FUNDAMENTOS DE LA BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR

JUAN PABLO GUTIERREZ BUSTOS

PRESENTADO A: ADRIANA LUCÍA DIAZ

ASIGNATURA: BIOLOGÍA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

PROGRAMA: ZOOTECNIA

ACACIAS-META

2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 3

The stereochemical hypothesis .............................................................................................. 5

The coding coenzyme management hypothesis ..................................................................... 6

The first amino acids in the code: the theory of the four columns. ........................................ 7

Population of the genetic code: the coevolution theory ......................................................... 7

The error minimization scenario ............................................................................................ 8

The frozen accident ................................................................................................................ 8

The dead end and the challenge ............................................................................................. 9

INFOGRAPHY LINK: https://www.canva.com/design/DADscZ4yjYA/6mdnYiha-D6-

VVciouFn-A/view..................................................................................................................... 10

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 11

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 INTRODUCTION

Modern cells store communication in DNA and have peptide enzymes to drive cell

metabolism. The note stored in the DNA sequences is translated into protein sequences through

the translation process as interpretation, during translation, a delegated arn (DNA) is transcribed,

This has already awakened the understanding of Francis Crick to say a arn cosmos (Crick, 1968),

in which the arn acts as a warning storage molecule as enzymes. The basic abstraction of the

airship of the arn extended in the 60s and 70s.

RNA enzymes originate in the 80s, translation is not the only attention of hiring amino acids

or peptides for essential metabolism. meanwhile the arn acts as the communication storage

ringleader and the maximum informative of maritime catalysis performed by ribozymes, we are

even in the arn sphere. A functional ribozyme and an arn that has an ordered triple box that

encodes amino acids are two very different beasts, reading requires a few hundred genes, good

news of a universalism lacking bacteria genes.

Szathmáry proposed more than two decades ago that the mission translation process diverges

into two problems, (1) the passage of the genetic constitution, which is cotorrear, the map

between amino acids and nucleotide triplets; and (2) the version threshold.
 The polymerization of amino acids based on message encoded in nucleic acids, the evolution

of the genetic code is a habit, as far as it is concerned, it would be evaluated as the other

adaptations.

Finally, a theory of the origin of the genetic code must include how it evolved and became

populated with new parameters. Thus, the more parameters are present in the genetic fuel, the

more diverse the degree of individual amino acids, oligopeptides or proteins.

The stereochemical hypothesis

It states that there is a stereochemical basis for the retribution of a given codon to an amino

acid. As the genetic code can progress (even slightly), even if there is a physicochemically

determined retribution, it can be molecularly canceled. This is relevant, since the genetic code is

a true code and must be arbitrary.

There are two lines of research that show that for some of the pairs of (anti) codon amino

acids there is a stereochemical binding; one focuses on the society by triplet or minihelix to

amino acids, the other focuses on the occasion of the meeting of evolved aptamers.

Another synopsis of inquiry focuses on triplets and their level of affinity with amino acids.

There is discrimination of hairpins with anti-cotton loops for their related amino acids. In

addition, cysteine, arginine, methionine and valine preferably bind to the CGUA and AUGC

event that contains their codons. The other amino acids, except phenylalanine, have one last

ambush for these sequences.

For a complete lithography, what should be reflected is that the anticodon (or codon) has a

significantly maximum stagnation by the amino acid or a significantly higher probability of

occurrence in the amino acid committee extension than by all other amino acids.
The coding coenzyme management hypothesis

What was the advantage of the genetic code? Instead of complete polypeptides, individual

amino acids could also act as catalysts, or in addition to lending their various side chains to the

catalytic core of ribosomes.

The genetic code enters the image by joining the amino-sharpened to an arn handle. Astil lift

(a proto-trna) can be associated with ribozymes through its triple loop back. thus, the triplet and

the amino acid are linked, and the ribosomes can contract the amino acid by selectively binding

through the triplet, therefore, a well-run amino acid can catalyze an enmity.

Modern enzyme centers are three-dimensional "bags" in which some residues are placed in

the correct way to catalyze the opposition.

We have compiled that the positioning of a single amino acid catalysis can be achieved.

Therefore, we can assume that, if the metabolic diversity with the positioning is performed by

RNA instead of a polypeptide, an amino acid can still catalyze reactions as a cofactor.

In addition, we have proposed that catalytically important amino acids, such as his, asp, glu

should have been the first to enter the code. If correctly some of the catalytically important

amino acids, such as lys and arg, are metabolically complex, this should not be a problem for a

metabolically rich ribocell.

The first amino acids in the code: the theory of the four columns.

The offer that catalytic amino acids were the first to collect the code is, in news, unorthodox.

these complex amino acids, such as arginine and histidine, may have been feasible, of arn as

efficient cofactors for ribozymes to be catalytically much more promising amino acids. Glycine

could have been the first amino acid to pocket the statute.

If we accept that the genetic code was populated incrementally, there was a time when some

of the triplets did not encode any amino acids or were less coded.

The genetic code only used the second codon nucleotide to classify, the others were there

because they offered codon-anticodon binding. If amino acids do not need to gather peptides,

then a GNC code may have been the step in the evolution of the genetic code.

Population of the genetic code: the coevolution theory

The main theory for the population of the genetic code, which postulates that the prebiotic

breviary was not a true source of the twenty protein amino acids, some of them had to be

produced by biosynthesis. This theory proposes that subsequent additions to the genetic code

would work together with their synthetic precursors. The theory of the four columns could not

identify the limit of the amino acids assigned to the ngn codons.

The relevant problem with code exaltation scenarios is the virgin division in which proteins

had evolved. It can achieve a great symbolic impact on selective forces. If some late amino acids

were added after translation, the first few amino acids were not selected for their role in folded

peptides.
 As there is no consensus on the distribution of amino acids to the code, this requirement can

be judging.

The error minimization scenario

Mutations can progress the nucleotide picture of genes. Due to the structure of the genetic

code, some of these changes, especially those that affect the third position, do not change the

amino acid landscape of the encoded polypeptides (mutations of the same orientation). therefore,

there was the assimilation that the ordering of the genetic code is such that point mutations

minimize the chemical physical change of the encoded amino acid.

This theory gained credit when it was shown that the code is strong versus mutations,

therefore, the error minimization feature of the genetic code could be a byproduct of its

transformation based on other mechanisms.

It is important, but it might not have been played through a tedious exchange during the code

transformation. Error minimization talent was selected, however, it emerged as a result of how

the genetic code evolved.

The frozen accident

Francis Crick's frozen accident theory can be cited as one that defends that the codon and

amino acid retribution is random, but it is not so. The block structure of the genetic code is a

non-random pattern. We believe that the emphasis is on the frozen accident, and not on the

accident. Chance has a relevant role in the evolution of the genetic code.
 The frozen accident argument is the only one that says something about why there are 20

amino acids: since the code froze before the inclusion of more.

The dead end and the challenge

The documents that exist about the origin of the genetic code lead to enumerating main ideas

and even scientists debate which of them or the combination of which of them is true.

Over time it was shown that this scenario is not so necessary for the evolution of the genetic

code, researchers are currently trying to combine the hypotheses in a history of coherent

adaptation, since it is a way to promote the company and scientific field.

The premise of coevolution assumes that the same pathways produced the amino acids as in

current bacteria and as well as there are alternative pathways for some amino acids, alternative

pathways may exist in the RNA world.

Theories that already exist can be based on some aspects of the origin of the genetic code,

moreover they contain many assumptions that can be clarified by experiments.

Finally, most of the articles that talk about the origin of this code are reviews (like this one)

and not original research.

INFOGRAPHY LINK: https://www.canva.com/design/DADscZ4yjYA/6mdnYiha-D6-

VVciouFn-A/view
 REFERENCES

Kun, Á., & Radványi, Á. (2018). The evolution of the genetic code: Impasses and challenges.

Bio Systems, 164, 217–225. Taken from

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true

&db=cmedm&AN=29031737&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site