1

Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background

1.1 Introduction
Mung bean, scientifically known as Vigna radiate and commonly known as Monggo in
the Philippines, is considered as one of the cheapest major sources of food and protein in the
country. Aside from its protein content, mung bean also has an abundant amount of
carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals (Garde, 2014). According to the Philippine Statistics
Authority, the production of mung bean in the first three (3) months of 2019 increased by 2.6
percent compared to the previous year. Also, Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, the
Philippines, and Indonesia, have developed early mature mung beans over time (World Vegetable
Center, 2010). Moreover, mung bean has many uses; it can be eaten as a vegetable by its tender
pods, a soap replacement derived from its flour, and its ripe seeds are considered an important
diet component.
Soil is the foundation of basic system function in the ecosystem. It gives the plant the
minerals and nutrients it needs for its growth. It also provides air for gaseous exchange between
roots and atmosphere, filters the water and regulates the Earth's temperature. But due to some
natural factors such as climate change, and man-made causes such as land misuse and soil
management, the soil is susceptible to degradation (Lal, 2018). Countries in Asia and Africa,
which depend upon agriculture as the engine of economic growth, are believed to suffer the
greatest impact of soil degradation. In the Philippines, soil degradation is one of the most serious
ecological problems today. The National Action Plan for 2004 to 2010 identified soil degradation
as a major threat to food security in the country (Perez et al. 2010).
Due to some natural factors such as climate change, and artificial causes such as land
misuse and poor soil management, the soil is susceptible to degradation. Taking crops from the
soil and not replacing it can also deplete the soil and its resources, such as nutrients and support
to the root of the plant (Lal, 2018). As a result, plant or crop growth is affected.
Urban area soil has normally been altered and modified mainly because of urban
development that affects the soil profile and soil quality. Urbanization also affects the soil’s
natural functions, such as osmosis (movement of water), ventilation, and it also affects the
number of nutrients of the soil or soil organic matter received (Handayani et al., 2017).
 2
Despite the pressing issue of soil degradation; its contributions to climate change and
effects on safe food production, healthy soil is still not as accessible. Thus, the researchers of this
study aimed to test whether there is a significant difference in plant growth between those
planted in Urban Area Soil and an alternative milk soil.

1.2 Background of the Study

1.2.1 Rationale
As the researchers have observed, urban communities and procedures have negative
effects on soil’s physical and biochemical properties, all of which influence the life-supporting
qualities of soils (Almendro-Candel, 2018). Furthermore, plants require different processes for
remediation of soil (G. U. Chibuike & S. C. Obiora, 2014). This research will serve as a
reference for the public, for them to obtain new knowledge on making an alternative soil, as well
as enable them to apply the possible positive effects of Milk-Ingested Soil for plants.

Since hydroponics is becoming a popular gardening method, the researchers decided to

conduct this study to bring knowledge about another alternative for growing plants. The
researchers also observed that the condition of the current environment is worsening. In a 740-
page report by the United Nations in 2019, they sketched a scenario whereby 2050, in the worst
case, "the scale of destruction is beyond our capacity to model, with a high likelihood of human
civilization coming to an end." All of which, is because of climate change brought by
problematic human behaviors. Moreover, the Philippines, considered as one of the third-world
countries, is vulnerable to the effects of climate change because of insufficient resources. As this
keeps happening, it will leave serious negative implications especially to those people affected
by poverty (Jose & Cruz, 2018).

Soil pollution, one of the major contributors to climate change, is often found in Urban Area
Soil. With the idea of this alternative soil, urban farmers and normal citizens inclined to home
gardening can now have another option. They are no longer limited to simply commercial soil
they can buy from local shops, such as Cartimar; where the soil’s source, way of production and
nutritional content is questionable.
 3
1.2.2 Objectives
This study aims to:
 Calculate the factors that affect the health of Urban Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil.
 Determine the difference between mung bean growth planted in Urban Area Soil and
Milk-Ingested Soil.
 Generate an alternative medium to grow healthier plants in urban areas.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to elaborate on how Milk-Ingested Soil and Urban Area Soil have
differences that affect plant growth and also states and establishes the preceding questions:
1. How many mung bean seeds sprouted in

a) Urban area soil

b) Alternative milk soil

2. What is the height in centimetres of the mung bean plants after daily measurement
if planted in

a) Urban area soil

b) Alternative milk soil?

3. How long does it take for the mung bean to produce a leaf if it is planted in

a) Urban area soil

b) Alternative milk soil?

4. Is there a difference between the number of mung beans that sprouted in Urban
Area soil and in alternative milk soil?

5. How much is the height difference between the mung bean planted in Urban Area
soil and alternative milk soil?

6. What are the difference in the time it took for mung bean to grow in Urban Area
soil and the alternative milk soil?

1.4 Significance of the Study

 4
The study is highly beneficial to the following:
To the environment. This study will be beneficial to the environment considering the
state of our environment in today’s generation. With the help of this research, it will find new
ways of planting seeds without the help of soil itself. This research can create another solution to
the soil problems in urban areas.
To the farmers. As infrastructures are built on most supposed farming land due to
urbanization, it will be harder for farmers to produce and export fruits and vegetables. The Milk-
Ingested Soil will hopefully give them a sustainable soil that can eliminate their land problems.
To the consumer. To make Milk-Ingested Soil healthier than Urban Area Soil. A mung
bean plant with healthier soil can produce healthier sprouts. Thus, the sprouts that will be coming
from the Milk-Ingested Soil can attract consumers more than the sprouts produced by the urban
soil.
To future researchers. To help the further study of this topic. This is to provide an
accessible and beneficial reference to people who are interested in researching the same issue.

1.5 Review of Related Literature

Degraded Soil

Analyzed soils from some parts of Luzon, Philippines indicated that it has a high clay
content, which hinders the growth of crops. Also, all the soil that was tested has fertility
limitation, mainly soils that have a high acidic content. The prevalence of these constraints
depends mostly on the type of soil, location, and parent substance or bedrock (Michelle
Calubaquib et al., 2016). Additional to this, Iqbal concluded that puddling techniques, especially
in crop cultivation, can cause maximum damage to the soil and its physical quality indicators
(2014).

Milk as Stimulant and Fungicide

Applications of milk can positively influence the growth of crops, thus increasing soil
nutrient levels and from adequate to high (Hilshey & Bosworth, 2014). Also, high-concentrations
of milk is an effective alternative in preventing powdery mildew —fungal disease on plants, on
crop production (Bettiol et al., 2014). These studies help prove that milk is one beneficial
ingredient in creating an alternative soil.

Soil Requirement for the mung bean

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In the Philippines, mung bean can be grown during the wet season (May to June); dry season
(September to October); and late dry season (February-March). It can be profitably grown in
different types of soil with pH ranging from 5.8 to 6.5. It is fairly well adapted to sandy loam
soils and a dry condition. (Chadha, M. L. 2010.)

Mung beans require slightly acidic soil for best growth because its root growth can be
restricted on heavy clays. Mung beans do not tolerate saline soils and can show severe iron
chlorosis symptoms and certain micronutrient deficiencies on more alkaline soils. (Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2015)

1.6 Hypotheses
To measure the difference between the number of mung beans that sprouted in Urban
Area Soil and in alternative milk soil, the researchers will test if:
H0 - There is no difference between the number of mung beans sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
H1 - There is a difference between the number of mung beans sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
To measure the height difference between the mung bean planted in Urban Area Soil and
alternative milk soil, the researchers will test if:
H0 - There is no height difference between the mung beans that sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
H1 - There is a height difference between the mung beans that sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
To determine the difference in the time it took for mung bean to grow in Urban Area Soil
and the alternative milk soil, the researchers will test if:
H0 - There is no difference in the duration it took for the mung beans to grow in Urban
Area Soil and alternative milk soil.
H1 - There is a difference in the duration it took for the mung beans to grow in Urban
Area Soil and alternative milk soil.
1.7 Theoretical Framework

Expired Dairy Products Soil Health

Independent Variable Dependent Variable
 6

Figure 1.1

A study entitled: “Evaluation of natural fertilizer extracted from expired dairy products as
a soil amendment” conducted on January 2018 by Eissa, Nasralla, Gomah, and Osman helped
the researchers to generate the accurate solution for the environmental problem recognized and
prove that the suggested solution is practicable since both studies are related.
The study by Eissa et al focused on the environmental issue of discarding dairy products which
contain a high level of minerals and organic materials that can be the root of pollution in our
environment and loss of resources. To eliminate the problem and achieve an integrated
ecosystem, the solution for environmental pollution and resources loss is through recycling
expired dairy products.
"Greenhouse trials were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of
natural fertilizer extracted from expired dairy products. Expired dairy
products powder (EDPP) was applied to wheat (Triticum aestivum
vulgar) plants grown on pots filled with sandy soil. The experiment
contained three treatments: (C) control without any fertilization, (IF)
inorganic fertilization (a mixture of inorganic fertilizers at a rate of 500
mg N + 150 mg P + 100 mg K /pot) and (EDPP) at a rate of 1% (10
g/pot)."

The experiment resulted positively in many factors:

 Compared to inorganic fertilization, the degree of soil aggregation and water
holding capacity was increased by 24 and 38% by the EDDP.
 Adding EDDP improved the characteristics of the measured soil quality causing
wheat growth improvement.
 Compared to the inorganic fertilization, EDDP elevated all the recoded growth
parameters of wheat and increased the total chlorophyll by 22%.
 7
 The application of EDPP significantly raised N, P and K uptake by 45, 73 and
95% compared to IF. EDPP minimized the pH of the soil by 10% and raised the
availability of N, P and K by 54, 67 and 14 in comparison to the IF treatment.
 EDPP fertilizer caused a remarkable increase in wheat growth and improved soil
properties.
In conclusion, given the results of the experiments, the expired dairy products powder
can be used as an organic fertilizer.

1.8 Conceptual Framework

Improved
Milk-Ingested Soil Healthier Soil Plant Growth
Dependent

Calcium Height

Phosphorus No. of leaves

Time it took to
sprout

Figure 1.2 The concept of Milk-Ingested Soil

The researchers had observed that the soil, the outer layer covering the earth, is degrading
because of the increasing rate of construction projects and activities in urban areas that
vegetation is becoming impracticable. “Urbanization causes the creation of heat islands.
Materials like concrete, asphalt, bricks, etc. absorb and reflect differently than vegetation and
soil“(Bhuvandas, 2012). “In most developing countries, development is attached to land
degradation” (Ibitoye, 2010).
Citizens have a certain amount of nutrition to achieve in order to be functional in the
society. This nutrition is attained by consuming fruits and vegetables which are produced through
vegetation. Because most of the populations are living in urban areas, it is also where different
constructions occur. With the on-going projects, the soil is becoming unhealthy for vegetation.
The variables included in this study are: (1) The growth of the mung bean. The
researchers will use mung beans as the dependent variable because it is fast-growing, therefore,
 8
fast collection of data. (2) Milk-ingested soil. The researchers will use milk as the main
ingredient for the Milk-Ingested Soil product as an independent variable because milk contains
many of the nutrients needed like calcium and phosphorus to serve as a soil. This variable will be
controlled by the researchers to produce the desired outcome (dependent variable) in
experimenting.
If the Milk-Ingested Soil is formulated properly and obtain the nutrients needed to ensure
the growth of a plant and if the environment is exquisite for vegetation, there is a possibility that
the sprout planted will grow healthy.

1.9 Scope and Limitation

The study will focus on the comparison of urban soil and Milk-Ingested Soil. This study
wants to develop an alternative way for plants to have healthy soil to grow on to. It seeks to
know where the mung bean will grow faster and healthier. Furthermore, the researchers aim to
distinguish the difference between urban soil and Milk-Ingested Soil. Lastly, the study wants to
see the effect the Milk-Ingested Soil will have on the plant.

1.10 Operational Definition

Plant growth. Increase in the number of centimeters of the mung bean plant per day for 10 days.
The number of new sprouts and leaves produced per day for 10 days. It is an essential process
where seed embryos emerge and develop into various essential forms.
Soil. The soil will be categorized whether it is (1) Urban Area Soil or (2) Milk-Ingested Soil.

Chapter II
Research Methodology

2.1 Research Design

 9
The research design used in this study is the Quantitative True Experimental Research
Design. In this study, numerical data are obtained and assessed by scientific means. It also
requires a cause-and-effect relationship between the controlled variable and the observed
variable, whereas the effect is brought by the manipulation of the controlled or independent
variable. True experimental research also requires random assignment. Hence, this research
design is ideal for this study because it possesses the criteria required as aforementioned.

2.2 Respondents of the Study and Sampling Techniques

One hundred grams of market-bought mung beans are the subjects of this study. In
addition, Slovin’s formula was used to determine the sample size, with a five percent margin of
error, and a confidence level of 95 percent. Thus, the sample size used in this study is a total of
80 grams of mung beans.
The sampling technique used in this study is the Simple Random Sampling Technique,
which is a method that gives the subjects an equal chance at selection. A measuring basin will
serve as the tool for scooping the mung beans. A weighing scale will also be used and calibrated,
along with the measuring basin, to zero. To acquire the samples, the mung beans planted in (a)
Urban Area Soil and (b) Milk-Ingested Soil are labeled to avoid the likeness of replacing each
other. As there is no specific criterion needed by the researchers, this technique is deemed most
appropriate to assure a result applicable to mung beans.

2.3 Data Collection Methods and Instruments

The data collection process involves counting the number of beans that will sprout,
getting the height difference and the number of days it takes for the mung beans to produce
leaves. The controlled variable is the Urban Area Soil since it will only receive water, unlike the
Milk-Ingested Soil.
Measuring cups serve as the instruments for controlling the amount of water and
powdered milk in the urban soil and the Milk-Ingested Soil, respectively. A weighing scale is
used to determine the quantity of mung bean planted on the two different pots of soil. The
sample size is based on the researchers' computation, as shown in section 2.2. Liquid milk will
be used by the researchers. Thirty grams of powdered milk will be mixed with 20 grams of soil.
Both pots of soil will receive 7 ml of water in the morning and evening for 10 days.
 10
The two plant pots will be placed in an aquarium to protect them from external hazards. It
will be covered by a woven mesh screen for further protection.

2.4 Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment

The data gathered from the experiment were analyzed to answer the research questions.
These problems were evaluated using inferential statistics to collect the frequency count and
percentages. The researchers also used the Z-test because it can determine the differences in the
population of mung beans planted in:
a) Urban Area Soil, and
b) Milk-Ingested Soil.

2.5 Ethical Consideration

This research seeks to describe the differences in Milk-Ingested Soil and Urban Area Soil
on plant growth. To guarantee the results most accurate for the study, the researchers ensure that
all data collected from the experiment are not, in any way, modified for the benefit of the study.
Moreover, no commercial chemical fertilizers were added to verify that the plant growth will
completely rely on the Milk-Ingested Soil and Urban Area Soil.
The researchers have regularly monitored the condition and environment of the plant to
assure its security. Furthermore, the team maintained proper attire and used appropriate
gardening tools such as gloves, shovels, and standard gardening vessels throughout the entire
process. The researchers also practiced safety precautions before, during, and after the
experiment. Lastly, the researchers will continue to help grow and care for the mung bean plants
even after the study in the promotion of sustainable planting.

Chapter III
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

3.1 Purpose of the Study

 11
The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of soil difference to plant growth,
concerning the total number of mung bean sprouts, daily height measurement (in centimeters) of
the plant, and the number of days it will take for the plant to produce a leaf. To be able to do that,
the researchers will execute an experiment to gather data for 10 days.

Mung bean will be used as the dependent variable knowing that it is fast-growing, and
therefore helpful to the study. Furthermore, Urban Area Soil will serve as the independent
variable, while Milk-Ingested Soil is the controlled variable and is purely experimental, which
intends to produce a healthier plant.

In summary, the main objectives of this study are: (1) to emphasize the factors that affects
the health of plants planted in distinct soils, specifically Urban Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil,
(2) to discern the difference of the mung bean planted in Urban Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil,
and lastly, (3) to establish an effective alternative medium of horticulture (small scale gardening)
in urban areas.

3.2 Demographics
As aforementioned, using Slovin's formula, a total of 80 grams of mung beans will be
used as the sample size out of one hundred grams of market-bought mung beans. This indicates
the total grams of mung beans that will be used throughout the experiment. Thus, a total of 80
grams will be divided into two: 40 grams for the Urban Area Soil and the remaining 40 grams for
the Milk Alternative Soil. The 20 grams of soil (3.5 inches deep) and 200 milliliters of Bear
Brand Sterilized Milk were thoroughly mixed together. The mung beans are planted 1.5 inches
deep in to the soil with a 1-centimeter gap in between each bean. After planting the mung beans,
the soil was watered evenly until moist.

3.3 Presentation of Results

The initial height of the mung beans planted in urban area soil is 0.5 cm while the initial
height of the mung beans plante in milk-ingested soil is 0.6cm. The p value is 0.999. Hence,
there is no significant difference in the initial height of mung beans planted in urban and milk-
ingested soil.
A z-test was conducted to compare plant growth in Urban Area Soil and Milk-
Ingested Soil. There was a significant difference in the height of Urban Area Soil (M=10.35,
 12
SD= 8.41) and Milk-Ingested Soil (M=11.55, SD=8.66) conditions; z (18) = -0.0000437,
p=0.999.

Table 1
Z-test for Plant Growth (Height)

Urban-Area Soil Milk-Ingested Soil

Mean 10.35 11.55
Known Variance 70.745 75.142
Observations 10 10
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Z 0.99996
P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.49998
z Critical one-tail 1.64485
P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.999965
z Critical two-tail 1.959963

On the 10th day of experimentation, there were a total of 37 mung bean sprouts in the
urban area soil while there were 43 mung bean sprouts on the milk-ingested soil. The p value is
0.999. Hence, there is no significant difference in the number of sprouts planted in urban and
milk-ingested soil.

In addition, there is also a significant difference in the number of mung beans that
sprouted in Urban Area Soil (M=33, SD=13.03) and Milk-Ingested Soil (M=24.9, SD=15.26)
conditions; z (18) = 1.27647475822263, p=0.202.

Table 2
Z-test for Plant Growth (Sprouts)

Urban Area Milk-ingested

Mean 33 24.9
Known Variance 232.8888 169.77777
Observations 10 10
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Z 1.276474758
 13
P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.100893872
z Critical one-tail 1.644853627
P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.201787744
z Critical two-tail 1.959963985

The time it took for the mung bean to produce leaves in the urban area soil is 96 hours.
On the other hand, the milk-ingested soil took 92 hours to generate leaves. The p value is 0.334.
Hence, there is no significant difference in the time it took for the mung beans to sprout.
Lastly, significant difference is also found in the time it took for mung beans to generate
leaves in Urban Area Soil (M=45, SD=63.63) and Milk-Ingested Soil (M=55.5, SD=78.48)
conditions; z (2) = 0.14, p=1.95.

Table 3
Z-test for Plant Growth (Leaf Generation)
Urban Area Milk-ingested
Mean 45 55.5
Known Variance 4050 6160.5
Observations 2 2
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Z 0.14695379
P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.441584247
z Critical one-tail 1.644853627
P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.883168494
z Critical two-tail 1.959963985

These results suggest that those planted in Milk-Ingested Soil certainly affect plant
growth. Specifically, the results imply that plant growth is more susceptible when milk is
ingested to the soil.

Chapter IV
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
 14

4.1 Summary of Results

During the experimentation, the growth of the mung bean in Urban Area Soil and in the
alternative Milk-Ingested Soil was measured in three aspects; such as its height, sprouts, and the
time it took to generate leaves. In all three, the researchers have not found a significant
difference among the mung beans planted in Urban Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil.

4.2 Conclusion
The factors used in this study to determine the difference in plant growth between Urban
Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil were measured. Those factors include the height of the mung
bean plants after 10 days, the time it took to produce leaves, and the number of mung beans that
sprouted. Tallying the data, the Milk-Ingested Soil did prove to have a positive difference in
contrast with Urban Area Soil. However, in connection with the data gathered, it is implied that
this difference is not statistically significant. Furthermore, certain levels of dairy mixtures were
used in the study of Eissa et al., proving that Expired Dairy Products were effective as organic
fertilizer; while in this study, market-bought milk was used for the convenience of people living
in urban areas but failed to improve plant growth.

4.3 Recommendations
This new data acquired can be utilized by the farmers and gardeners, consumers, and
future researchers.

This research can be used as a supporting study to prove that milk-ingested soil is
effective but it does not give a statistically significant value when it is compared to urban area
soil. To address the knowledge gap, the following statements should be considered. The pot size,
amount of water, soil volume and bean spacing should be proportional to each other. These
factors can contribute to the failure of the experimentation. It is important to identify what can
make the results improve so that it may generate statistically signifacnt differences.

References
 15
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https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/publication/227515642_Soil_degradation_
by_erosion/amp.

Perez et al. (2009, January). A review of soil degradation in the Philippines. Retrieve from:
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Candel et al. (2018, August 29).Physical Properties of Soils Affected by the Use of Agricultural
Waste.Retrieve from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/agricultural-waste-and-
residues/physical-properties-of-soils-affected-by-the-use-of-agricultural-waste.

Chibuike, C. U & Obiora, S. C. (2014, August 12).Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants
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Caubaquib, M et al.(December, 2016).Retrieve from: https://www.google.com/url?

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Hilshey, C. & Bosworth, R. (2014).Soil Nutrient loss assessment. Retrieve from:

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Bettiol, et al. (2014, January).Diseases in tropical and plantation crops as affected by climate
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 16
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Eissa, et al. (2018).Evaluation of natural fertlizer extracted from expired dairy products as a soil
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 17

Appendices

A. Research instruments

Measuring instrument – for controlling the amount of water and powdered milk

Weighing scale – to determine the quantity of mung bean planted on the two different
pots of soil

B. Data Analysis

Table 1.1: Height of Mung Bean

 18

Table 1.2: Number of Sprouts

Table 1.3: Number of Leaves

 19

C. Gallery

Day 1

Day 2
 20

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5
 21

Day 6

Day 7
 22

Day 8

Day 9
 23

Day 10