0488a0vvgc001 06

Ti4 Document no. Rev.
Page Of
Title
0488 A0VVGC001 06 1 73
DESIGN GUIDE Confidential class 2
FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
Volume no. Product/Structure
Doc.type Teamcenter issuer code Issued by Language Derived from Rev.
ENGLISH 05
DNG CIV PPS/CIV
Job no. Project Client
0488 YENI ELEKTRIK 850 MWe CCGT
Rev. Kind of revision
00 First issue
01 Issue for approval

ELECT.SIGN D:Pozzuolo C:Giussani A1:Pasti A2:- A3:- (03/04/2012)
02 Reviewed where indicated. Issue for approval.
03 Revised according to TE YENIOE/6/6174354/001/00 and May 31th 2011 meeting.
04 Revised according to YENIOE/4AR/0214378/000/00 – Civil design review meeting N°2 13-14th July 2011 and
updated comments
05 Revised according to YENIOE/4AR/0214378/001/00 – Civil design review meeting N°3 of 30.11.11 & 01.12.11
06 Revised according to YENIOE/6/6192816/008/00, added appendix B, C.
06 A D’APPOLONIA/SIDERCAD EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

28/03/2012
BELTRAMI PPS/CIV PTE PPS/CIV
05 A D’APPOLONIA/SIDERCAD EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

19/01/2012
BELTRAMI PPS/CIV PTE PPS/CIV
04 A SIDERCAD/BELTRAMI EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

06/10/2011
D‘APPOLONIA PPS/CIV PTE PPS/CIV
03 A SIDERCAD/BELTRAMI EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

20/05/2011
D‘APPOLONIA PPS/CIV PTE PPS/CIV
02 A SIDERCAD BELTRAMI POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

09/03/2011
PPS/CIV PTE PPS/CIV
01 A SIDERCAD BELTRAMI POZZUOLO BERTINI PASTI

07/02/2011
00 PASTI BELTRAMI POZZUOLO BERTINI PASTI

20/12/2010
I PPS/CIV CIV PPS/CIV PPS PPS/CIV
Rev. Scope Prepared Checked Verified Verified Approved Date
Ansaldo Energia s.p.a. si riserva tutti i diritti su questo documento che non può essere riprodotto neppure parzialmente senza la sua autorizzazione scritta
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Project / Title Document no. Rev. Page Of
6 2 73
YENI ELEKTRIK 850 MWe CCGT 0488 A0VVGC001
Confidential class 2
INDEX
1 SCOPE AND GENERAL PHILOSOPHY ....................................................3

2 REFERENCE CODE AND DOCUMENTS ....................................................3
2.1 REFERENCE SOFTWARE......................................................................... 3
3 DESIGN DIMENSIONS .............................................................3

4 DESIGN CLIMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS .................................................3
4.1 RAIN WATER NETWORK DESIGN ................................................................... 3
5 SITE LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY ....................................................3

6 GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS ........................................................3
6.1 LOCAL GEOLOGY ............................................................................. 3
6.2 SITE INVESTIGATION......................................................................... 3
6.3 GROUNDWATER .............................................................................. 3
6.3.1 DEWATERING DRAINAGE SYSTEM ............................................................. 3
6.4 GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS ..................................................................... 3
6.4.1 STATIC PARAMETERS .................................................................... 3
6.4.2 DYNAMIC PARAMETERS .................................................................... 3
6.4.3 PERMEABILITY ......................................................................... 3
6.4.4 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL ................................................................ 3
6.4.5 ALLOWABLE ABSOLUTE AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS FOR EQUIPMENTS ................................ 3
7 SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION .....................................................3

8 MATERIALS....................................................................3
8.1 CONCRETE ................................................................................. 3
8.1.1 CONCRETE MATERIAL FACTOR. .............................................................. 3
8.1.2 CONCRETE COVER. ...................................................................... 3
8.1.3 ANCHORAGE AND OVERLAPPING .............................................................. 3
8.1.4 LEAN CONCRETE ........................................................................ 3
8.1.5 STEEL FOR REINFORCEMENT ................................................................ 3
8.1.6 CRACK CONTROL ........................................................................ 3
8.1.7 MINIMUM PROPORTION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENTS ................................................ 3
8.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL .......................................................................... 3
8.2.1 BOLTS FOR CONNECTION .................................................................. 3
8.2.2 ANCHORAGE BOLTS ...................................................................... 3
8.2.3 STEEL SUBGRADE MATERIAL ................................................................ 3
8.3 CORROSIVITY CLASS AND EXPECTED DURABILITY ...................................................... 3
9 LOADS .......................................................................3
9.1 CONSTRUCTION SELF WEIGHT .................................................................... 3
9.2 PERMANENT LOADS ........................................................................... 3
9.3 LIVE LOADS ............................................................................... 3
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9.4 WIND DATA ................................................................................ 3

9.4.1 WIND PRESSURE (W) .................................................................... 3
9.5 SNOW .................................................................................... 3
9.5.1 SNOW LOAD ........................................................................... 3
9.5.2 DESIGN VALUE FOR SNOW LOAD ............................................................. 3
9.6 THERMAL LOAD.............................................................................. 3
9.7 SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................... 3
9.7.1 SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS: MCE AND DRS ...................................................... 3
9.7.2 SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS: OBE (OPERATING BASIS EARTHQUAKE) ..................................... 3
9.8 STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS RELATED TO ELECTROMECHANICAL LOADS ....................................... 3
9.9 MOVING LOADS (CRANE) ....................................................................... 3
9.10 LOADS FOR MAIN EQUIPMENT. .................................................................. 3
10 DESIGN METHODS ...............................................................3

10.1 STEEL STRUCTURES: BUILDING AND NON BUILDING SIMILAR TO BUILDINGS .................................. 3
10.1.1 ALLOWABLE STRESS FOR WELD ............................................................. 3
10.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING STRUCTURES ....................................................... 3
10.2.1 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE METHOD (ACCORDING TO TS500)......................................... 3
10.3 FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................. 3
10.3.1 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE METHOD (ACCORDING TO TS500)......................................... 3
10.3.2 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE AND GEOTECHNICAL CHECKS ........................................ 3
10.3.3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS PARAMETERS ............................................... 3
10.4 PRIMARY LOAD CASES ........................................................................ 3
11 LOAD COMBINATIONS .............................................................3

11.1 DESIGN FOR ALLOWABLE STRESS ................................................................ 3
11.2 DESIGN FOR STRENGTH ....................................................................... 3
11.2.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. ........................................................ 3
11.2.2 FOUNDATIONS. ....................................................................... 3
11.3 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE ................................................................. 3
11.4 BEARING CAPACITY AND FOUNDATION STABILITY ..................................................... 3
12 DUCTILITY FACTOR ..............................................................3
13 ROTATING MACHINERY FOUNDATION DESIGN ..............................................3

13.1 LOAD ANALYSIS. ........................................................................... 3
13.1.1 STEAM TURBINE FOUNDATION.............................................................. 3
13.1.2 GAS TURBINE FOUNDATION. .............................................................. 3
13.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ROTATING MACHINERY FOUNDATION. ............................................ 3
13.2.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR GEOTECHNICAL VERIFICATION. .......................................... 3
13.2.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL VERIFICATION. ............................................ 3
14 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ..............................................................3

14.1 SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF VIBRATION MODES TO BE CONSIDERED ........................................... 3
14.2 COMBINATION OF MODAL CONTRIBUTION ........................................................... 3
14.3 LOWER LIMITS OF RESPONSE QUANTITY ........................................................... 3
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14.4 INTERNAL FORCES IN THE DIRECTIONS OF ELEMENTS AT PRINCIPAL AXIS .................................. 3

14.5 OUTPUT DATA FROM DYNAMIC ANALYSIS............................................................ 3
15 ROADS DESIGN .................................................................3

16 DEFLECTION ...................................................................3
16.1 DEFLECTION FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURE............................................................ 3
16.2 DEFLECTION FOR STEEL STRUCTURE .............................................................. 3
17 METHOD OF REPORTING CALCULATION ..................................................3
18 SOIL PREPARATION ..............................................................3

18.1 EARTH REINFORCED RETAINING WALL ............................................................. 3
18.2 SLOPE STABILITY .......................................................................... 3
19 TEC2007 RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN ...................................3

19.1 CHAPTER-1 GENERAL TERMS ................................................................... 3
19.2 CHAPTER-2 DESIGN RULES FOR SEISMIC RESISTANT BUILDINGS ......................................... 3
19.3 CHAPTER-3 DESIGN RULES FOR SEISMIC RESISTANT R/C BUILDINGS ..................................... 3
19.4 CHAPTER-4 DESIGN RULES FOR SEISMIC RESISTANT STEEL BUILDINGS .................................... 3
20 APPENDICES ...................................................................3

APPENDIX A – SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION, DETAIL OF CALCULATION ........................................ 3
APPENDIX B – DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AND LAP SPLICE CALCULATION. ............................................ 3
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1 SCOPE AND GENERAL PHILOSOPHY

This document deals with general hypothesis and codes on which civil engineering shall be based on. Civil engineering
includes: foundations, concrete and steel structures, foreseen for the Gebze power plant – located in Turkey - Kocaeli –
VI IMES Industrial Zone. Only some hints are done to the pipe racks, but this is addressed in the document
0488A0VVGC006.
This is a design guide to give to the designers a first orientation and several basic concepts. The designer is in the end
the responsible of the project and must be choose the right method in the Codes. The basic philosophy at the base of
this Guide is that the design must follows Turkish laws and Codes that are legally required by National Turkish
Authorities; consequently, the design follows the Turkish Standards whenever it is possible and to call in help other
international Codes when a topic or special rules are not included. In these cases reference will be made to ASCE 7,
AISC/ACI, EC. In addition, according to contractual requirements: ASCE 7 spectra have been compared with TEC 2007
spectra in order to envisage if ASCE spectra would be more conservative. Considering that seismic action is a crucial
load for the location, the envelope of TEC and ASCE 7 spectra has been defined according to the contract requirement.
OBE calculation shall be implemented according to the contractual requirements. Therefore, OBE spectra have been
considered in addition, in order to investigate serviceability and resistance conditions during and after the earthquake.
The expected life time for the power plant is 25 years.
2 REFERENCE CODE AND DOCUMENTS

Calculations and design will be performed according to the following codes and laws:
1. TEC 2007
2. IBC 2009/ASCE 7-10
3. TS 498-1997 – Design Loads Buildings
4. TS 648-1980– Building Code for Steel Structures
5. TS 500-2000 – Requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures
6. TS 708 – Steel bars for concrete
7. TS 7046- Basis for design of structures –Determination of Snow Loads on Roofs updated by EN 1991-1-3
“Eurocode 1. Actions on structures. Part 1-3: General actions – Snow loads”
8. TS 3357- Building code for the design and execution of welded connections in steel structures
9. TS EN 1993-3-2-Eurocode 3-Design of structures-part 3-2: Towers, mast and chimneys-Chimneys
10. TS EN 1993-1-10-Eurocode 3- Design of steel structures – Part 1-10 - Material toughness and through
thickness properties
11. TS 3167-Design and construction methods of the pile foundations updated by EN 1997-1 “Eurocode 7.
Geotechnical design. Part 1: General rules”.
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12. All TS and local regulations binding and applicable

13. any technical standard binding and applicable, including local
14. AISC for steel structure calculation
15. ACI standards for concrete calculation
16. DIN 4024 - “Machine Foundation”
17. ISO 7919
18. ISO 10816
19. Chap 6.3.31 – Civil and Structural Works (Functional Specification – October 2010)
20. Earthquake Hazard Assessment for Gebze 900 MWe C.C.P.P” issued by Prof. Erdik et al (August 2008)
21. Earthquake Hazard Assessment for Gebze 900 MWe C.C.P.P – Addendum for new Plant location” issued
by Prof. Erdik et al (February 2010)
22. 0488A0YAGC010 – VOL.1 Geological and Geotechnical factual report
23. 0488A0YAGC011 - VOL.2 Geotechnical interpretative report – foundation design and settlements
calculations + annex
24. 0488A0YAEC002 – VOL 3 Backfilling technical Specification. + annex
25. 0488A0YAGC013 – Subgrade reaction modulus for foundation design
26. 0488A0YAEC501 – Spring and ground water drainage plan
27. 0488A0YAEC003 – Spring and ground water drainage calculation report
28. 0488 A0YAEC004 – Direct foundation calculation report
29. AASHTO M 145, Standard Specification for Classification fo Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway
Construction Purposes.
30. American Water Works Association (AWWA), 2006, PE Pipe Design and Installation, AWWA Manual M55,
First Edition.
31. AASHTO, 2007, LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (SI), 4th edition.
32. NCHRP, 2008, Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried Structures, Slopes and
Embankments, Report 611, Project 12-70.
33. USACE, 2003, Slope Stability, Engineering Manual, Doc. No. 1110-2-1902, 31th October.
34. EN 1998-5, 2005, Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 5: Foundation, retaining structures
and geotechnical aspects.
35. Regulation on Buildings to be Constructed in the Disaster Regions-Official Gazette No. 26582 dd.
14.07.2007
36. For roads:
Turkish Highway Directoriate (TCK) Regulation
TS 1081 Code for the properties of asphaltic cements to be used in road upper structures.
37. For codes and design requirements for the Fire Fighting Protection System see:
0488 A0SG*P003 FSP Fire Protection - Technical Specification
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0488 A0SG*P007 Fire Protection BOP - Technical Specification

38. For painting and protection against corrosion see
0488 A0VVEP003 Painting Specification.
39. For claddings see:
0488 A0VV*C007 Sandwich Panels purchase Specification
40. For grating, steel stairs and ladders see:
0488 A0VVGC002 General Specification for steel fabrication
0488 A0VVGC003 General Specification for steel erection
0488 A0VV*C002 Standards – Steel structures
41. For components and equipments see document 0488A0VVGC006
42. 0488A0VVGC120 – External building finishing
43. Rock mass characterization for excavation in mining and civil engineering, Barton, Proceeding of
International Workshop on rock mass classification in underground mining, NIOSH 2007
2.1 Reference Software

The main calculation software for the design will be:
• STAAD/PRO v8i – reinforced concrete and steel structures calculation
Specific software are used for GTG and STG foundation analysis:
• XFINEST 2010 (by Harpaceas s.r.l. - Milan): structural calculation program based on finite element method for
both static and dynamic analysis (modal, spectral and time history) with beam, plate (with axial and bending
capabilities), tridimensional, spring and “winkler” elements.
The quality of the solutions obtained from the analysis made up with XFINEST program can be checked by
means of the appropriate handbook (“Casi prova ed esempi” dec. 1997 by CeAS – Centro di Analisi Strutturale)
in which are performed some “test analysis” with the XFINEST program and then these results are compared
with the ones coming from an analytical resolution (from the technical literature) of the proposed problems
showing in this way the degree of accuracy of the calculated solution.
The XFINEST FEM program has been used for the design of several machine foundation for AEN and some
other Clients.
For some special analysis (particularly, if the case, non linear analysis) it will be used:
• Midas GEN 2010 (by Harpaceas s.r.l. - Milan): structural calculation program based on finite element method
for both static and dynamic analysis (modal, spectral and time history) with beam, plate (with axial and bending
capabilities), tridimensional, spring and “winkler” elements.
• WGTMOD 2.0 – D’Appolonia Calculation of foundation compliance matrices for layered stratigraphies
• SLIDE 5.0 - Rockscience Slope stability analysis and 2D FEM analysis of groundwater flow
• SETTLE 3D 2.0 Rockscience 3-dimensional program for the analysis of vertical consolidation and settlement
under foundations, embankments and surface loads.
• NEWMARK 1.1 USGS Newmark method and simplified decoupled analysis to model slope performance during
earthquakes.
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• COMOSYS (Construction Modeling System) Comosys is a 3D finite element structural analysis and design
software. It is developed by PROYA Software and Trade Inc. (sister company of PROKON). It has been widely
and effectively used for professional purposes since 2001.
3 DESIGN DIMENSIONS
Calculations will be performed according to the following measurement units (SI):
• Length meter m
Millimetre mm
• Surface square meters m2
Square millimetre mm2
• Force Newton N
kilo Newton KN
• Mass kilogram Kg
• Pressure kiloPascal kPa = kN/m2
• Density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
• Specific weight kN/m3
• Temperature °C
4 DESIGN CLIMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

The following design parameters for the Plant have been collected from the contract and shall be consider for the design
of the Plant equipment:
Ambient conditions for structural design

Max. temperature / summer Dry bulb 38 °C
Min. temperature /winter Dry bulb -8 °C
Max ambient pressure 1028 hPa
Min ambient pressure 979 hPa
Climatological Data
Air Temperatures
Air Temperatures, taken for reference from Gebze have been recorded over a period of 45 years (1984-1994 and 2007-2009).
The determining air temperatures are follows:
• maximum recorded (July) 44.0 °C

• mean high (July) 36.6 °C
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• annual mean high 18 °C

• mean minimum (January) -0.9 °C
• minimum recorded (February) -12 .0 °C
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity data recorded from Gebze for the period of (1984 - 1994 and 2007-2009) are as follows:
• maximum ambient humidity 90 %

• annual mean humidity 70%
• minimum mean humidity 10%
Rainfall
Rainfall data were recorded at Gebze during the period (1984 -1994 and 2007-2009) with the following key figures:
• annual average 1000 mm
• maximum recorded in one day 125 mm
4.1 Rain water network design
The value of maximum hourly rain to be considered for the underground network design is:
TR = 5 years TRf = 10 min => 98 mm/h design rainfall intensity derived from the following curves.
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The drainage network will be verified also for a peak rainfall intensity of 130 mm/h corresponding to a 25 years return period with
a time duration of 10 minutes, to check the drainage network can support exceptional rainfall event and avoid buildings
(elevation 0.0 m) flowing.
The calculation of water flow shall be performed according to the following formula and data:
K ⋅r ⋅I ⋅ A
P=
10000
Where:
P = water flow (l/sec)

K = runoff coefficient
r = time of concentration coefficient = 0,9
I = rainfall intensity (l/sec/ha)
A = area (m2)
The runoff coefficient, instead, is:
K = 1 for roofs.
K = 0,9 for roads,
K = 0.3 gravel and green areas to be considered only in case of no kerb separation between roads
and gravel or green area.
For the sizing of the pipes is considered, conservatively, that these can be filled only half of their capacity.
Determination of PEAD flow rate, when flowing half full:
m: roughness coefficient = 0,02

p: slope
h: height of the fill section = about 50%
The calculation scheme is reported below:

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KNOWN DATA
d 0,10 Diameter [m]
r 0,05 [m]
h 0,05 [m]
p 0,1% Slope
0,0000 1,570796327
0
Kutter roughness
m 0,02 3,141592654
coefficient
RESULTING DATA
Central angle 180,0 [°]
α
Wet outline Pb = 2π ( r) 0,157 [m]
360°
πα 0,0039 [m ]
2
Outflow area A = 1 / 2r 2 ( − sen α )
180°
Hydraulic radius
A
Ri = 0,025 [m]
Pb
DISPOSAL CAPACITY for a height of water h = 0,05 m
FORMULAS of uniform motion
Flow Q = AV where A = Outflow area

V = Drainig speed
Draining speed V = c Ri p where c = Friction coefficient

Ri =Hydraulic radius
p =slope
100 Ri
Friction coefficient c= where m = Kutter roughness
m + Ri coefficient
RESULTS
c 88,77
V 0,44 [m/sec]
Q 0,002 [m 3/sec]
Wind data `
Wind data were recorded at Gebze during the period of (periods 1984 -1994 and 2007-2009)
with the following key figures:
Dominant wind direction (June-Nov) N and NE
Dominant wind direction (April-June) SW
Dominant wind direction (Nov-Mar) NW
• mean speed 5.2 knots
• highest gust 67.0 knots
In Chapter 9.4 wind actions are defined according to the TS codes.

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5 SITE LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

Gebze power plant is located in Turkey –IZMIT - Kocaeli – VI IMES Industrial Zone.
Site elevation about 305 m.a.s.l. for precise topographical data see the following documents:
- 0488A0YAGC101 – Topographic Survey (represents the starting topography)
- 0488A0YAGC600 – Soil leveling plan (represents the final soil elevations related to the power plant)
U.T.M. site coordinates are referred to ED50 Datum Mercator projection with 3 degrees of zone width and
with 30 degrees of central meridian. The angle between North geographic and North Plant is 30°41’40” clockwise.
All plant planimetric coordinates needed for tracement will be referred to a local coordinates system: (0,0)
point is located in the corner south - west (see 0488A0VVBP001).
Benchmark location
See document 0488A0YAEC010 – Benchmark coordinates
6 GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS
6.1 Local Geology
The site is located near the village of Cerkesli, Turkey. The stratigraphical basement in the area is the Thrace
Formation. This formation is principally made up of shales containing intercalations of turbiditic sandstones and
submarine channel-fill conglomerate. The Thrace Formation is overlain by a Triassic Sedimentary Sequence, called the
“Gebze Group”. This sequence mainly comprises 1) conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones; 2) sandy and micritic
limestone; 3) limestone-shale intercalation containing conglomeratic limestones at the top (Tepeköy Formation). The
Triassic Sequence is overlain by the Late Cretaceous Sedimentary Cycle.
The Tepeköy Formation is exposed at the site. At this location the Tepeköy Formation is mainly comprised of limestones,
shales and breccias.
The Tepeköy limestones exhibit karstic phenomena developed in various periods from the Lower Jurassic. The older
karstic occurrences have mostly collapsed forming breccias with very angular blocks and pebbles of various sizes.
These occurrences do not follow the bedding, but rather diagonally cross the bedding. These karst breccias have been
cemented by calcite in time, and therefore display similar rock qualities as limestones. There are also some younger
karstic occurrences seen in the joints and cracks of the limestones. These minor karstic occurrences have been filled by
riddish-brownish colored clayey material.
Refer to Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010 and 0488A0YAGC011 for further details.
6.2 Site Investigation

Two site investigations were performed by Anadolu Yerbilimleri Ltd, the most recent in 2010-2011. The investigations
included the following tests:
- 31 boreholes (penetration from 20 m to 35 m);
- 3 piezometers;
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- 3 pressurimeter tests;
- 1 PS test;
- 2 downhole seismic tests;
- 3 resistivity sections (Wenner Method);
- 6 electrical tomography profiles;
- 11 plate load tests.
The laboratory testing comprised:

- soil classification;
- unconfined compression tests;
- point load tests;
- triaxial tests;
- slake durability test;
- soil and groundwater chemical analyses.
Refer to Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010 and 0488A0YAGC011 for further details.
6.3 Groundwater
Groundwater levels have been measured from boreholes and piezometers during site investigations. Groundwater has
also been observed in several trial pits. See Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010 for details. D’Appolonia has performed an
additional measurement during the survey held in January 2011.
Since these levels have been observed during a rainy period, they can be considered conservative. A map of the
groundwater level obtained from interpolation of measurements is shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 – Groundwater Level (before drainage installation)
6.3.1 Dewatering Drainage System
In order to reduce the elevation of the groundwater a drainage system will be implemented. This system is designed in
the document 0488A0YAEC501 and 0488A0YAEC003 – Spring and ground water drainage calculation report. The
dewatering scheme is shown in the following picture.
For the design groundwater level see the document 0488A0YAEC501 – Spring and ground water drainage plan.
6 15 73
Figure 1 – Dewatering system
6.4 Geotechnical parameters
The following paragraphs outline the design parameters of the main soil / rock formations. These parameters are based
on site investigations and laboratory tests and shall be used for the design of foundations, retaining walls, dewatering
system and all other soil related works.
From an engineering point of view, the ground at site mainly comprises rock formations overlain by a layer of artificial fill
(which will be removed from the entire area). Three main rock formations have been encountered during the site
investigations: Limestone, Brecciated Karst Fill and Shale. A layer of compacted fill, with a maximum thickness of 13m,
will be placed in the southern part of the plant to reach the final plant elevation.
6.4.1 Static Parameters
Static properties of rock and compacted fill are taken from Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010, 0488A0YAGC011 and
0488A0YAEC002.
Table 1 summarizes the design soil / rock properties.
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Table 1 – Static Soil / Rock Design Properties

Rock – Soil γ ν G φ c σc
Formation (kN/m3) (-) (MPa) (°) (kPa) (MPa)
Compacted Fill 22.0 0.40 36 35 0 -
Shale 23.0 0.35 60 20 280 9
Brecciated Karst Fill 25.0 0.35 370 31 1300 27
Limestone 26.5 0.35 1600 24 1500 42
Where:
γ Total unit weight
ν Poisson ratio
G Shear modulus
φ, c Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope parameters
σc Unconfined compressive strength
The design parameters for the main foundations are reported in the following table (see 0488A0YAGC013
– Subgrade reaction modulus for foundation design).
Table 2 – Heat Recovery Steam Generator Foundation North

Layer Top Depth Rock – Soil γ ν G
(m) Formation (kN/m3) (-) (MPa)
0.0 Fill 22.0 0.40 36
0.8 Limestone 26.5 0.35 1600
2.3 Brecciated Karst Fill 25.0 0.35 370
4.3 Limestone 26.5 0.35 1600
8.3 Limestone 26.5 0.35 1600
Reference Borehole: BH4, BH7.
Table 3 – Heat Recovery Steam Generator Foundation South

0.0 Fill 22.0 0.40 36
0.8 Shale 23.0 0.35 60
9.3 Limestone 26.5 0.35 1600
11.3 Shale 23.0 0.35 60
21.3 Limestone 26.5 0.35 1600
Reference Borehole: BH12, BH13.
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Table 4 – Stack Foundation North

0.0 Fill 22.0 0.40 36
1.3 Limestone 26.5 0.35 1600
Reference Borehole: BH4.
Table 5 – Stack Foundation South

0.0 Fill 22.0 0.40 36
8.3 Shale 23.0 0.35 60
Two "limit" stratigraphies of the site have been evaluated for minor foundation verifications. Stratigraphy A
is related to the northern zone of the plant where foundation will have a fill layer ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m.
Stratigraphy B is representative of the southern zone of the plant where the fill layer beneath the foundations varies
from 10.0 to 12.0 m.
Table 6 – Generic Foundations – Stratigraphy A

0.0 Fill 22.0 0.40 36
0.5, 1.5, 2.5 (1) Brecciated Karst Fill 25.0 0.35 370
(1) Layer top depth given for foundation embedment (3.0 m, 2.0 m, 1.0 m)
Table 7 – Generic Foundations – Stratigraphy B

0.0 Fill 22.0 0.40 36
10.0, 11.0, 12.0 (1) Brecciated Karst Fill 25.0 0.35 370
(1) Layer top depth given for foundation embedment (3.0 m, 2.0 m, 1.0 m)
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6.4.2 Dynamic Parameters
Dynamic soil properties have been developed for the Steam Turbine and Gas Turbines foundations only. Separate
design soil profiles have been considered for the northern and southern Gas Turbine foundations (ref. 0488A0YAGC013
– Subgrade reaction modulus for foundation design)
The shear wave velocities of the various formations are based on the results of in-situ testing, and where data are not
available, correlation to rock strength. Down-hole measurements of shear wave velocity were made in BH8 and BH14,
below the North and South Gas Turbine, respectively. These measurements were primarily in limestone. Suspension
logging tests were performed in BHD1, located near the Steam Turbine foundation. The tests in BHD1 were performed in
both shale and limestone.
The shear wave velocity of the brecciated karst fill are estimated considering the unconfined strength. Following
Goodman (1980), small strain shear modulus in a formation is approximately proportional the unconfined strength. Gmax
was assigned to the brecciated karst fill considering the measured Vs in the limestone, and the ratio of unconfined
strength.
Table 8 to table 10 summarize design dynamic properties for turbine foundations. “Layer Top Depth” is the depth below
the base of the footing.
Table 8 – Steam Turbine Foundation

Rock – Soil γ ν Gmax
Layer Top Depth (m)
Formation (kN/m3) (-) (MPa)
0.0 Structural Fill 22.0 0.40 200
2.0 Limestone 26.5 0.35 5400
Table 9 – Gas Turbine Foundation North

Layer Top Depth (m)
1.0 Breccia-Limestone 26.5 0.35 3500
Note: stratigraphy and Gmax based on interpretation of Vs in BH8.
Table 10 – Gas Turbine Foundation South

Layer Top Depth (m)
1.0 Limestone 26.5 0.35 5000
11.0 Limestone 26.5 0.35 8500
21.0 Limestone 26.5 0.35 9800
Note: stratigraphy and Gmax based on interpretation of Vs in BH14.
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6.4.3 Permeability
Based on site investigations (see Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010 and 0488A0YAGC011), the saturated permeability of the
main rock formations is as follows.
Table 11 – Soil / Rock Permeabilities
Rock – Soil Permeability
Formation (m/s)
Fill 10-2
Shale 10-10
Brecciated Karst Fill 10-5
Limestone 10-6
6.4.4 Liquefaction Potential
According to the EC8 recommendations (EN1998-5 Section 4.1.4 (2)P) "An evaluation of the liquefaction
susceptibility shall be made when the foundation soils include extended layers or thick lenses of loose sand, with or
without silt/clay fines, beneath the water table level, and when the water table level is close to the ground surface."
The plant will be founded on rock and compacted fill (see Doc. No. 0488 A0YAEC005 for backfill
specifications), layers of loose sand are not present; the groundwater table is controlled by the drainage system,
and will not be close to the ground surface. On this basis, liquefaction is not expected.
6.4.5 Allowable absolute and differential settlements for equipments

The expected absolute settlements for foundations based on rock or on structural backfill are small, what
is needed is to check differential settlements between the following components identified by mechanical
department as sensitive equipments. Here are defined the components to be checked, the complete analysis will
be implemented in the documents 0488A0VVGC010, for detail see the specific document.
• Textile joint between GT diffuser and HRSG
Max allowable axial compression - 50 mm

Max allowable axial extension + 30 mm
Max allowable lateral displacement ± y ± 20mm
Max allowable lateral displacement ± z ± 20mm
• Joint between HRSG and stack
N.A. HRSG and stack are based on the same foundation
• Air intake – joint between air intake and duct based on GT foundation
Max allowable lateral displacement ± z ± 50 mm

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7 SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION

The site soil has been classified for seismic design in accordance to ASCE 7requirements (see Table 12).
Table 12 – Site Classification (ASCE 7-10 – Table 20.3-1)
Site Class vs (m/s)
A. Hard rock > 1524
B. Rock 762 ÷ 1524
C. Very dense soil and soft rock 366 ÷ 762
D. Stiff soil 183 ÷ 366
E. Soft clay soil < 183
F. Soils requiring site response analysis NA*
*Site class F comprises: liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collapsible weakly cemented soils, peats
and/or highly organic clays, very high plasticity clays, very thick soft/medium stiff clays.
The classification has been based on the average shear wave velocity (vs) as defined in ASCE 7-10, formula 20.4-1,
considering the soil properties outlined in Chapter 6:
n
∑d i
vs = i =1
n
di
∑v
i =1 si
where:
di = thickness of any layer between 0 and 30 m;
vsi = shear wave velocity (m/s);
n = number of layers between 0 and 30 m;
i refers to any one of the layers between 1 and n.
The seismic site classification is based on single borehole stratigraphy. Each soil/rock layer has been characterized with
a shear wave velocity. The shear wave velocities are taken from tests performed during field investigations (Doc. No.
0488A0YAGC010). Regarding the shale the value of the shear wave velocity determined by site tests may be
considered representative for destructured shale only; consequently the shear wave velocity for the shale has been
evaluated with reference to Q (rock mass quality index) using RMR index provided in Doc. N. 0488A0YAGC010, by
means of the two formulas reported below
RMR − 44
Q=e 9
(Bieniawsky, 1989)
RMR − 50
Q = 10 15
(Barton, 1995)
( velocity Vp is evaluated as follows (Barton, 1991):

Known the value of Q, the primary (wave
Vp = Log (Q ) + 3.5 (km/s)
The shear wave velocity Vs is then correlated to Vp through the following formula according to the theory of elasticity:
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Vp
Vs = (km/s)
2(1 − ν )
1 − 2ν
Conservatively the lower bound value obtained from calculation has been considered.
The following ranges of Vs have been considered for site classification. Local modifications are made on the basis of
specific stratigraphies.
Table 7 – Shear Wave Velocity considered for Site Classification
Rock – Soil Formation Vs (m/s)

Compacted Fill ~ 300
Limestone ~ 1500
Brecciated Karst Fill ~ 1400
Destructured shale ~ 500
Shale ~ 1300
Based on these data, the area in the excavation zone (northern part of the plant) can be classified as Site Class B. The
area closer to the earth reinforced wall (south-eastern part of the plant) can be classified as Site Class C. A map of the
Site Class Zonation is shown in Figure 2.
Details of Vs30 calculations for the site class definition are provided in Appendix A.
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Figure 2 – Site Class definition

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8 MATERIALS
8.1 Concrete
The concrete grade is according to TS 500 – “Requirements for design and construction of reinforced
concrete structures”.
With reference to ENI-EN 206-1:2006 the exposition class can be defined:
Concrete Ambient Description

class exposition conditions
XC1 Dry or Indoor concrete or permanently
permanently wet in water
XC2 Wet, rarely dry Main foundations
XC3 Moderately wet Outdoor concrete, protected
against direct rain
XC4 Cycling: wet/dry Concrete in contact with water
Chemical test results have been done on soil and water in January 2011 by Anadolu Yerbilimleri and both
are defined as non aggressive against concrete.
According to ENI-EN 206-1:2006 for each concrete class exposition the following characteristics are
defined:
XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4

a/c 0,65 0,60 0,55 0,50
Minimum class C20/25 C25/30 C 30/37 C 30/37
Minimum cement content 260 280 280 300
The following concrete grade will be taken into account in the design of the reinforced concrete structure:
• Lean concrete:
concrete grade C16
minimum characteristic strength on cylinder specimen at 28 days fck = 16 MPa
minimum characteristic strength on cube specimen at 28 days fck,cube = 20 MPa
modulus of elasticity at 28 days Ec = 27000 MPa
Poisson ratio μc = 0.2
thermal expansion coefficient αt = 10-5 °C-1
• Concrete for structures:

concrete grade C25
concrete grade C30

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concrete grade C35 (for TG/generator and ST/generator foundations)

concrete grade C40 (for TG/generator and ST/generator foundations)

Concrete structures module of elasticity and deflection control at j-time shall be according to TS 500 § 3.3.4
and tables 3.3 Creep coefficient and 3.4 Shrinkage strain. Such a calculation is needed for structures other
than the ones defined in TS500 §6.3.4
8.1.1 Concrete material factor.

According to the ultimate limit state strength verifications, as prescribed in TS 500 code, design strength for the concrete
and for the reinforcement steel are obtained considering the following “material factors”:
Concrete: γmc = 1.50
Reinforcing steel γms = 1.15
According to the serviceability limit state, as prescribed in TS 500 code, design strength for the concrete and for the
reinforcement steel are obtained considering the following “material factors”:
Concrete: γmc = 1.00
Reinforcing steel γms = 1.00
8.1.2 Concrete cover.
The concrete cover is according to TS 500 – “Requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete
structures”.
Concrete cover thickness are stated below for different elements of the structures:
- for structural members under ground level : 50mm (ref. TS 500 ref.9.5.1 Clear concrete cover – tab. 9.3)
- for indoor slabs: 20mm (in the absence of particular environmental conditions or special requests for fire
resistance (ref. 7.3 TS 500))
- for outdoor slabs: 25mm (in the absence of particular environmental conditions or special requests for fire
resistance (ref. 7.3 TS 500))
- for other structural members: 30mm (in the absence of particular environmental conditions or special
requests for fire resistance (ref. 7.3 TS 500))
According to 0488A0YAGC010 chapt.4.2 concrete structures are not exposed to chemical attack.
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8.1.3 Anchorage and Overlapping

Anchorage and overlapping lengths shall be according to the TS 500 chapter 9.0.
8.1.4 Lean Concrete

The thickness of the lean concrete shall be 100.0 mm minimum
8.1.5 Steel for reinforcement

The steel for reinforcement will be S420 type and will be in accordance to the requirements of TS 708 – “Steel bars for
concrete”.
The mechanical properties for the S420 steel of reinforcing bars are:
• Minimum yield strength fyK 420 MPa
• Minimum rupture strength fsu 500 MPa
• Minimum rupture elongation εsu(%) 12 for diameter φ ≤ 32
10 for diameter 32 < φ ≤ 50
• Modulus of elasticity Es 200000 MPa
Bar diameter to be used (depending on local market availability):

φ8, φ10, φ12, φ14, φ16, φ20, φ22, φ24, φ26, φ32
A special order should be needed for φ25, φ28, φ30, minimum 200 tons for each diameter.
Only in case of explicit request in structural drawings the steel for reinforcement shall be weldable, in particular to be
allowed to use rebars as anchor bolts for the plates embedded in concrete structures.
For weldable reinforcing bars of normal hardness, welding may be used only if their carbon equivalents (as defined in
TS 708) do not exceed 0.4. Different type of steel for reinforcement may be allowed only if the mechanical properties of
the steel comply with all the requirements of the TS 708 – “Steel bars for concrete”.
The steel for the reinforcement shall be “high-bond” type.
8.1.6 Crack control
Data about crack widths are according to the limits indicated in Turkish code TS500 Chapter 13.4 (see below Table 13.4
extracted from TS 500). Type of cement and the exposition classes defining the foreseen concrete mix according to the
soil and groundwater aggressiveness will be according to TS EN 206.
where ωmax is the maximum allowable width of the cracks.

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According to TS500 the crack control is not necessary if all the requirements given below are satisfied:
• Deformed bars have been used
• In the tensile zone of reinforced concrete members at least the minimum tension reinforcement defined in
section 7.3 of TS500 has been provided
• Unfavorable environmental conditions do not exist
• The reinforcement spacing does not exceed 200 mm.
Environmental conditions are industrial, corresponding with corrosivity class C5-I (EN ISO 12944-2), as mentioned in §
8.3; crack control is thus needed in case surfaces exposed to acid environment or similar. Therefore the conventional
structures need not to be checked for crack as per TS500
8.1.7 Minimum proportion of steel reinforcements

Minimum proportion of steel reinforcements shall be according to the TS 500 chapter 7 and chapter 8 rules, considering
the typology of designed elements.
para. 7.3 for flexural members:

ρ = As / bwd ≥ ρmin = 0.8 fctd / fyd
ρ ≤ 0.02
being:
ρ ratio of tension reinforcement in beam
As area of tension reinforcement
bw web width of the beam
d effective depth in beams
fctd design tensile strength of concrete
fyd design yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement
para. 7.4 for members subjected to axial force and bending:
ρt = Ast / Ac ≥ 0.01
ρt ≤ 0.04 (outside the lapped splice region)
ρt ≤ 0.06 (within the lapped splice region)
ρt total ratio of longitudinal reinforcement in columns
Ast total cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement in columns
Ac gross area of concrete section
The minimum proportion of steel for reinforcement have also to comply with the seismic requirements (for flexural
members and for members subjected to axial force and bending) as stated at chapter 3 of TEC 2007 with respect to the
required ductility level (nominal or high).
8.2 Structural steel

The steel profiles will be S275.
The mechanical properties for S275 structural steel are:
Ultimate tensile strength: fu = 430 MPa
Yield strength: t ≤16m fy = 275 MPa
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16mm < t ≤ 40mm fy = 265 MPa

40mm < t ≤ 65mm fy = 255 MPa
Modulus of elasticity Es = 210000 MPa
Thermal expansion coefficient αt = 12 10-6 °C-1
The ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength can change according to the nominal thickness of the structural
shape.
The steel type S235 and S355 can be used if necessary according to design and to availability on local market
Resilience class shall be in accordance with TS and ASTM codes.
Steel plate for primary structures thickness will be not less 8 mm.
8.2.1 Bolts for connection

It shall be used high strength bolts of minimum bolt grade 8.8. with the following mechanical properties:
Ultimate tensile strength: fub = 800 MPa
Yield strength: fyb = 640 MPa
It shall be used also bolt grade 10.9 according to the design.
8.2.2 Anchorage Bolts
Material that we will use shall be 5.6 as per TEC2007
Ultimate tensile strength: fu = 500 MPa

Yield strength: fy = 300 MPa
Elongation Є = 20%
8.2.3 Steel subgrade material
The steel subgrade shall be defined on the base of the EN 1993-1-10, table 2.1 – Maximum permissible values of
element thickness t in mm.
The reference temperature TEd at the potential fracture location shall be determinated according to the following data:
INDOOR STRUCTURES
TEd = Tmd + ΔTέ + ΔTr
Tmd = 0°C Commentary and Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-10”, prepared by European Commision Joint Research
Center
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ΔTέ = to be calculated for each structure in OBE condition.
ΔTr = – 5°C according to Commentary and Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-10”, prepared by European Commision
Joint Research Center
OUTDOOR STRUCTURES (pipe racks)
Tmd = -12°C minimum temperature recorded in 45 years (1984-1994 and 2007-2009). (Functional Specification – Annex
01 - Plant design data – Climatological data)
ΔTέ = to be calculated for each structure in OBE condition.
ΔTr = – 5°C according to Commentary and Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-10”, prepared by European
Commision Joint Research Center
T(Ed) and acceptable steel thicknesses with respect to the steel subgrade will be designed/justified in each structural
calculation report..
8.3 Corrosivity class and expected durability
Taking into consideration the environmental and meteorological conditions at the plant site, for painting systems,
the expected durability is high (H) according to ISO 12944-1.
The atmospheric corrosivity categories for this project according to ISO 12944-2 are:
Taking into consideration the environmental and meteorological conditions at the plant site, for zinc and
aluminium coatings the expected durability is high (H) and the atmospheric Corrosivity categories according ISO 14730
are
For more detail refer to 0488A0VVEP003 – Painting Specification

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9 LOADS
9.1 Construction self weight

Construction self weight includes weights of construction elements that can’t be removed during construction life
including external claddings, internal walls, pavements, coatings and so on.
Permanent loads are to be evaluated considering effective dimensions of elements and specific weight of the materials.
For own weights calculation the following specific weights should be used:
Not reinforced concrete: 24 kN/m3
Reinforced concrete: 25 kN/m3
Plaster: 22 kN/m3
Steel: 78.5 kN/m3
Backfilling: 22 kN/m3
Wall finishing, ceramic tiles: 0.8 kN/m2
Wall finishing, marble tiles: 1 kN/m2
Brick-block work cavity wall (medium): 15 kN/m3
Gasbeton brick-block wall (medium): 4.5 kN/m3
Suspended ceiling: 0.2 kN/m2
Bricks and Gasbeton blocks thicknesses shall be provided according to the drawings of the architectural design.
Above data can be considered only as a medium reference and weights are for reference only. The exact value may
differ according to related fabrications and standards. Above indicated backfilling weight value (above and under
groundwater level) shall be used in the static calculations as a minimum; a specific test on site, according to the TS
1900, shall be provided for insuring this value is correct. In absence of on site test the value listed in TS 498 Table 1
shall be used.
9.2 Permanent loads

Permanent loads due to equipments, piping, cables and so on will be defined according to the electrical-mechanical
design drawings and specifications.
GT building
• Weight of the GT building roof insulation and double sheet (0.5 kN/m2)
• Weight of the walls (paneling) (0.5 kN/m2)
• Weight towers for ventilation and technological loads (t.b.d. according to supplier datasheets)
Generator building/air intake support

• Weight of the generator building roof (6.5 kN/m2)
• Technological loads for equipments on the top roof, air intake (according to supplier datasheets and
mechanical and electrical input data)
Pipe Rack
• Loads from piping, valves, monorails, etc.
• power cables and catwalks
• gratings and walkway
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ST and generator building

• Weight of the ST building roof insulation and double sheet (0.5 kN/m2)
• Weight insulating walls (panels) (0.5 kN/m2)
• Technological loads (defined in mechanical and electrical input data)
Electrical buildings
• Weight of building roof (6.5 kN/m2)
• Technological loads for equipments on the top roof (t.b.d. according to supplier data sheets)
9.3 Live loads

The following values will be assumed:
verticale ripartito verticale concentrato orizzontale lineare

TIPO DI LOCALE
ROOM TYPE
vertical load vertical concentrated load horizontal load
ambienti non suscettibili di affollamento e
relativi terrazzi a livello praticabili
2 kN/m2 2 kN 1 kN/m
low traffic areas
ambienti suscettibili di affollamento e relativi
terrazzi a livello praticabili
3 kN/m2 2 kN 1 kN/m
normal traffic areas
ambienti suscettibili di grande affollamento e
relativi terrazzi a livello praticabili
4 kN/m2 4 kN 2 kN/m
heavy traffic areas
scale e ballatoi – se vie di fuga/ suscettibili di
grande affollamento
5 kN/m2 3 kN 2 kN/m
stairs if are escape way
scale e ballatoi – se non vie di fuga
3 kN/m2 1,5 kN 1,5 kN/m
stairs if are not escape way
impalcati di servizio
5 kN/m2 - -
service levels
impalcati di servizio pipe rack e minori
2 kN/m2 - -
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pipe rack service levels and minor

coperture accessibili solo per manutenzione
1 kN/m2 2 kN 1 kN/m
walkable roof (for maintenance only)
coperture non accessibili
1 kN/m2 2 kN 1 kN/m
unwalkable roof
Minimum design overload shall be according to the above table (based on the UNI EN 1990 prescriptions); these values
are more conservative than the ones listed in the table 7 - TS 498 and with mechanical and electrical loads (see ICW
drawings). Assembly loads shall be according to the ICW drawings and supplier datasheets.
9.4 Wind data

Although the explanations given below for the calculation are valid for all structures, they will not apply to the structures
such as bridges, cranes, high chimneys /factory chimney, radio transmission towers and high voltage transmission lines,
which have their own specifications or standards.
This load are defined according to the TS 498.
The direction of the wind will be accepted in general to be horizontal.
Design Speed & Direction of Prevailing Wind

Wind speed (at 10 meters above ground)
• Structure calculation 125 km/h = 34.7 m/sec
The calculation of the wind load depends on the geometry of the structure (Figure 1). The effects of pressure, suction
and friction will be taken into account by combining them. The resultant of the wind load affecting the entirety of a
structure is:
W = Cf q A kN
where:
Cf = Aerodynamic load coefficient
q = Suction (speed pressure) kN/m2
A = Affected surface area m2
Wind pressure will be taken approximately for the suction that can be variable at different parts and/or the structure width
b than can be variable as
where:
qi = Suction at part (I)
Ai = Area at part (I)
The wind pressure value coefficient will be increased by ¼ for the individual load-bearing structure elements (for
instance, rafter, purlin, façade element, etc.).
The increase in the wind loads that will occur as a result of the surfaces exposed to the wind that will increase due to
frost at slender steel structures must be taken into consideration in the design work.
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• Aerodynamic load coefficient (Cf)

The load coefficients (Cf) will be set forth according to the geometry of the structure and the blowing direction of the
wind. This coefficient will be obtained from the wind canal test or by proven literature (International codes, Codes of
practice, etc.) for typical cases.
9.4.1 Wind Pressure (w)

The wind pressure affecting the upper surface of the structure will be calculated with the following formula.
w = Cp q kN/m2
Here:
q = wind pressure (kN/m2)
Cp = Suction coefficient
Cp will be set forth depending on the different blowing directions for the surface that will be taken into
consideration. The wind pressure affects the affected surface in the vertical direction (see TS 498 - Table 6).
• Suction (Speed pressure) (q)
q = pv² / 2g kN/m2
If we take the air unit volume weight approximately as σ = 1.25 kg/m3 and the speed (v) will be placed in terms of m/s
q = v2 / 1600 kN/m2
TABLE 5 – Wind speed and suction depending on the altitude
Altitude from the ground (m) Wind Speed (v) m/s Suction (q) (kN/m2)
0–8 28 0.5
9 – 20 36 0.8
21 – 100 42 1.1
> 100 46 1.3
Different wind speeds may occur as a result of the local topographic conditions and such values can deviate from the
values given in the Table 5.
The suction must be taken as q = 1.1 kN/m2 by taking into consideration that the wind effect will be intense on the
structure located at such altitude and located near to a steep slope.
FIGURE 1 – The distribution of the wind load in the direction of the main bearing system at the closed structures with
square cross-section in the plan and sloped roof
9.5 Snow
According to Turkish code TS 498 – “Design Loads for Buildings” Annex 1, Gebze is located in Region II
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The snow load is included in the class of moving loads

9.5.1 Snow Load
The influencing factors are the geographic and meteorological conditions.
According to Table 4 of TS 498, for Region II and site elevation about 305 m.a.s.l., the deadweight snow load Pk0 is:
Pk0 = 0.75 KN/m2

9.5.2 Design value for snow load
The load to be used for the design value of the snow load Pk changes according to the increase of the conditions of
snowing.
The design value of the snow load Pk will be considered to be equal to snow load Pk0 for the roofs with an inclination up
to 30° and will be taken into consideration as evenly distributed load at the roof area plane.
The following value will be taken as the design value of the snow load for the roofs, of which the inclination is α degree
with the horizontal plane and on which fall of snow is not prevented
Pk = m Pk0 where m =1 – (α - 30°)/40° Validity limit is 0≤m≤1
The value of m will be taken from the Table 3 of TS 498.
9.6 Thermal load.

The thermal load, when to be considered, shall be in accordance with the following assumption:
± 15 °C for indoor structures

± 30 °C for outdoor structures
9.7 Seismic requirements
9.7.1 Seismic requirements: MCE and DRS

Building structures and foundations will, as a minimum, be designed to prevent accidents which might endanger human
lives and environment and will comply with Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC 2007 – legal requirement), and with IBC
2009 / ASCE 7 requirements.
The following parameters shall be taken into account:
1. TEC 2007
a. Degree 1 zone; effective ground acceleration coefficient A0 = 0,4;
b. Importance factor I=1,5;
c. Soil class and soil group: Z2-B
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Spectrum definition
S(T) = 1 + 1.5 T / TA (0 ≤ T ≤ TA) eqs. 6.2a from TEC 2007
S(T) = 2.5 (TA < T ≤ TB) eqs. 6.2b from TEC 2007
S(T) = 2.5 (TB / T)0.8 (T > TB) eqs. 6.2c from TEC 2007
2. IBC 2009/ASCE7:
a. Ss=1,9 g; S1=0,88g; PGA (design)=0,51g;
b. Site class:
• Type B in case buildings have foundations on good rock as defined in the geological report;
• Type C in case a building is based on very dense soil and soft rock;
• Type D in case a building is based on backfilling material.
c. Occupancy category III
d. Importance factor 1,25;
e. Design category E
f. The ductility factor R of anchor shall be taken to 1,5;
g. The para-seismic designs of the 380 kV substation and og the GPRS shall fulfil also the standard
requirements from respectively TEIAS and BOTAS.
Spectrum definition
SMS = Fa SS eqs. 11.4-1 of ASCE 7
SM1 = Fv S1 eqs. 11.4-2 of ASCE 7
SMS mapped MCE (Maximum Considered Earthquake), 5% damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at short periods adjusted for site class effects,
SM1 mapped MCE (Maximum Considered Earthquake), 5% damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at a period of 1 sec. adjusted for site class effects.
Fa, Fv Site coefficient (see table 11.4-1 and 11.4.-2 of ASCE 7 for the relevant site class)
SDS = 2/3 SMS eqs. 11.4-3 of ASCE 7
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 eqs. 11.4-4 of ASCE 7
Sa = SDS (0.4 + 0.6 T/T0) T < T0 eqs. 11.4-5 of ASCE 7

Sa = SDS TS ≤ T ≤ T0 para. 11.4.5 point 2 of ASCE 7
Sa = SD1 / T TL ≤ T ≤ TS eqs. 11.4-6 of ASCE 7-05
with:
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T0 = 0.2 SD1 / SDS

TS = SD1 / SDS
Spectra comparison between IBC 2009 / ASCE 7 and TEC 2007 (importance factor included) are listed in the following
graph:
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Comparison of spectra TEC /ASCE 7 for Soil type C&D
Comparison of spectra TEC /ASCE 7for Soil type B

6 37 73
From the comparison represented in the above graph, the ASCE 7 Design Response Spectrum (DRS) and the TEC
2007 Spectrum are similar.
In order to consider the most conservative spectrum:
- in case of buildings based on soil type C or D, the ASCE 7 Design Response Spectrum (DRS) will be
used;
- in case of buildings based on soil type B, it happens that TEC 2007 Spectrum for periods > about 1.1
sec becomes more conservative. In order to guarantee always the most conservative situation, a
hybrid new spectrum considering for each period the highest value between the two basic spectra
(TEC and ASCE 7) will be adopted.
RESISTANCE CHECKS
Seismic action on structures will be calculated by the hybrid Design Response Spectrum (or the ASCE 7 in case of Soil
type C or D) divided by the quantity R (TEC 2007 §2.5.1 – eq. 2.3 and TABLE 2.5). Load combinations and members
check will be performed according to TEC 2007 and TS 648 or TS 4561 where applicable for steel structures or TS 500
for reinforced concrete structures. For loads combination definition please refer to par. 11 and 13.2
DISPLACEMENTS CHECKS
Seismic action on structures will be calculated with the hybrid Design Response Spectrum (or the ASCE 7 case of Soil
type C or D). Displacement checks will be performed according to TEC 2007 section 2.10. Comparison and stringency
verification of TEC2007 with ASCE-7 criteria shall also be performed
Standards that are mentioned are valid for all structures; their own standards will be applied to the structures such as
bridges, cranes, high chimneys /factory chimney, etc.), radio, etc. transmission towers and high voltage transmission
lines, which have their own specifications or standards.
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS CHECKS
The second order analysis check according to TEC2007 (§2.10.2) will be done for each structure, in order to assess if
second order analysis has to be performed or not.
FOUNDATION CHECKS
Seismic action on foundation will be calculated according to the TS 500 par. 6.2.6, par. 6.3.2 and par. 10.1; for the
spectrum definition, the ag value prescribed by the hybrid Design Response Spectrum (or the ASCE 7 in case of Soil
type C or D) will be used.
SEISMIC ACTIONS COMBINATIONS
According to TEC 2007, the horizontal seismic loads will be considered acting simultaneously along the two
perpendicular axes of the buildings in the horizontal plane as (0,3 x + 1 y) or (1x+0,3y).
Vertical seismic actions is not taken into account by TEC 2007, while according to ASCE 7 it should be applied with
some limitations. In practical design of “Building structures” and “Non building structures similar to buildings” (e.g. Pipe-
racks) the following considerations have been done:
a. TEC 2007 neglects vertical seismic action
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b. EC8 allows to neglect vertical seismic action in case of horizontal spans <= 20 m and in absence of
long cantilevers protruding from the structure
c. ASCE 7 defines a vertical seismic action Ev = 0.2 x SDS x D, where SDS is the design spectral
response acceleration parameter and D are the dead loads + permanent loads; no vertical spectrum is
foreseen in case of modal response spectrum analysis is performed
d. In design of structures vertical EQ as per ASCE-7 shall be considered .
For seismic load analysis “modal response spectrum” method shall be used.
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9.7.2 Seismic requirements: OBE (Operating Basis Earthquake)

The plant shall be designed to require little or no repairs further to Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) occurrence. The
OBE is defined as the seismic event having a probability of exceedance of 50% within the lifetime of the plant (25 years).
PGA=0.17 g. The spectrum is provided below.
Operating Basis Response Spectrum
0.433 0.5
0.4
Spectral response acceleration
0.3
Sa( T )
0.2
0.1
0.048
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 T 4.995
Period (s)
Figure 3 – OBE Spectrum – soil C derived from Prof. Erdik report – Contractual Annex 21a
The above shown OBE spectrum is referred to soil type C and is more stringent than the OBE spectrum is referred to
soil type B because of the following parameters:
Soil class B:
Fa = 1.00
Fv = 1.00
Soil class C:
Fa = 1.20
Fv = 1.61
Therefore to be on safe side, this OBE spectrum will be applied both for soil class B and C.
Operability criteria in correspondence of the application of OBE Spectrum will be defined by the plant designers for each
structural and non-structural component, in order to give a limitation to displacements and to avoid damages.
Nevertheless, the minimum requirement is that the gas/steam turbines after OBE earthquake are not so damaged to
require dismounting and shipment to the workshop for repair.
For components and non-building structures please refer to 0488A0VVGC006.
In addition to the general principal stated above, the following requirements to the building structures, as per IBC ASCE
7 shall be complied with:
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Reinforced concrete structures (ULS/SLS method)

• Importance factor I=1;
• For SLS (Service Limit State) calculations, partial factor on seismic loads will be taken equal to 1.0;
• For ULS (Ultimate Limit State) calculations, partial factor on seismic loads will be taken equal to 1.6;
• No ductility is allowed for both ULS and SLS calculations (i.e. R>1 is not allowed)
Steel structures (allowable stress method)

• Importance factor I=1;
• Resistance/stability check calculations combination factor equal to 1.0
• Displacement check calculations combination factor equal to 1.0;
• No ductility is allowed for both ULS and SLS calculations (i.e. >1 is not allowed)
9.8 Static and dynamic loads related to electromechanical loads

Static dynamic loads and related to electromechanical loads due to electro-mechanical components and piping in
operating conditions and test shall be indicated by AEN input civil drawings issued by IMP.
9.9 Moving loads (crane)
Building TG-alternator (a crane for each unit)
Max 1350 KN main hook
250 kN and 125 kN secondary crane
TV-alternator Building
800 KN Max main hook
160 KN secondary crane
For additional minor crane (150 kN for workshop building, 20 kN for GIS 15 kN GT case oil), cranes and monorails will
be provided with elaborate mechanical input.
All vertical and horizontal live loads of the cranes are inserted in the CRANE-HL conditions.
9.10 Loads for main equipment.

The loads of the main equipment (i.e. Steam and Gas Turbine) will be given in the relevant documents by AEN.
The dead weight of the main equipment will be classified as “dead weight load” according to TS 498 – “Design load for
buildings”.
AEN will supply the relevant design criteria for the structural design of the foundation of the main equipment.
10 DESIGN METHODS
The following design methods have been adopted according to the materials and the structures. Seismic load analysis
“modal response spectrum” method shall be used for all building structures and non-building structures similar to
buildings (i.e. pipe racks).
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10.1 Steel structures: building and non building similar to buildings

Allowable Stress Method Allowable stresses are defined in Chapters 2, 3, 4 for steel structural elements according to TS
648, TEC 2007.
10.1.1 Allowable stress for weld

Allowable stresses for welds shall be according to TS 648,– Steel structure general rules for design according to TS 648,
TEC 2007 and TS3357 Table 5.
10.2 Reinforced concrete building structures
10.2.1 Ultimate Limit State Method (according to TS500)

The structural safety against collapse during the service life of the structure has been carried out by increasing load
effects by load factors and by reducing material strengths by material factors. These factors are based on statistical data.
Design has been performed in accordance with the following:

Fd ≤ Rd
Where:
Fd Design load effect (for load factors see load combination factors)
Rd Design strength (for design strength factors see material strength factors shown below)
Design strength for reinforced concrete elements is based on the following:
fcd = fck / γmc Design compressive strength of concrete.
fctd = fctk / γmc Design axial tensile strength of concrete.
fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
fctk Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete.
γmc = 1.5 Material strength factor of concrete cast in situ with satisfactory quality control
fyd = fyk / γms Design yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement
fyk Minimum yield strength of reinforcement
γms = 1.15 Material strength factor of steel for all steel grades
10.3 Foundations
10.3.1 Ultimate Limit State Method (according to TS500)

The structural safety against collapse during the service life of the structure has been carried out by increasing load
effects by load factors (see section 11.2) and by reducing material strengths by material factors. These factors are based
on statistical data.
Design has been performed in accordance with the following:

Fd ≤ Rd
Where:
Fd Design load effect (for load factors see load combination factors)
Rd Design strength (for design strength factors see material strength factors shown below)
Design strength for reinforced concrete elements is based on the following:
fcd = fck / γmc Design compressive strength of concrete.
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fctd = fctk / γmc Design axial tensile strength of concrete.

fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
fctk Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete.
γmc = 1.5 Material strength factor of concrete cast in situ with satisfactory quality control
fyd = fyk / γms Design yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement
fyk Minimum yield strength of reinforcement
γms = 1.15 Material strength factor of steel for all steel grades
Both MCE/DRS and OBE seismic spectra are used to verify design strength of the foundations.
10.3.2 Serviceability Limit State and geotechnical checks
Structural elements are designed such that cracking, deformation, vibration etc. do not exceed levels which would impair
the serviceability and affect the strength of structure.
For calculations dealing with serviceability limit state, load combination factors and material strength factors has been
taken equal to 1 (TS500 section 6.2.6).
These load combinations are also used for the following geotechnical checks (TS500 section 10.1):
• Bearing capacity
• Sliding
• Overturning
10.3.3 Mathematical model and analysis parameters
Usually, footings are assumed to be rigid and the soil pressure distribution underneath footings are calculated using the
method of Meyerhof (plastic analysis) or other internationally and practically accepted methods such as triangular linear
base pressure distribution (elastic analysis). The percentage of the uplift area underneath footings is calculated
considering an elastic linear behaviour, and maximum permitted eccentricity is equal to B/3 where B is the length of the
foundation along direction of acting moment in normal operating conditions.
In some specially case (elastic foundation) footings are modelled as elastic beams (or beams grid), using a F.e.m.
method analysis, and considering soil represented by elastic springs (Winkler method).
Unfactored actions on footings are obtained from a “Fixed - Base analysis” of the steel structures that are above the
foundations.
Ultimate strength design load combinations are developed according to section 11.2 of the present “Design Guide”.
In case of plastic analysis the value of action E is taken according to the table below (NEHRP Recommended Seismic
Provisions – FEMA P 750/2009 edition – Resource Paper n. 8).
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Buildings and Building-like non Building structures

R value from ASCE/SEI- 7
table 12.2-1,12.14-1, 15.4-1 Fixed - Base Analysis
For R equal or > 5 2.0 E

R 3 to < 5 1.5 E
R equal or <3 1.0 E
Nonbuilding structures not similar to Buildings

R value from ASCE/SEI- 7
table 15.4-2 Fixed - Base Analysis
For R > 3 1.5 E

R equal or <3 1.0 E
The stresses resulting from the elevation are combined with those due to the foundation self weight in both static and
seismic conditions.
The above illustrated mathematical model is used for plastic analysis to calculate the internal forces used forwards for
the designation of the reinforced concrete elements and for the geotechnical verifications.
In case of elastic analysis the maximum value of linear pressure distribution will be compared with the allowable soil
pressure.
In reinforced concrete and structural steel buildings, tie beams shall be provided to connect individual foundations in both
directions. The minimum requirements to be satisfied by tie beams are given in TEC 2007 - Section 6.3.4.
Geotechnical properties considered in analysis and foundations checks are in accordance with “Geotechnical Survey
Foundations design and Settlements calculations” 0488A0YAGC011 and “ Subgrade reaction moduli for foundations”
0488A0YAGC013.
10.4 Primary load cases

The following basic load conditions are suggested for the use in the structural models of the various buildings; in specific
cases structural designers can add new conditions, or delete existing ones, if not used:
Load case Type

1 DEAD LOAD
2 PERMANENT L
3 LIVE LOAD
4 LIVE LOAD R
5 SNOW LOAD C
6 SNOW L II
7 SNOW L III
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8 +T
9 -T
10 WIND +X
11 WIND –X
12 WIND +Z
13 WIND –Z
14 WIND PRESS
15 WIND DEPRESS
16 SPECIAL DEAD
17 SPECIAL LIVE
41 EX
42 EZ
101 CRANE-DL_PK
102 CRANE-DL OP
151 CRANE-HL RS_
152 CRANE-HL LS_
201 CRANE2-DL PK
202 CRANE2-DL OP
251 CRANE2-HL RS_
252 CRANE2-HL LS_
LEGEND
DEAD LOAD includes all dead loads of main and secondary structures; depending on structure, it is suggested to
include a factor 1.15 to take into account the presence of connections, stiffeners, welds and bolts.
PERMANENT L (Permanent Loads) includes all permanent loads due to items not included in the previous loads such
as flooring, etc.
LIVE LOAD includes live loads on the structures, excluding roof plan
LIVE LOAD R (Live load Roof) includes live loads (snow excluded) applied to the roof storey only
SNOW LOAD C, SNOW LOADS II AND SNOW LOADS III include snow loads: in detail, depending on the different roof
shapes, snow load on both roof pitches (snow load C), or on one pitch of the roof (snow load II and III) can be
considered in different loading conditions. In the present project according to TS 648 only Snow Load C is considered
+T and -T include temperature loads (“+” = elongation, “-“ = shortening) and is based on thermal gradient
WIND+X, WIND-X, WIND+Z, WIND-Z include wind loads blowing on walls and roof along the global horizontal axis (X
and Z) of the structure
WIND PRESS includes internal positive pressure due to wind (if foreseen by the Code)
WIND DEPRESS includes internal de-pressure due to wind (if foreseen by the Code)
SPECIAL DEAD includes a possible special dead load to be considered in a structure not included in DEAD LOAD
general load condition
SPECIAL LIVE includes a possible special live load to be considered in a structure not included in LIVE LOAD general
load condition
EX and EZ include horizontal earthquake loading conditions (these conditions may be multiple, if more than one
spectrum is to be considered)
CRANE-DL PK or CRANE2-DL PK include crane loads (relative to one or two independent cranes) due to dead loads of
the crane in parking condition
CRANE-DL OP or CRANE2-DL OP include crane loads (relative to one or two independent cranes) due to dead loads of
the crane in operative condition
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CRANE-HL RS, CRANE-HL LS, CRANE2-HL RS CRANE2-HL LS include crane loads (relative to one or two
independent cranes) due to live loads of the crane in operative condition
11 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Load combinations used in all design operations are specified below.
11.1 Design for Allowable Stress

In accordance to TS 648 only for Steel structures (building and non building similar to building)
The loads on a structure are classified as follows:

a) Main loads: self weight, regular and additional live loads (e.g. snow)
b) Superimposed loads: wind, earthquake, brake forces, lateral forces in cranes, temperature effects
According to TS 648 , OBE is an Earthquake load and it will be considered as Superimposed Load
The following types of loading combinations are defined:

a) (EY) : sum of main loads
b) (EIY) : sum of the main and superimposed loads
Increased values of the allowable stresses are allowed in case of (EIY) combinations according to Chapter 4.2 and
Tables 11, 12, 13 of TS 648.
Load combinations with sum of main loads only:

Fd = 1,0 G +1,0 Q
Load combinations with sum of main and superimposed loads excluding earthquake:
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1,0 W + 1,0 T
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,0 W + 1,0 T (in case of unfavourable G)
The above combination factors are used also for the calculation of story drifts and vertical displacements.
Load combinations with sum of main and superimposed loads including earthquake (TEC 2007):
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + Ω0 E
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,0 Ω0 E (in case of unfavourable G)
where Ω0 is the over-strength factor applied to increase the seismic forces. The factor Ω0 is defined in function of the
seismic force resisting system and ductility level of the steel structure. For the seismic load combination a reduced value
of Q con be used according to the Table 2.7 from TEC 2007.
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According to contract request OBE, that does not exist in Turkish Codes, will be considered in these combinations :
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1.0 EOBE

Fd = 0,9 G + 1,0 EOBE (in case of unfavourable G)
Crane operating loads need not to be combined with MCE or OBE.
ASCE-7 Load combinations shall also be considered including vertical EQ
Seismic force resisting system by concentric steel frames of high ductility level Î Ω0 = 2,0
Seismic force resisting system by frames of high ductility level Î Ω0 = 2,5

To obtain horizontal seismic actions the Mode Superposition method has been adopted by MCE/DRS Spectrum
Story drifts are calculated without consideration of Ω0 factor according to point 2.10 of TEC 2007.
According to TEC 2007, over-strength load combination shall be used to design structural elements (i.e. Column,
connections, anchor bolts, etc.) according to TEC 2007 chap.4 prescription.
11.2 Design for Strength
11.2.1 Reinforced concrete structures.

In accordance with TS 500 for reinforced concrete structures, the structural designation has been performed using main
groups of load combinations factorized as defined in Clause 6.2.6 and shown below.
Load combinations with vertical loads only

Fd = 1,4 G +1,6 Q
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,2 Q + 1,2 T
Load combinations with wind loading considered
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,3 Q + 1,3 W
Fd = 0,9 G +1,3 W
Load combinations with MCE earthquake loading considered:
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1,0 E
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,0 E
According to contract request OBE, that does not exist in Turkish Codes, will be considered in these combinations:
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1.6 EOBE
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,6 EOBE
ASCE-7 Seismic load combinations shall also be considered

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Fd = (1,2 + 0,2 Sds ) G + 1,0 Q + EMCE(or 1.6 EOBE) or

Fd = (1,2 + 0,2 Sds ) G + 0.5 Q + EMCE(or 1.6 EOBE)
Fd == (0,9 - 0,2 Sds ) G + EMCE(or 1.6 EOBE)
Structures shall be verified with the worst actions deriving from previous load combinations.
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11.2.2 Foundations.
In accordance with TS 500 the structural designation has been performed using main groups load combinations
factorized as defined in Clause 6.2.6 and shown below.
Fd = 1,4 G +1,6 Q
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,2 Q + 1,2 T
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,3 Q + 1,3 W
Fd = 0,9 G +1,3 W
Load combinations with MCE earthquake loading considered:

Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1,0 E
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,0 E
According to contract request OBE, that does not exist in Turkish Codes, will be considered in these combinations:
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1.6 EOBE
Fd = 0,9 G + α Q + 1,6 EOBE
ASCE-7 Seismic load combinations shall also be considered

Fd = (1,2 + 0,2 Sds ) G + 1,0 Q + EMCE(or 1.6 EOBE)
Fd == (0,9 - 0,2 Sds ) G +EMCE(or 1.6 EOBE)
Structures shall be verified with the worst actions deriving from previous load combinations.
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Crane operating loads need not to be combined with MCE or OBE.
11.3 Serviceability Limit State

In accordance with TS 500 (reinforced concrete structures and reinforced concrete footings), in calculating deflection,
deformation, and crack control, all load factors defined in Clause 6.2.6 and shown below are taken equal to 1.

Fd = 1,0 G +1,0 Q
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1,0 T
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1,0 W
Fd = 1,0 G +1,0 W
Load combinations with earthquake loading considered
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1,0 E
Fd = 0,9 G +1,0 E
For crack control only non seismic load combinations shall be considered.
11.4 Bearing capacity and foundation stability
In accordance with TS 500 (reinforced concrete footings), in calculating the size of the footing that limits soil deformation
under loads and ensures footing stability, load combinations at the serviceability limit state are used.
12 DUCTILITY FACTOR
In TEC 2007 the ductility parameter is defined by the “Structural system behavior factor” R defined in
Table 2.5.
As per point 2.5.1.5 of TEC 2007 in all buildings with Building importance factor of I = 1,5 or I = 1,4
according to Table 2.3 structural systems of high ductility level or mixed ductility level shall be used.
According to the above clause and Table 2.5 the following values of the R parameter have been used in
the calculations of steel structures:
- 3.1 Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by high ductility moment frames: R = 8
- 3.3a Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by high ductility braced conc. frames: R = 5
These values derive from the comparison between TEC 2007 and ASCE 7 Code; either in TEC 2007 than in ASCE 7 for
high ductility moment frames the same R = 8 value is adopted.
Besides for high ductility concentric braced frames ASCE7 suggests R=6 and TEC 2007 suggests R=5.
Being TEC 2007 more conservative, the value R = 5 has been adopted.
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Furthermore, if high ductility resisting moment frames are made by compound elements composed of
shapes linked each other by lattice bracing elements, the value R = 5, instead of R = 8, has been conservatively
adopted according to TEC 2007 and Turkish local practice
In detail the following values of R have been adopted in the various steel structures:
Resisting Structural
Structure R
System
High duct. Moment 5 (for Comp Column
Resisting frame (composed HD-MRF)
GT-Hall and ST-Hall
columns) and High ductility 5 (for HD Braced
concentric braced frames Frames)
Air Intake Support-GT High ductility concentric 5 (for HD Braced
Electrical Building braced frames in each direction Frames)
High duct. Moment
8 (for HD-MRF)
ST Electrical building Resisting frame (solid shapes)
5 (for HD Braced
and Warehouse and High ductility concentric
Frames)
braced
High duct. Moment
8 (for HD-MRF)
Resisting frame (solid shapes)
Pipe - racks 5 (for HD Braced
and High ductility concentric
Frames)
braced
For other minor buildings (i.e. administration) structural behavior factor shall be defined according to the
TEC 2007 code depending on the structural seismic resisting system adopted by the designer.
For Anchorage System design the choice of R factor (with MCE and DRS Spectrum) are according to the
following criteria:
When HD anchor bolt system and HD elevation structural system are provided, R is the same of the
elevation combined with an Ω0 factor according to the TEC 2007 or ASCE 7-10.
When ND anchor bolt system and HD elevation structural system are provided, R shall be 1.5 combined
with an Ω0 factor equal to 1.0
When HD anchor bolt system and ND elevation structural system is provided, R must be 1.5 combined
When ND anchor bolt system and ND elevation structural system is provided, R must be 1.5 combined
In general an anchoring system is considered as an high ductility system (HD) for the seismic action, when
the socket system is able to carry out the complete tensile force of the connected bolt, ensuring its complete
elongation along the entire length; this kind of connection guarantees a ductile failure.
In general an anchoring system is considered as a nominal ductility system (ND) for the seismic action,
when the socket system is able to carry out the partial or complete tensile force of the connected bolt, but cannot
ensure its complete elongation along the entire length; this kind of connection induces a brittle failure.
This type of fracture is typical of the partial or total lateral friction system socket; this kind of connection
cannot guarantee the elongation along the entire length of the anchor bolt; in this way the anchoring system shall
be considered as a nominal ductility (ND) system for the seismic action.
When an HD anchoring seismic resisting system and an HD elevation seismic resisting system are
provided, the anchoring system shall be checked with the TEC 2007 over-strength (Ω0) load combinations criteria.
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When only one of the seismic resisting systems are HD (anchoring or elevation), the anchoring system shall be
checked by the R = 1.5 criteria; if none of the seismic resisting systems are HD, the R = 1.5 criteria shall be applied
for the check of the anchoring system too. The R = 1.5 criteria shall be use to prevent brittle fracture phenomena on
the structure and their connection to the foundations.
A general list of the HD and ND anchoring system are listed hereafter.
ANCHORAGE
ANCHORAGE ELEVATION
SOCKET SYSTEM BEHAVIOR FACTOR Ω
DUCTILITY LEVEL DUCTILITY LEVEL
(R)
Hammer-head with cross beam HD HD - MRF same of the elevation 2.5
Hammer-head with cross beam HD HD - MRF Comp.Col. same of the elevation 2.0
Hammer-head with cross beam HD HD - Braced Frames same of the elevation 2.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD HD - MRF same of the elevation 2.5
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD HD - MRF Comp.Col. same of the elevation 2.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD HD - Braced Frames same of the elevation 2.0
Special Device Min 250mm projecting length
HD HD – High Ductility Frames Same as elevation 2.5
With fully resisting bearing plate
Special Device Min 250mm projecting length
HD HD – Braced Frames Same as elevation 2.0
With fully resisting bearing plate
Hammer-head with cross beam HD ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Hammer-head with cross beam HD ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Hammer-head with cross beam HD ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND HD - MRF 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND HD - MRF Comp. Col. 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND HD - MRF 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND HD - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND HD - MRF 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND HD - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple anchorage hooked at horizontal bar ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Pull-out system in general ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
where: HD = High ductility level
ND = Nominal ductility level
MRF = Moment resisting frames
Comp.Col = Composed Column
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For OBE spectrum the anchorage system check shall be performed with a unitary behavior factor (R = 1.0)
combined with a unitary coefficient Ω0.
13 ROTATING MACHINERY FOUNDATION DESIGN

The design foundation for rotating machinery is performed by means of two different steps:
1. Static analysis: in this analysis it will be evaluated the internal forces and displacements for the foundation
structure and the relevant structural verification for reinforced concrete sections will be carried out in order to
safely size the reinforced concrete structure.
2. Dynamic analysis: in this analysis it will be evaluated the dynamic behavior of the complex r.c. foundation +
machines by carrying out the natural frequencies for the system (r.c. foundation + machines) which have to be
different from the normal operating frequency by ±15%, and by verifying the dynamic requirements as stated by
the manufacturer of the machines:
• for the steam turbine according to AEN standards the dynamic acceptance criteria is that the vibration
velocity due to the application of a forcing function, at normal operating frequency of the machines,
shall be less than 7.5 mm/s rms;
• for the gas turbine according to AEN standards the dynamic acceptance criteria is that the dynamic
stiffness in vertical direction evaluated near the support point of the bearings must be at least equal to
5 106 N/mm.
13.1 Load analysis.
13.1.1 Steam Turbine Foundation.

The load applied to the STG foundation are mainly due to the supported machines and they can be categorized as in the
follows.
• Dead loads.
The dead loads are indicated with the capital letter G and are:
1. Reinforced concrete weight: this load is calculated considering specific weight equal to γcls = 25 kN/m3.
2. Dead weight of machines: the dead weight for steam turbine, generator and condenser.
Note: due to the particular type of structure to be designed, the previously indicated dead load are to be considered as
well defined in the spatial distribution and values.
• Normal – Operating live loads.

The normal – operating live loads are indicated with the capital letter Q.
1. Live load on intermediate slabs at el. +6.00: on intermediate slabs it will be considered a uniformly distributed
live load equal to q = 5.0 kN/m2. In the seismic masses it will not be taken into account this live load since it can
be regarded as a maintenance load and for the purpose of the seismic analysis it can be neglected.
2. Normal operating torque.
3. Condenser vacuum: the condenser forces, due to the vacuum, are considered acting on the mat foundation and
on acting on top table deck.
4. Condenser normal operating forces.
5. Unbalance forces in normal operating due to the steam turbine and generator.
6. Thermal expansion of the machines at deck level: the resulting thermal forces in both horizontal direction must
be zero.
7. Thermal load on deck: at the beams of the deck it will be applied a thermal gradient equal to 20°C; moreover, in
the calculation of the internal forces used for structural verification it will be considered a value of the bending
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inertia of sections equal to 0.3J (with J equal to the bending inertia of the uncracked section), according to para.
5.1.2 of DIN 4024 (part 1)
• Emergency load for the machines.

The emergency load for the machines are indicated with the capital letter A.
1. Unbalance forces in emergency due to the generator.
2. Generator short circuit.
3. Steam turbine blade rupture.
• Earthquake loads.
The earthquake loads will be calculated according to what previously stated in this report.
The structure supporting the steam turbine and the generator can be regarded as a three dimensional frame structure
fixed at the base mat. This structure is able to support both vertical and horizontal loads.
1. MCE event.
According to Table 2.5 of TEC2007 code the “structural behavior factor” is equal to R = 4 for a “building in which seismic
loads are fully resisted by frames”.
However, according to ASCE 7 code, this structure can be regarded, according to the definition given at para. 11.2 of the
code, as a “nonbuilding structure similar to buildings”, and according to para. 15.5.4 the R coefficient is given in Table
15.4-1. For an “Intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames with permitted height increase” the R factor is equal to:
R=3
This value, which is lower then the R factor as stated by TEC2007 code, will be used in the structural analysis for the
foundation during the MCE earthquake event.
In the following the capital letter EMCE will be used to indicate the seismic actions calculated according to what above
indicated.
In this load condition it will be taken into account the 100% of the earthquake forces for structure direction plus 30% of
the earthquake forces for the perpendicular direction.
The detailing requirements for the structural members (columns and beams) will be in accordance to what stated by
TEC2007 code for a nominal ductility level structure.
2. OBE event.
The actions due to the OBE event are indicated with the capital letter EOBE.
3. Vertical component of Earthquake.
The TEC2007 code does not foresee the vertical component of the earthquake.
The ASCE 7 code states that the vertical seismic load effect will be equal to:
EV = 0.2SDSD
being
SDS design spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods for the considered earthquake event (MCE or
OBE)
D the dead loads.
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during MCE event is indicated with the capital letter EMCE(V).
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during OBE event is indicated with the capital letter EOBE(V).
13.1.2 Gas Turbine Foundation.

The load applied to the GTG foundation are mainly due to the supported machines and they can be categorized as in the
follows.
6 54 73
• Dead loads.
The dead loads are indicated with the capital letter G and are:
1. Reinforced concrete weight: this load is calculated considering specific weight equal to γcls = 25 kN/m3.
2. Dead weight of machines: the dead weight for gas turbine, generator, air intake and diffuser.
Note: due to the particular type of structure to be designed, the previously indicated dead load are to be considered as
well defined in the spatial distribution and values.
• Normal – Operating live loads.

The normal – operating live loads are indicated with the capital letter Q.
1. Normal operating torque.
2. Load in operation TG.
3. Unbalance forces in normal operating due to the generator.
4. Thermal expansion of the machines: the resulting thermal forces in both horizontal direction must be zero.
5. Thermal load: the foundation is submitted to a thermal gradient equal to 10°C; moreover, in the calculation of
the internal forces used for structural verification it will be considered a value of the bending inertia of sections
equal to 0.3J (with J equal to the bending inertia of the uncracked section), according to para. 5.1.2 of DIN 4024
(part 1).
• Emergency load for the machines.

The emergency load for the machines are indicated with the capital letter A.
1. Unbalance forces in emergency due to the generator.
2. Generator short circuit.
3. Additional load in failure mode TG.
• Earthquake loads.
The earthquake loads will be calculated according to what previously stated in this report.
The structure supporting the gas turbine and the generator is constituted by a reinforced concrete plate with different
thickness mainly embedded into the foundation soil.
1 MCE event.
For the verification of the GT/Generator system it shall be taken into account a R factor equal to:
R = 2.5
according to table 13.6-1 of ASCE 7-10 code.

This value will be used in the determination of the seismic action due to the machines on the foundations slab for
structural analysis for the foundation during the MCE earthquake event.
For what concerns the seismic effect on the concrete foundation slab, it will be evaluated considering the foundation slab
like a rigid basement which will be subjected to the following seismic acceleration:
aMCE = aPGA I / 1.5
being:
aPGA = 0.51g
I = 1.25 (importance factor for MCE event)
The value of aPGA = 0.51g and I = 1.25, which are in accordance to ASCE 7-10 approach, envelope also the value
A0=0.4 and I = 1.5 of the TEC 2007 code.
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This approach is consistent with what stated in the TEC2007 code at para. 2.7.2.4(b).
In the following the capital letter EMCE will be used to indicate the seismic actions calculated according to what above
indicated.
2 OBE event.
The actions due to the OBE event are indicated with the capital letter EOBE.
For what concerns the seismic effect on the concrete foundation slab, it will be evaluated considering the foundation slab
like a rigid basement which will be subjected to the following seismic acceleration:
aOBE = aPGA I / 1.0
being:
aPGA = 0.17g
I = 1.00 (importance factor for OBE event)
3 Vertical component of Earthquake.
The TEC2007 code does not foresee the vertical component of the earthquake.
The ASCE 7 code states that the vertical seismic load effect will be equal to:
EV = 0.2SDSD
being
SDS design spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods for the considered earthquake event (MCE or
OBE)
D the dead loads.
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during MCE event is indicated with the capital letter EMCE(V).
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during OBE event is indicated with the capital letter EOBE(V).
13.2 Load combinations for rotating machinery foundation.

The next load combination will be used in the foundation design both for Steam turbine and Gas turbine
foundation.
13.2.1 Load combinations for geotechnical verification.
13.2.1.1 Load combinations for geotechnical verification for normal operating and emergency condition of
machines.
The load combination for the geotechnical verification for normal operating and emergency condition of machines, are
consistent with the Serviceability Limit State method (SLS).
6 56 73
1. Normal operating load combinations.

According to para. 10.1 of TS 500 code the load combinations in normal operating condition for the machines
are:
1.00G (dead load only condition)
1.00G + 1.00Q
2. Emergency of the machines load combinations.

According to para. 10.1 of TS 500 code the load combinations for the emergency of the machines condition are:
1.00G + 1.00Q + 1.00A
Note: the emergency of the machines will considered acting one at one time (not simultaneously).
13.2.1.2 Load combinations for geotechnical verification for seismic conditions.
The load combination for the geotechnical verification for seismic conditions are consistent with the Ultimate Limit State
method (ULS).
MCE event:
According to para. 10.1 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + EMCE
For the seismic load combination according to the TEC2007 and TS500 codes no vertical component will be
taken into account.
According to ASCE 7 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + 0.7 (EMCE ± EMCE(V))
Being:
A the effect of the short circuit
OBE event:
According to para. 10.1 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + EOBE
taken into account.
G + Q + A + (EOBE ± EOBE(V))
Being:
13.2.2 Load combinations for structural verification.

The load combination for the structural verification are consistent with the Ultimate Limit State method (ULS).
1. Normal operating load combinations.
According to para. 6.2.6 of TS 500 code the load combinations in normal operating condition for the machines
are:
1.40G (dead load only condition)
1.40G + 1.60Q
1.00G + 1.60Q
2. Emergency of the machines load combinations.
According to para. 6.2.6 of TS 500 code the load combinations for the emergency of the machines condition
are:
1.40G + 1.60Q + 1.60A
1.00G + 1.60Q + 1.60A
6 57 73
Note: the emergency of the machines will considered acting one at one time (not simultaneously).
3. Seismic load combinations.
MCE event:
According to para. 6.2.6 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + EMCE
0.9G + Q + A + EMCE
taken into account.
1.2G + Q + A + (EMCE ± EMCE(V))
0.9G + Q + A + (EMCE ± EMCE(V))
Being:
OBE event:
According to para. 6.2.6 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
1.4G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6 EOBE
1.0G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6 EOBE
taken into account.
1.2G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6(EOBE ± EOBE(V))
1.0G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6(EOBE ± EOBE(V))
Being:
14 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
For all main buildings spectral analysis shall be implemented.
For buildings the MODE SUPERPOSITION METHOD (linear modal analysis) shall be performed; the
S.R.S.S. or C.Q.C. rule according to the requirement listed in TEC 2007 § 2.8 shall be used. In order to match TEC
2007 Code, the requirements included in the following paragraphs have to be respected.
14.1 Sufficient Number of Vibration Modes to be considered

A sufficient number of vibration modes must to be taken into account; the participating mass for each
direction shall be greater than 90% of the total seismic mass value.
If the participating mass is less than 90%, it is necessary to compute the missing masses, in order to
respect TEC 2007 requirement.
14.2 Combination of Modal Contribution

According to TEC 2007 § 2.8.4.1, when a ratio between each couple of sequent periods respects the
following formula:
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Tm / Tn < 0.8
Square root of the sum of squares (S.R.S.S.) rule can be employed.
According to § 2.8.4.2 of TEC 2007 Code, where the ratio between each couple of sequent periods is
greater or equal to 0.8, the complete quadratic combination (C.Q.C.) rule shall be used.
14.3 Lower limits of Response Quantity
In order to consider a minimum value of the base shear, the following rules of TEC 2007 Code shall be
respected:
14.4 Internal Forces in the Directions of Elements at Principal Axis
In order to consider the possible direction of the seismic phenomena. the following rules of TEC 2007
Code shall be respected:
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14.5 Output data from dynamic analysis
The following information can be collected from the linear dynamic analysis:
period and frequency for each mode
mode shapes
participation factors of each mode
internal forces/moments along principal axis
For the foundations of the buildings, in case they are modeled together with the relevant elevation
structures, the same Mode Superposition Method will be adopted. In case for the elevation structures a “fixed base
analysis” is performed, the relevant foundations will be analyzed using the support reactions obtained from the
linear dynamic analysis of the elevation structures; then a pseudo-static analysis of the foundations will be
performed.
15 ROADS DESIGN
Turkish Highway Directoriate (TCK) Regulation shall be considered for road and parking areas
substructure.
TS 1081 Code for the properies of asphaltic cements to be used in road upper structures”
The average width of the roads shall be defined according to the document 0488A0VVBP001 – General
layout.
The width of walkways or shoulders shall be 1.4m and located at one side or at both sides ( if needed ) of
the roads.
Curbstone shall be as per TS.436 and shall be located on lean concrete.
Slope of road shall be 1,5% in transversal direction and from min 0,1% to max 6% in longitudinal direction.
Walkways shall be asphalted.
Road shall be constructed as per the elevation, slope, typical section and notes provided in the design
drawings; the typical course sequence is as in figure below.
6 60 73
Figure 1– typical road section
The properties of filling material to be used for lower structure course will be:
The material for the lower structure and the base course can be obtained from site excavations and shall
be compacted to 95% proctor as horizontal layers of 20cm for base course and 30 cm. for lower structure.
6 61 73
16 DEFLECTION
16.1 Deflection for concrete structure

In the absence of specific limitations on the deflection provided by AEN or AEN Suppliers, the structural designer shall
provide with the report's calculation of structures the values of the maximum displacement under OBE seismic actions,
so that AEN mechanical department will check the functional compatibility.
For the main equipment (i.e. Steam and Gas Turbine) foundations, the criteria for the settlements verification will be
given in relevant input documents from AEN.
16.2 Deflection for steel structure
The deflections shall be according to the values allowed by the TS; Girts and purlins more than 5m length L/300,
cantilevers L/250 of the span. Maximum allowable deflection of girder/beams due to live loads (if not otherwise indicated
in design documents) is 1 / 400 of the span.
In the absence of specific limitations on the deflections provided by AEN or AEN Suppliers, the structural designer shall
provide with the report's calculation of structures the values of the maximum displacement under OBE seismic actions,
so that AEN mechanical department will check the functional compatibility.
For the crane runways maximum vertical deflection must be not greater than 1 / 800 of the span and 1 / 1600 of the span
in the horizontal direction. Imposed limits by TS EN 13000 /AC:2010 all parts, TS EN 1993-6 or TS EN 13001-1+A1/AC
are also available.
This value does not includes the dynamic factor.
17 METHOD OF REPORTING CALCULATION

Requirements of the report includes demonstration numerical calculation for the security and must include the following
information:
• General description for the considered structure
• Used codes and standards
• Input documents
• Modeling of the structure with description of the used structural pattern
• Modeling of the considered actions with the indication of values and application points of the actions themselves
• Used load combinations with reference to the limit state considered
• Indication of the kind of performed analysis (static, dynamic, modal, spectral)
• Structural verification for the most stresses elements
• Main characteristics of the used, if the case, program calculation
• Final report of the results showing the max/min internal forces/stresses, the max deflection and the safety factor
for the considered elements
However, the design report shall contain all information required by the code (refer also to para. 2.13 of TEC 2007 code)
The output files can be enclosed as annexes, and it has to be supplied all the information (like sketches, diagrams and
figures of the mathematical model if the case) sufficient for the understanding of the calculation report.
Indications of requested verification are listed in TS 648 chapter 2.4.
6 62 73
18 SOIL PREPARATION
18.1 Earth Reinforced Retaining Wall

The earth reinforced retaining wall shall be designed according to AASHTO, 2007, LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
“Strength I” load combination and partial factors shall be used for static and OBE seismic verifications. MCE seismic
verifications shall be based on “Extreme Event I” load combination and partial factors.
18.2 Slope Stability

Rock and fill slopes shall be verified according to USACE, 2003, Slope Stability, Engineering Manual and NCHRP, 2008,
Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried Structures, Slopes and Embankments. If not explicitly defined in
the codes, the static factor of safety shall be applied to OBE seismic verifications.
19 TEC2007 RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The following listed items of TEC2007, but not limited to, shall be included in the structural design.
19.1 Chapter-1 General Terms
19.2 Chapter-2 Design Rules for Seismic Resistant Buildings
- §2.2.1 General Rules for Building Structural System

- §2.2.2 General Rules for Earthquake Loads
- §2.3 Irregular buildings
-Table 2.4 Spectrum Characteristics
-Table 2.5 Structural System Behavior Factor (R)
-§2.10 Story drift limitations and second order effects
- Table 2.8 Structural System Behavior Factor for Non-Building Structures(R)
19.3 Chapter-3 Design Rules for Seismic Resistant R/C Buildings
- §3.1 Scope
- §3.2 General Rules
- §3.2.8 Special Earthquake Stirrups and Ties
- §3.3 High Ductility Columns
- §3.3.1 Cross Section
- §3.3.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement Rules
- §3.3.3 Detailing of Longitudinal Reinforcement
- §3.3.4 Transverse Reinforcement Rules
- §3.3.5 Weak Beam Strong Column Rules
- Figure 3.3 Reinforcement Detailing
- Figure 3.4 Weak Beam Strong Column Definition
- §3.3.7 Shear Safety of Columns
- §3.3.8 Short Columns
- §3.4 High Ductility Beams
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- §3.4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement Rules

- §3.4.3 Detailing of Longitudinal Reinforcement
- §3.4.4 Transverse Reinforcement Rules
- §3.4.5 Shear Safety of Beams
- §3.5 Column Beam Joints for High Ductility Frames
- §3.6 High Ductility Shear Walls
- §3.6.2 Wall End Zones and Critical Wall Height
- §3.6.3 Web Reinforcement Rules
- §3.6.4 Detailing of Web Reinforcement
- §3.6.5 Wall End Zones Reinforcement Rules
- §3.6.6 Walls Design Moment and Shear
- §3.6.7 Shear Safety of Walls
- §3.7 Normal Ductility Columns
- §3.8 Normal Ductility Beams
- §3.9 Column Beam Joints for Normal Ductility Frames
19.4 Chapter-4 Design Rules for Seismic Resistant Steel Buildings

- §4.1 Scope
- §4.2 General Rules
- §4.2.3 Material Classes and Allowable Stresses
-Table 4.1 Cofficient Da
- §4.2.4 Increased Earthquake Effects
-Table 4.2 Amplifiction Factor Ωo
- §4.2.5 Internal Force Capacities and Stress Limit Values
- §4.3 High Ductility Level Frames
-Table 4.3. Section Properties
- §4.3.2 Weak Beam Strong Column Rules
- §4.3.4 Column Beam Joint Areas
- §4.3.5 Column and Beam Splices
- §4.3.6 Lateral Supporting of Beam Flanges
- §4.5 Concentric and Eccentric Braced Steel Walls
- §4.6 High Ductility Concentric Braces
- §4.6.2 Distribution of Lateral Forces
- §4.6.3 Bracing Connections
- §4.6.4 Additional Rules for Special Brace Configuration
- §4.6.5 Column Splices
- §4.9 Foundation connections
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20 APPENDICES
Appendix A – Seismic Site Classification, Detail of calculation

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6 66 73
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Appendix B – Development length and lap splice calculation.
The base development length is calculated by Equation 9.1of TS500:
Where:
fyd = fyk /1.5 = 420 / 1.15 = 365 Mpa

fcd = fc / 1.5 Mpa = 1.9 /1.5 = 1.27 For C30/C37
fcd = fc / 1.5 Mpa = 1.8 /1.5 = 1.20 For C25/C30
Ф : Bar diameter
Reduction in development length due to excess of steel reinforcement in a concrete section can be applied if required as
follow:
lb_reduced = lb x Rf Where:
Rf = required reinforcement / available reinforcement)
Development length:
• For case II
• For case I
lb must be multiplied by 1.4
The lap splice length (mm) l0 in case of lap spliced bars should be calculated by Equation 9.2 of TS500:
• For case II
L0 = α1x lb
α1 = 1 + 0.5r Where r is the ratio of spliced reinforcement to total reinforcement in the same section
→ For 50% staggered lap splice: r = 0.5

α1 = 1+ 0.5 x0.5 = 1.25
L0 = 1.25x lb
• For case I
L0 = must be multiplied by 1.4

6 68 73
DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH AND LAP SPLICES AS BY TUKISH CODE TS500
Reduction factor due to excess of bar reinforcement (Rf = required reinforcement / available reinforcement) is not
included in the calculated lengths of the tables below.
For C25/30 concrete
C25/30
fywk = 420 MPa Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement
fywd = 365 MPa Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
fctk = 1.80 MPa Characteristic axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)
fctd = fctk / 1.5 1.20 MPa Design axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)
Development length and lap splices CASE 1

bar diameter development length (mm) not staggered lap splice 50% staggered lap splice (mm)
(mm) (mm)
8 409 614 511
10 511 767 639
12 614 920 767
14 716 1074 895
16 818 1227 1023
20 1023 1534 1278
22 1125 1687 1406
24 1227 1841 1534
25 1278 1917 1598
26 1329 1994 1662
28 1432 2147 1790
30 1534 2301 1917
32 1636 2454 2045

(mm) (mm)
8 292 438 365
10 365 548 457
12 438 657 548
14 511 767 639
16 584 877 730
20 730 1096 913
22 803 1205 1004
24 877 1315 1096
25 913 1370 1141
26 950 1424 1187
28 1023 1534 1278
30 1096 1643 1370
32 1169 1753 1461
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For C30/37 concrete
C30/37
fywk = 420 MPa Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement
fywd = 365 MPa Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
fctk = 1.90 MPa Characteristic axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)
fctd = fctk / 1.5 1.27 MPa Design axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)

(mm) (mm)
8 388 581 484
10 484 727 605
12 581 872 727
14 678 1017 848
16 775 1163 969
20 969 1453 1211
22 1066 1598 1332
24 1163 1744 1453
25 1211 1816 1514
26 1259 1889 1574
28 1356 2034 1695
30 1453 2180 1816
32 1550 2325 1938

(mm) (mm)
8 277 415 346
10 346 519 432
12 415 623 519
14 484 727 605
16 554 830 692
20 692 1038 865
22 761 1142 951
24 830 1246 1038
25 865 1297 1081
26 900 1349 1124
28 969 1453 1211
30 1038 1557 1297
32 1107 1661 1384
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APPENDIX C - ICW (input for civil design works) list

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Ti4 Document no. Rev.

Doc.type Teamcenter issuer code Issued by Language Derived from Rev.

0488 YENI ELEKTRIK 850 MWe CCGT

Rev. Kind of revision

01 Issue for approval

02 Reviewed where indicated. Issue for approval.

03 Revised according to TE YENIOE/6/6174354/001/00 and May 31th 2011 meeting.

06 Revised according to YENIOE/6/6192816/008/00, added appendix B, C.

06 A D’APPOLONIA/SIDERCAD EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

05 A D’APPOLONIA/SIDERCAD EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

04 A SIDERCAD/BELTRAMI EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

03 A SIDERCAD/BELTRAMI EKON POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

02 A SIDERCAD BELTRAMI POZZUOLO GIUSSANI PASTI

01 A SIDERCAD BELTRAMI POZZUOLO BERTINI PASTI

00 PASTI BELTRAMI POZZUOLO BERTINI PASTI

Rev. Scope Prepared Checked Verified Verified Approved Date

1 SCOPE AND GENERAL PHILOSOPHY ....................................................3

3 DESIGN DIMENSIONS .............................................................3

5 SITE LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY ....................................................3

7 SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION .....................................................3

9.4 WIND DATA ................................................................................ 3

10 DESIGN METHODS ...............................................................3

11 LOAD COMBINATIONS .............................................................3

12 DUCTILITY FACTOR ..............................................................3

13 ROTATING MACHINERY FOUNDATION DESIGN ..............................................3

14 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ..............................................................3

14.4 INTERNAL FORCES IN THE DIRECTIONS OF ELEMENTS AT PRINCIPAL AXIS .................................. 3

15 ROADS DESIGN .................................................................3

17 METHOD OF REPORTING CALCULATION ..................................................3

18 SOIL PREPARATION ..............................................................3

19 TEC2007 RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN ...................................3

20 APPENDICES ...................................................................3

1 SCOPE AND GENERAL PHILOSOPHY

The expected life time for the power plant is 25 years.

2 REFERENCE CODE AND DOCUMENTS

12. All TS and local regulations binding and applicable

0488 A0SG*P007 Fire Protection BOP - Technical Specification

2.1 Reference Software

4 DESIGN CLIMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Ambient conditions for structural design

• maximum recorded (July) 44.0 °C

• annual mean high 18 °C

• maximum ambient humidity 90 %

4.1 Rain water network design

P = water flow (l/sec)

The runoff coefficient, instead, is:

Determination of PEAD flow rate, when flowing half full:

m: roughness coefficient = 0,02

The calculation scheme is reported below:

d 0,10 Diameter [m]

Central angle 180,0 [°]

DISPOSAL CAPACITY for a height of water h = 0,05 m

FORMULAS of uniform motion

Flow Q = AV where A = Outflow area

Draining speed V = c Ri p where c = Friction coefficient

In Chapter 9.4 wind actions are defined according to the TS codes.

5 SITE LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

6.1 Local Geology

6.2 Site Investigation

The laboratory testing comprised:

Figure 1 – Groundwater Level (before drainage installation)

6.3.1 Dewatering Drainage System

Figure 1 – Dewatering system