m
Radius: r = 0.006352/2
0.006352/2=0.003176m
0.003176m
De = (5×5 ×8)1/3=5.848m
For each kilometre of length, the inductance is:

L = 2[1/4 + ln(De/r)] ×10-7 ×103=1.544mH/km
Inductive reactance per km is: XL=2πfL=377×1.544 ×10−3=0.5858Ω

Verify the solution with GMR & GMD

Inductance of Stranded Conductors
• Stranded conductors have 2 or more elements or strands of
wire that are electrically in parallel.
• All strands
t d are id
identical,
ti l shares
h currentt equally.
ll
• La =Lb=Lc = 2×10-7 ln(GMD/GMR)
GMR of stranded conductor:
Equivalent radius or GMR (Geometric Mean Radius) of the conductor: r ’ = re-1/4
Dnn
L=LX+LY conductor:: Dkk = rk’ = rke-1/4

GMR of the kth conducto
G

Inductance of Bundled Conductors
•La =Lb=Lc = 2×10-7 ln(GMD/GMRb)
Two-conductor bundle GMRb = rb = d rc
Three-conductor bundle rb = 3 d 2 rc rc: GMRc of individual conductor
Four-conductor bundle: rb = 1.09 4 d 3 rc
Bundled Conductors: have 2 or

more conductors belong to the
same phase and are close
t
together
th ini comparison
i with
ith the
th
separation distances between the
phases.
2-bundle conductor line
2-bundle 3-bundle 4-bundle
Capacitance
•When
Wh voltage
lt applied
li d to
t pair
i off conducting
d ti
plates (separated by non-conducting
medi m) charge
medium) h ge accumulates
m l te on each
e h side
ide
of plate
–Magnitude
M it d off charge
h on each
h side
id off plate
l t equall
–Charges on each side have opposing polarity
•Magnitude
Magnit de of charge
cha ge deposited proportional
p opo tional
to applied voltage
Q = CV
–C – capacitance of line

Capacitance
•Potential difference between conductor in

transmission line cause them to become
charged like capacitors
–Effective capacitance dependent upon size and
separation
i di
distance off conductors
d
•AC power lines energized by time varying
voltage
–AC voltage causes charge on conductors to vary
• “Charging”
Charging current of line capacitance
–Charging current effects
• Power transmitted and operating power factor
• Voltage drop along line
Electric field around long conductor
• Can consider transmission line as long

g straight
g
conductor having uniform charge throughout length
– Electric field intensity at point P some distance x from
conductor given by:
E = q / (2πεx)
q – change of conductor [coloumbs/m]
ε–p permittivity y of medium surroundingg conductor=εrε0
εr: relative permittivity (dielectric constant) =1 for air
ε24
0: permittivity of free space = 1/(36π)×10 =8.854×10
Electrical Engineering, HKPU -9 -12 F/mEE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu
Electric field around long conductor
•Instantaneous potential difference between two
point, P1 and P2 around conductor
–Found by considering change in electric field over
radial path between two points

Capacitance of single phase line
• Consider
C id active
ti conductor
d t
and return path as two
long lines of charge
• Total voltage between
lines
– Superposition of:
Voltage drop between lines

due to charge on active
conductor
+
Voltage drop between lines
due to charge on return
conductor



ε0: permittivity of free space = 1/(36π)×10-9=8.854×10-12 F/m
•Potential difference between each
conductor and ground half the potential
difference between two conductors
–Capacitance to ground / Capacitance to neutral
twice
i capacitance
i ffrom line
li - line
li

ε0: permittivity of free space = 1/(36π)×10-9=8.854×10-12 F/m
Capacitance of three-phase line
•Capacitance
Capacitance per
phase given by:
a
where
D1
GMD =
D3
2
(D12D23D31)⅓
=D
provided conductors
h
have same diameter
di t c D23 b
and are equilaterally
spaced
p
Bundled line capacitance
Line reactance
• Inductive reactance
– Total
T t l iinductive
d ti reactance
t proportional
ti l to
t li
line llength
th
• Total line inductive reactance found by multiplying inductive
reactance by line length
• Capacitive reactance
– Total capacitive reactance inversely proportional to line

length
• Total line capacitive reactance found by dividing capacitive
reactance by y line length
g
– Total capacitive susceptance (admittance) proportional to
line length
Xc = Ω⋅m / m = Ω
Transmission line model
• Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent circuit with
parameters on a per-phase basis
– Voltages are expressed as phase-to-neutral
– Currents are expressed for one phase
– The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single-phase
• All lines are made up of distributed series inductance and
resistance, and shunt capacitance and conductance
– Line parameters: R, L, C, & G
–Capacitance
p between neighbouring
g g
conductors, line and ground
– Inductance due to Stranded & Bundled Conductors
• Three types of models
– depend on the length and the voltage level
– short, medium, and long length line models

Transmission Line models
• Classified according to length of line
– Short line – less than 50 miles (80 km)
(or up to 320 km
– Medium line – 50 ~ 150 miles (80 ~ 240 km)
for some applications depending upon whether line
characteristics can still be represented by lumped
components)
– Long line

Short Transmission Lines
• Applicable to lines up to 80.45 km (50 miles) long

• Equivalent circuit of short transmission line
consists of series combination of line resistance
and inductive reactance
– Line capacitance ignored!

Short Transmission Lines
• No shunt branches
– Cu
Current
e a at se
sending
d g end
e d equal
equa to
o current
cu e at a receiving
ece g end
e d
Is = IR
• Voltage at sending end given by:
Vs = VR + IRZ
• Voltage regulation
– Increase
I in
i receiving
i i end
d voltage
lt as load
l d reduced
d d from
f
full load to no load with sending end voltage held
constant

Two-Port model representation
ABCD two p
port model
Vs = VR + IRZ
Is = IR

Medium Length Lines
• For lines 80 km (50 miles) - 240 km (150 miles) capacitive

reactance between lines and neutral (earth) not
insignificant
• Shunt admittance (usually pure capacitance) included in
equivalent circuit
– Allows formation of nominal π equivalent circuit
• Line impedance
p still represented
p as lumped
p components
p

Medium Length Line
• Sending-end voltage and current expressed in terms
of receiving end voltage and current using “ABCD”
transmission parameters
AD-BC = 1
A&D: dimensionless
B’s unit: (Ω)
C’s unit: siemens
– ABCD parameters governed by line impedance and

admittance
• They are a short-cut way of representing line
38
characteristics
Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu
Medium Length Line
VS=AVR+BIR
IS=CVR+DIR
No load: IR = 0,, VS=AVR
•Voltage Regulation (at specific power
factor)
–At
At no lload,
d receiving-end
i i d voltage
lt iis 1/A ti
times
sending end voltage
Sending end power: = PS= 3VSISPFS
Efficient of line: = ((PR//PS))100%

Long transmission line
• For lines greater than 240/250 km (150 miles)
lumped components no longer provide required
accuracy
– Consider parameters distributed evenly throughout line
l: length of line
Z0 = SQRT(z/y): characteristic or surge impedance z: series impedance per unit length, Z=zl
γ=SQRT(zy):
40 Electrical propagation constant
Engineering, HKPU y: shunt admittanceEE3741
per unit
40 length,
Ass. Prof Zhao Xu Y=yl
•For lines greater than 240/250 km (150
miles) lumped components no longer
provide required accuracy
– Consider parameters distributed evenly throughout line
•Modeling
M d li off the
th transmission
t i i line
li
parameters
– Accuracy obtained by using distributed parameters
– The series impedance per unit length is z
– The shunt admittance per unit length is y
– The
Th distance
di t from
f receiving
i i end
d is
i x


43 Electrical Engineering, HKPU

Wave equation for lossy line EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu
• let
d 2 I ( x)
= γ 2 I ( x)
dx 2
α-attenuation/damping
constant
β –phase
p constant

Two part model

Two part model

Wave propagation
• Substitute
V ( x) = A1eαx e jβx + A2 e −αx e − jβx
• Transform back to time domain
v( x, t ) = 2 Re A1eαx e j (ωt + βx ) + 2 Re A2 e −αx e j (ωt − βx )
-amplitude increases -amplitude decreases

along positive x direction along positive x direction
-incident
incident wave -traveling
traveling -reflected wave traveling
towards receiving end backward to sending end
Note:
- α >0 for a line with resistance
-Traveling sinusoidal waves in positive x direction
Courtesy by Prof Goran Andersson ETH

Wave propagation
• Wave length: a voltage cycle corresponds to 2 π change of
angular argument βx
λ=2π/β
• If loss neglected g=r=0, and
β = ω LC
C
1 1
v = λ / T = 2πf / β = λ=
LC f LC
• Using the equation for per unit length inductance and
capacitance L and C, we can have
1
v≈ = 3 ×108 m / s
u0ε 0
1
λ≈ = 3 ×108 / 50 = 6km
f u0ε 0
Surge impedance
• If loss neglected g=r=0
g=r=0, the characteristic impedance
L
-Surge impedance purely resistive
Zc =
• Surge
u g impedance
p da
C(
loading
oad g (SIL)
) @ receiving
g end
d 2
3 V (kVrated ) 2
SIL = 3VR I R =
* R
= MW
Zc Zc
• @SIL, voltage and current along lines are constant in magnitude
as sending
di end
d
V ( x ) = (cos β x + j sin β x )V R = V R ∠ β x
I ( x ) = (cos β x + j sin β x ) I R = I R ∠ β x
• No reflected wave (A2=0) and reactive power in the line, and
reactive loss due to shunt capacitance and series inductance offset
each other
• SIL indicate loading without
itho t reactive
eacti e compensation,
compensation therefore
the efo e
reflecting capacity somehow: loading@ SIL compensation little,
loading>> SIL-compensation needed
• Zc for overhead line 400-600 ohm, cable: 30-50 ohm, overhead
li
line lloading
di can > SIL,
SIL while
hil cable
bl lloading
di always
l < SIL (SIL
larger than cable thermal limit)
Wave transient analysis
are reflected wave @receiving end
Let Zc=surge impendence
Voltage reflection coefficient @ receiving end
and SC termination, -1, open circuit termination +1.
Since current reflection coefficient@receiving end is -ρ

ρR
When wave back to sending end, reflection coefficient@sending
end

Wave transient analysis-example
• Refer to Page228-230 Power System analysis By
John&William, McGraw-Hill 1994
• A DC source of 120v with negligible resistance is
connected through a switch S to a lossless transmission
line having Zc
Zc=3030 ohm. The line is terminated in a
resistance of 90 (10) ohm. If S closes at t =0 , plot VR
v.s. time until t=5T, where T is the time for a voltage
wave to travel the length of line.
line

Incident wave starts to travel along
line (Note: x from sending end here),
(
where U(vt-x) ) is the unit step
p
function, equal to 1 when vt-x>0,
and 0when vt-x<0
No reflection until wave reach receiving
end with Zc=30,
end, Zc=30
@ t= T, ρr =(90-30)/(90+30)=1/2 Lattice
v-=120*1/2=60 V VR=120+60=180 V diagram
@t 2T ρs =(0-30)/(0+30)=-1
@t=2T, (0 30)/(0+30) 1
v-=-1*60=-60, Vs=120v always
@t=3T, ρr =(90-30)/(90+30)=1/2
v-=1/2*-60=-30,
1/2* 60 30 VR=180-60-30=90
180 60 30 90 V
…
@t=5T, VR=135 v

•ZR=10 ohm
•Current lattice diagram can be drawn

with reflection of current is negative
value of voltage one

• Reflection can occurs at the end, and also when a line has a junction
of two different parts, or bifurcation
• E.g.
E g an overhead line connected to cable,
cable the first part terminates at
Zc of the second part cable. The part of wave which continues to
travel and is not reflected back at the junction is called the refracted
wave
• When applies a voltage surge, a same shape voltage surge traveling
backwards as seen in example occurs at end of the lossless line,
• If ZR is not open circuit or SC, reflected wave has reduced
magnitude. When ZR> Zc, the peak terminal voltage > voltage surge

• Terminal equipment tends to overvoltage when surge applies in the
circuit, and therefore protected by surge arrestor (lightening arrestor,
surge divider)
– Conducting at certain v above design rating v
– Limit terminal voltage to its design value
– Noncoducting again when line line-neutral
neutral voltage drops below rating
• Air gap type, difficult to extinguish current for AC
• Air gap+ nonlinear resistor in series(ohm decreases quick when V rises)
• silicon carbide
carbide, zinc oxide is more popular without need of air gap

Transmission power
•Power transfer by transmission line
VS ∠δ − A ∠θ A VR ∠0
VS = VS ∠δ ,VR = VR ∠0 A = A ∠θ A , B = B ∠θ B , I R =
B ∠θ B
2
VS VR A VR
S R = PR + jQ R = 3VR I R = 3 ∠(θ B−δ ) − 3 ∠(θ B−θ A)
*
B B
2
VS ( L − L ) VR ( L − L ) A VR ( L − L )
PR = cos(θ B−δ ) − cos(θ B−θ A)
B B
2
VS ( L − L ) VR ( L − L ) A VR ( L − L )
QR = sin(θ B−δ ) − sin(θ B−θ A) A ∠θ A VS ∠δ − VR ∠0
B B S R = PR + jQ R = 3VR I R
*
IS =
B ∠θ B
2
A VS ( L − L ) VS ( L − L ) VR ( L − L )
PS = cos(θ B−θ A) − cos(θ B+δ )
B B
2
A VS ( L − L ) VS ( L − L ) VR ( L − L )
57 Electrical Engineering, HKPU QS = sin(θ B−θ A) −EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu
sin(θ B+δ )
B B
Transmission power
• Real
R l and
d reactive
ti power transmission
t i i lloss
PL = PS − PR
QL = QS − QR
• Power transfer by lossless line B = jX ' , θ A = 0, θ B = 900 , A = cos βl
2
VS ( L − L ) VR ( L − L ) VS ( L − L ) VR ( L − L ) VR ( L − L )
PS = PR = '
sin δ QR = '
cos δ − cos βl
X X B
• Power-delta
P d lt curve: max power transfer
t f @ 90 degree
d
• Actual stability is much lower [35,45]degree due to
stability
y consideration of generator,
g , i.e. to withstand
sudden loss of generator or load

Transmission capability
• Power transmission capability is
limited by thermal and stability
limits
• Overloading may cause high
temperature and irreversible
stretching of conductor, i.e. physical
sag of lines due to real power loss
• Thermal limit specified in current
carrying capability Ithemral from
manufacture datasheet
Sthermal = 3VφRated I thermal

Other Limits Affecting Power Transfer
Stability limit
zAngle limits
– while the maximum power transfer occurs when line angle
difference is 90 degrees,
degrees actual limit is substantially less
due to multiple lines in the system and also the generator
stability limits [35, 45]degree
zVoltage stability limits
– as power transfers increases, reactive losses increase as
I2X.
X As reactive power increases the voltage falls
falls, resulting
in a potentially cascading voltage collapse.

Transmission line compensation
• Self reactance and capacitance causing voltage variations and reactive
flow
• Loading variation cause voltage variations along the line
line, e.g.
eg
– @ SIL, voltage profile are flat along line and no reactive flow
– <SIL, voltage rise, line generate VARs
– >SIL,
>SIL voltage drops,
drops line consume VARs
• Shunt v.s. series compensation: Shunt reactors, Shunt capacitor, Series
capacitor, FACTs devices…

Transmission compensation
• Compensate for voltage uneven distribution cause by line
capacitance
• Shunt reactors xLsh @end of long line
• Solving for xLshh
• If requiring
q g VS=VR
• Substitute
b Xlsh
• Voltage is uneven along the line, mid point voltage is, why?

Transmission compensation
• Shunt capacitor for heavy loads with
lagging power factor
• Series capacitor connected in mid of line
– reduce reactance
– Reduce voltageg dropp
– improve steady state and transient stability
loading limit for EHV lines at very low costs
comparing to new line costs
VS ( L − L ) VR ( L − L )
PS = PR = sin δ
X'
is in percentage called percentage compensation

– Drawbacks: special protection to prevent high
current at SC fault occurrence, and SSR
(
(resonant circuit causing oscillations
ll when
h
stimulated by a disturbance)

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Lecture 3 Transmission line

Subject lecturer: Dr. XU Zhao

Department of Electrical Engineering

2 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

• Power lines classified according to voltage class

– Stranded copper conductors or steel-reinforced aluminium

Single-phase high-voltage cable with solid

5 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

6 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

• If resistance of conductor at certain temperature know, DC

• Series inductance of transmission line consists of two

• Total inductance a combination of both these effects

8 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Current carrying conductor

•Magnetic field intensity around path, radius x,

9 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

• Flux linkages are equal to fraction of current linked

• The flux linkages and the consequent internal

– THE INTERNAL INDUCTANCE IS CONSTANT!, IRRESPECTIVE

11 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

•Consider two wire

2- wire transmission line system

12 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

r’1=r1e−1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

Inductance of single phase line

14 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

r’i=rie−1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

Inductance of Three-Phase Circuit

–GMD – geometric mean distance = (D12D23D31)⅓

conductors over equal distances.

17 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

For each kilometre of length, the inductance is:

18 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

19 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Equivalent radius or GMR (Geometric Mean Radius) of the conductor: r ’ = re-1/4

L=LX+LY conductor:: Dkk = rk’ = rke-1/4

20 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Four-conductor bundle: rb = 1.09 4 d 3 rc

Bundled Conductors: have 2 or

22 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

•Potential difference between conductor in

• Can consider transmission line as long

25 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Voltage drop between lines

26 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

27 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

εr: relative permittivity (dielectric constant) =1 for air

εr: relative permittivity (dielectric constant) =1 for air

– Total capacitive reactance inversely proportional to line

32 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

33 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

• Applicable to lines up to 80.45 km (50 miles) long

34 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

35 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

36 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

• For lines 80 km (50 miles) - 240 km (150 miles) capacitive

37 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

– ABCD parameters governed by line impedance and

Sending end power: = PS= 3VSISPFS

Efficient of line: = ((PR//PS))100%

39 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

41 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

42 Electrical Engineering, HKPU EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu