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If
the
point
C is
the
balance
point
and
hence
the
Centre
of
Mass
then
this
means
that
the
“Moment”
of
“turning
forces”
due
to
the
two
masses
are
equal
on
both
sides.
This
is
like
a
child
balancing
a
see
saw
with
an
older,
bigger
brother.
The
child
will
need
to
see
further
away
from
the
pivot
point
on
the
see
saw
than
the
older
brother
since
the
child
is
lighter.
In
the
example
above
C
is
the
balance
point
if
we
multiply
each
mass
by
the
distance
from
C so
that
they
are
equal
on
each
side.
Note
that
if
the
masses
were
equal
then
C
would
be
at
the
midpoint
which
by
symmetry
makes
sense.
Ma + mc
This
gives
us
Mx + mx = Ma + mc ⇒ x=
M +m
We
could
use
the
same
formula
to
find
the
centre
of
gravity
if
we
had
a
difference
in
the
y
coordinates.
So
if
we
had
the
point
M at
(a,b) and
m
at
(c,d)
then
we
would
have
the
Centre
of
Mass
at
the
point
⎛ Ma + mc Mb + md ⎞
⎜⎝ M + m , M + m ⎟⎠
Centre
of
Mass
of
a
Trapezium
I
am
now
going
to
work
out
the
centre
of
gravity
of
a
trapezium
like
the
one
we
see
in
the
diagram
below.
We
are
first
going
to
not
that
the
trapezium
of
the
liquid
in
the
coke
can
has
a
specific
form
and
this
is
that
there
is
a
right
angle
at
one
of
the
corners.
We
will
focus
on
this
type
of
trapezium.
See
below.
Here
is
an
image
of
the
trapezium
with
the
base
reoriented
to
the
horizontal.
The
angle
α
is
the
same
as
the
slope
on
which
the
coke
can
is
resting.
In
this
diagram
we
have
defined
some
lengths
and
reoriented
the
trapezium
so
that
its
base
is
horizontal.
Note
that
we
can
find
h = c + dtanα using
simple
trigonometry.
The
key
to
this
problem
is
that
we
can
split
the
trapezium
into
a
rectangle
and
a
triangle.
If
we
can
find
the
centre
of
mass
of
each
of
these
simple
shapes
then
we
can
use
our
formula
for
the
two
points
to
find
the
centre
of
mass
of
this
trapezium.
A
key
assumption
in
all
the
work
we
are
doing
here
is
that
the
shape
has
a
constant
density.
This
means
if
we
take
any
two
equal
areas
of
the
shape
each
will
have
the
same
mass.
Let
us
coordinates
to
represent
the
vertices
of
the
trapezium
and
try
and
work
out
the
centre
of
mass
of
the
rectangle
and
the
triangle.
The
first
thing
to
note
is
that
the
centre
of
gravity
of
constant
density
shapes
must
lie
on
the
lines
of
symmetry
of
the
shapes
or
line
that
divide
the
shape
into
two
congruent
shapes.
Since
is
because
the
shape
could
be
balanced
in
this
line.
This
is
straightforward
for
the
rectangle
and
we
can
easily
find
the
centre
of
mass
as
shown
in
the
diagram
which
is
where
the
diagonals
meet.
The
triangle
is
more
challenging
and
we
will
work
this
out
below
and
do
it
for
the
general
case.
In
this
problem
we
need
to
find
the
intersection
of
the
medians
of
the
triangle.
Although
there
are
three
lines
we
only
need
to
focus
on
two
of
them.
We
will
use
vectors.
We
will
define
two
of
the
sides
of
the
triangle
as
vectors
OA = a and OB = b
So
we
will
find
the
vector
equations
of
the
lines
PB
and
OQ
in
order
to
find
the
points
of
intersection.
λ
Since
OQ = a + (b − a) =
1
2
1
2
( ) (
a + b
.
Then
the
equation
of
the
line
OQ
will
be
r = a + b
2
) (1)
We
now
want
to
find
the
vector
equation
of
the
line
BP
and
this
will
be
of
the
form
r = OB + µ BP
1 1
We
can
show
that
BP = BO + OA = −b + a
2 2
µ
So
the
equation
is
r = b +
2
a − 2b (
)
(2)
We
will
now
equate
equations
(1)
and
(2)
to
find
the
intersection
of
the
medians
and
hence
the
centre
of
mass.
λ µ ⎛ λ −µ⎞ ⎛ λ + 2µ − 2 ⎞
2
( )
a + b = b + a − 2b ⇒ ⎜
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
(⎟ a+⎜
⎝
) 2 ⎟⎠ b = 0
Here
we
will
equate
vector
a and b
to
give
us
two
equations
to
solve
for
λ and µ
λ−µ=0 ⎫⎪ 2
⎬ ⇒ λ = µ =
λ + 2µ − 2 = 0 ⎪⎭ 3
So
we
have
a
position
vector
for
the
centre
of
gravity
OG =
1
3
(
a + b
)
We
will
now
return
to
our
trapezium
problem
and
if
we
write
the
vectors
of
the
vertices
of
the
triangle
as
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
a=⎜ ⎟ and b = ⎜ d ⎟
⎝ c + dtanα ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
!
The
centre
of
mass
is
given
by
1⎛⎛ ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞⎞ 1⎛ ⎞
0 d
OCt = ⎜ ⎜ +⎜ ⎟= ⎜
3 ⎝ ⎝ c+dtanα ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠ ⎠ 3 ⎝ 2c + dtanα ⎟⎠
⎟ ⎟
!
⎛ d 2c + dtanα ⎞
So
the
coordinates
of
the
Centre
of
Mass
of
the
triangle
is
⎜ , ⎟⎠
⎝3 3
!
We
will
come
back
to
use
these
results
later
in
the
exploration.
Conservation
of
Area
We
will
now
develop
some
ideas
about
conservation
of
the
area
of
the
“liquid”
before
applying
what
we
have
just
learnt
about
Centre
of
Mass
to
solve
the
problem.
Here
will
show
how
to
derive
the
coordinates
of
the
trapezium
that
makes
up
the
2
dimensional
coke
can.
Consider
the
diagram
below.
The
questions
here
is
what
do
we
know
already
about
this
trapezium
and
its
coordinates.
The
first
thing
is
that
the
y
coordinates
of
P
and
Q
are
equal
since
the
“liquid”
will
always
have
a
horizontal
surface.
We
also
know
that
the
length
!EP = dtanα by
simple
trigonometry
(note
that
!PQ̂E = α ).
Finally
we
know
that
the
area
is
constant.
This
is
because
the
“liquid”
will
keep
a
constant
area
as
the
can
is
tilted.
So
what
kind
of
equations
can
I
write
down?
Let
us
start
with
the
area
of
the
liquid
(trapezium).
The
formula
for
the
area
of
a
trapezium
is
where
I
add
the
two
parallel
sides,
multiply
by
the
“height”
and
divide
by
two.
In
our
example
this
will
give
me
that.
!
(1
A = a + (a + dtanα ) ⋅d
2
)
The
length
of
the
longer
side
is
!a + EP = a + dtanα
and
the
height
is
the
length
d .
The
issue
now
is
what
is
it
that
we
want
from
this
formula?
Well
in
any
situation
the
area
of
the
“liquid”
is
fixed
and
the
length
d
is
fixed
(this
is
the
“diameter”
of
the
can).
The
angle
will
change
but
this
is
under
our
control.
So
what
we
need
to
isolate
in
this
formula
is
length
a .
This
means
as
we
change
the
parameters
of
the
area
of
the
liquid,
diameter
of
the
can
and
angle
of
tilt
of
the
can
we
can
figure
out
how
far
up
the
can
the
liquid
will
be.
2A − d 2 tanα
We
will
have
that
a=
2d
Centre
of
Gravity
of
the
Two
–
Dimensional
Coke
Can
Initially
when
trying
to
put
together
the
conservation
of
area
ideas
and
centre
of
mass
of
the
trapezium
the
can
was
rotated
initially
by
α .
This
may
seem
logical
but
it
quickly
became
apparent
that
the
algebra
from
this
was
extremely
complicated.
The
new
tactic
to
get
a
final
solution
for
the
problem
is
to
not
to
rotate
the
coke
can
initially
but
to
find
the
centre
of
mass
of
a
trapezium
that
has
its
parallel
sides
vertical
and
with
an
area
that
is
conserved.
We
will
then
use
Geogebra
to
rotate
the
coke
can
rather
than
using
algebra.
The
angle
α in
the
final
problem
is
that
which
the
can
is
titled
but
in
this
case
it
is
the
angle
that
the
non
–
horizontal
side
makes
with
the
x
–
axis
(see
the
diagram).
Since
the
area
A
is
constant
we
have
that
!
d
(
A = 2a + dtanα
2
)
2A − d 2 tanα
This
means
that
a =
2d
So
the
“height”
a of
the
trapezium
is
dependent
on
the
Area
A ,
base
width d and
angle
α .
We
are
now
going
to
find
the
centre
of
gravity
of
the
trapezium
OBCD
in
terms
of
!a,d and α before
using
our
value
of
a given
above
so
that
we
have
the
centre
of
gravity
in
terms
of
!a,d and α .
We
can
show
that
the
centre
of
mass
of
the
triangle
CDE
is
⎛ d dtanα ⎞
⎜⎝ 3 , 3 + a ⎟⎠
and
that
the
centre
of
mass
of
the
!
⎛ d a⎞
rectangle
OBCD
⎜ , ⎟ .
⎝ 2 2⎠
!
We
assume
that
the
density
of
the
trapezium
is
constant,
in
other
words
the
mass
is
directly
propositional
to
the
area
of
the
trapezium
(and
any
portion
of
the
shape).
(
The
centre
of
gravity
of
two
points
a1 ,b1
) ( )
Mass M 1 and a2 ,b2 Mass M 2
is
at
the
point
⎛ M 1a1 + M 2 a2 M 1b1 + M 2b2 ⎞
⎜ M + M , M + M ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 2 1 2
⎛ d a⎞
In
our
case
this
relates
to
Rectangle
OBCD
Mass ad at the point ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
1 2 ⎛ d dtanα ⎞
Triangle
CDE
Mass d tanα at the point ⎜ , + a ⎟
2 ⎝3 3 ⎠
Note
that
in
our
case
M 1 + M 2 = A
the
area
of
the
trapezium.
ad 2 d 3 tanα ⎛ 2A ⎞
+ a⎟
This
gives
us
an
x
–
coordinate
of
2
+
6 =
d 3a + dtanα
2
( =
d2 ⎜
⎝ d )
⎠ 2Ad + ad 2
=
A 6A 6A 6A
a 2 d d 3 tan2 α ad 2 tanα
The
y
–
coordinate
is
2
+
6
+
2 =
(
d 3a 2 + 3adtanα + d 2 tan2 α
)
A 6A
It
is
important
to
remember
that
although
we
see
a
in
our
results
this
is
not
a
parameter
since
we
can
find
a
in
terms
2A − d 2 tanα
of
the
other
parameters
using
the
fact
that
area
is
conserved
and
so
a =
2d .
In
order
to
solve
the
actual
coke
can
problem
we
need
to
rotate
the
trapezium
through
angle
α .
This
is
going
to
produce
some
very
messy
algebra
so
at
this
point
we
will
use
technology
to
solve
the
problem.
The
basic
result
we
have
so
far
is
that
for
the
situation
for
the
first
diagram
in
this
section
the
centre
of
mass
is
at
the
coordinate
G
where
G
⎜
(
⎛ d 2 3a + dtanα ) , d ( 3a 2
+ 3adtanα + d 2 tan2 α ⎞
⎟
)
⎜ 6A 6A ⎟⎠
⎝
Technology
and
a
Solution
If
we
create
in
Geogebra
the
situation
given
at
the
beginning
of
the
last
section
where
the
trapezium
is
not
rotated
to
make
the
top
side
horizontal
we
can
use
the
rotation
function
in
Geogebra
to
get
a
final
solution.
Note
that
this
solution
will
not
be
an
algebraic
one
but
we
will
be
able
to
vary
parameters
A,d and α using
sliders.
Some
examples
of
solutions
are
given
below.
In
order
to
create
the
Geogebra
file
we
made
a
polygon
with
four
sides
given
by
the
coordinates
seen
in
the
first
2A − d 2 tanα
diagram
of
the
last
section
in
terms
of
a,d and α .
Note
that
a
is
derived
from
the
equation
a = .
We
2d
then
place
the
point
G
given
above
in
terms
of
the
parameters.
To
see
how
the
Geogebra
files
were
built
go
to
the
3
following
videos .
Some
Example
Solutions
A
typical
coke
can
has
a
diameter
of
6.4
cm
and
a
height
of
12.2
cm.
In
our
2
D
problem
this
gives
a
maximum
area
of
2
78cm .
We
will
look
at
the
balance
points
when
the
can
is
75%,
50%
and
25%
full.
The
results
are
given
below
with
diagrams
from
the
geogebra
file.
When
the
can
is
75%
full
the
balance
point
is
at
approximately
0
32
0
When
the
can
is
50%
full
the
balance
point
is
at
40
0
When
the
can
is
25%
full
the
balance
point
is
at
45
It should be noted in this example that the file is at the point of
breaking down since the shape of the liquid is no longer trapezoidal
Conclusion
It can be seen from the work done on a two dimensional problem that a completely algebraic solution for the tilted can
becomes very complex and technology is required to get solutions. Clearly a three dimensional solution is going to be
very challenging since in this case we have to conserve volume and calculate the centre of mass of volumes that may
quite difficult to model. Calculus would be required in both cases and it might be necessary to use technology very early
in a solution. However, one interesting piece of physical research to undertake immediately is how well the two
dimensional solution actually models the three dimensional problem. This would require some experimentation but if
there was some consistency between the 2 D and 3 D case then it might be possible to use the 2 D example to solve the
original problem about the amount of liquid to drink from the can to balance it. If the 2 D case is not helpful for the 3 D
example
some
careful
study
of
how
the
volume
of
liquid
is
constructed
in
the
titled
coke
can
would
be
necessary.
1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqDhW8HkOQ8
2
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242556/centre-‐of-‐gravity
3
http://www.screencast.com/t/qexdURHVi3s
and
http://www.screencast.com/t/Q0GW9U9cV2