I.

Decide whether the sentences express definitions or not by marking each column with ( v)
when it does, or (X ) when it does not.
Definition : T + V + Word class + (C)
am/is/are
was/were
refers to
is/are defined as
examples: Strength is the ability of a material to resist deformation.
A pollutant refers to a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the
atmosphere.
A short circuit is defined as an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along
an unintended path with no or a very low electrical impedance.
Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy into another.

Word class + (C) + V + T

is/are referred to
is/are known as
is/are called
is/are
examples: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time is referred to
acceleration.
A mass transfer process in which one or more gases in a gaseous mixture is
transferred into a liquid solvent or a solid is known as an absorption.
A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called an
alternator.
A type of algebra that deals with values that can only hold values "true" and "false",
of great use in design and analysis of digital systems is boolean algebra (logic)
No The sentences ( v)or(X )
1 A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer or "exchange"
V
heat from one matter to another.
2 For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area
of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid X
flow through the exchanger.
3 Electric circuits, which are the most fundamental structures of electrical
V
engineering, are collections of circuit elements connected together
4 An electric circuit is an idealized mathematical model of some physical
V
circuit or phenomenon.
5 The most common metals in aircraft construction are aluminum,
X
magnesium, titanium, steel, and their alloys.
6 The metal present in the alloy in the largest portion is called the base
V
metal.
7 In the saturated mixture region, the average value of any intensive property
X
y is determined

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 8 In oil circuit breaker the contacts of the breaker are made to separate within X
an insulating oil.
9 Electrical engineering is concerned with the analysis and design of electric
X
circuits, systems, and devices.
10 Multitester consists of voltmeter, ohmmeter, and milliammeter X
11 Heat of mixing and heats of solution are determined experenmentally and
X
are available in the handbooks for the more commonly used solutions.
12 There are three primary classifications of heat exchangers according to
X
their flow arrangement.
13 Another type of steel that is used extensively is stainless steel. V
14 No-load losses include core loss, dielectric loss, and copper loss in the X
winding due to the exciting current.
15 Heat engine, that consists of two main parts; internal and external
combustions, is a machine that converts thermal energy into V
mechanical energy.
16 Selectivity is a measure of the efficiency of the reactor in converting reagent V
to the desired product.
17 A convection current involves the movement of energy from one place to X
another.
18 An electricity, which is divided into two; AC and DC, is a flow of
V
electrons to create an invisible pattern of magnetism.
19 Slats, when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack. X
20 A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a V
pure substance.

II. the text and choose the most appropriate option for each number. Write (X) on the a, b, c,
or d.

1. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system. 2. It was
born in the 19th century as scientists were first discovering how to build and operate steam engines. 3.
Thermodynamics deals only with the large scale response of a system which we can observe and measure
in experiments. 4. Small scale gas interactions are described by the kinetic theory of gases. The methods
complement each other; 5. some principles are more easily understood in terms of thermodynamics and
some principles are more easily explained by kinetic theory.
6. There are three principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. 7. Each law
leads to the definitions of thermodynamic properties which help us to understand and predict the
operation of a physical system. We will present some simple examples of these laws and properties for a
variety of physical systems, although we are most interested in thermodynamics in the study of
propulsion systems and high speed flows. 8. Fortunately, many of the classical examples of
thermodynamics involve gas dynamics. 9. Unfortunately, the numbering system for the three laws of
thermodynamics is a bit confusing. We begin with the zeroth law.
10. The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves some simple definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium.
11. Thermodynamic equilibrium leads to the large scale definition of temperature, as opposed to the

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small scale definition related to the kinetic energy of the molecules. 12. The first law of thermodynamics
relates the various forms of kinetic and potential energy in a system to the work which a system can
perform and to the transfer of heat. 13. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy,
and introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. 14.The first law of thermodynamics allows for many
possible states of a system to exist. But experience indicates that only certain states occur. This leads to
the second law of thermodynamics and the definition of another state variable called entropy. 15. The
second law stipulates that the total entropy of a system plus its environment cannot decrease; it can
remain constant for a reversible process but must always increase for an irreversible process.

1. The word “which” in “… a branch of physics which deals with … “ refers to a branch of physics
(Thermodynamics)
a. energy b. physics c. thermodynamics d. work
2. It was born in the 19th century … scientists were first discovering how to build and operate steam
engines.
a. after b. before c. for d. while= as
3. The word “which” in “… the large scale response of a system which we can observe … “ refers to the
large scale response of a system
a. experiments b. scale c. system d. response
4. Small scale gas … are described by the kinetic theory of gases.
a. connections=interactions b. experiments c. deals d. principles
5. some principles are more easily understood in terms of thermodynamics and some principles are more
easily … by kinetic theory.
a. clarified b. determined c. described= explained d. explored
6. The word “which” in “… of thermodynamics which are described on … “ refers to three principal
laws of thermodynamics
a. definitions b. laws c. principal d. slides
7. The word “which” in “… thermodynamic properties which help us to understand … “ refers to the
definitions of thermodynamic properties
a. definitions b. operations c. properties d. thermodynamics
8. Many of the classical examples of thermodynamics … gas dynamics.
a. except b. exclude c. include=involve d. made of
9. The numbering system for the three laws of thermodynamics is a bit … .
a. attracting b. interesting d. unclear= confusing
10. The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves …
a. definitions b. equilibrium c. simple d. thermodynamic.
11. Thermodynamic equilibrium leads to the large scale definition of temperature, … the small scale
definition related to the kinetic energy of the molecules.
a. contrasted with= as opposed to b. dealt with c. depending on d.
related to
12. The word “which” in “… in a system to the work which a system can … “ refers to …
a. energy b. system c. thermodynamics d. work
13. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces a/an additional state
variable, enthalpy.
a. additional b. enthalpy c. state d. variable
14. The first law of thermodynamics … for many possible states of a system to exist.
a. forbids b. disapproves c. permits=allows d. prohibits

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15. The word “its” in “ … a system plus its environment cannot decrease … “ refers to the total entropy
of a system or the entropy
a. a reversible process c. the second law
b. an irreversible process d. the total entropy of a system

III. Break the following sentences into their language functions by writing each of the function
into the right columns.

1. Bioprocess engineering is a specialization of chemical engineering which deals with the design and
development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products.
2. Thermodynamics, which may include systems, the laws of thermodynamics, and the four state
functions. Systems, is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system.
3. An airfoil is a structure with curved surfaces designed to give the most favorable ratio of lift to drag in
flight, used as the basic form of the wings, fins, and horizontal stabilizer of most aircraft.
4. The term ideal, that its ideal diode is a two-terminal device having particular symbols and
characteristics, refers to any device or system that has ideal characteristics to provide a basis for
comparison, to make improvements.
5. Conservation of energy, in which the first kind of energy to be recognized was kinetic energy, or energy
of motion, is the principle of physics according to which the energy of interacting bodies or particles
in a closed system remains constant.
6. A bearing, which consists of an inner ring, outer ring, rolling elemnt and a cage, is a machine element
that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and is used to reduce friction between moving
parts.
7. A fuse, which perhaps is the cheapest and simplest form of protection, and used for protecting
low voltage equipment against overloads and/or short circuits, is a small piece of wire
connected in between two terminals.
8. Energy, that comes in different forms, is the ability to do work.
9. Chemical energy is energy that is stored in chemicals, such as sugar and gasoline, to make someone or
something work.
10. A circuit , that can be classified into linear or non-linear and active or passive, can be referred to as a
space with a conductive path that grants electrons the opportunity to move freely

T + V + word class + Compl. Word not phrase

No Main Definition A word class Classification Function
1
Bioprocess
deals with the design and
engineering is a for manufacturing
specialization development of
specialization of of products
equipment and processes
chemical engineering

2
Include systems, the laws
Thermodynamics is a of thermodynamics, and
Branch -
branch of physics the four state functions
systems

4
3
to give the most
favorable ratio of
lift to drag in
An airfoil is a the basic form of the flight, used as the
structure with curved Structure wings, fins, and basic form of the
surfaces horizontal stabilizer - wings, fins, and
horizontal
stabilizer of most
aircraft

4
The term ideal refers to provide a basis
having particular
to any device or device or for comparison, to
symbols and
system that has ideal system make
characteristics
characteristics improvements

5
Conservation of
energy is the principle To make the
of physics (according energy of
to which the energy of kinetic energy, or energy interacting bodies
Principle
interacting bodies or of motion or particles in a
particles in a closed closed system
system remains remain constant
constant).

6
A bearing is a
machine element (that consists of an inner ring, used to reduce
constrains relative element outer ring, rolling elemnt friction between
motion to only the and a cage moving parts.
desired motion)

5
 7
used for
A fuse is a small protecting low
piece of wire the cheapest and voltage
connected in piece simplest form of equipment
between two protection against
terminals. overloads and/or
short circuits

8 Energy is the ability

Ability comes in different forms to do work
to do work

9
Chemical energy is to make someone
energy that is stored in Energy sugar and gasoline or something
chemicals work

10
A circuit, can be classified into linear or To grant electrons
referred to as a space space non-linear and active or the opportunity to
with a conductive path passive move freely

IV. Compose definitions (that contain classifications and functions) from the following
sentences:

 A heat exchanger is a device

 It is designed to efficiently transfer or "exchange" heat from one matter to another.
Compose :
A heat exchanger is a device (which is) designed to efficiently transfer or "exchange" heat from
one matter to another.
Which is designed = designed
 Heat engine is a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
 It consists of two main parts; internal and external combustions.
Compose :
Heat engine, is a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy,
consisting of two main parts; internal and external combustions.
Heat engine, which consists (consisting) of two main parts; internal and external
combustions, is a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
Which consists of = consisting of

 Markings on the heads of rivets are used to classify their characteristics.

 These markings may include a raised teat, two raised teats, and a dimple.
 The different markings are to indicate the composition of the rivet stock.
Compose :

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 The different markings are to indicate the composition of the rivet stock which on the
heads of rivets are used to classify their characteristics including a raised teat, two raised
teats, and a dimple.

Markings on the heads of rivets, which may include a raised teat, two raised teats, and
a dimple, and The different markings are to indicate the composition of the rivet stock,
are used to classify their characteristics.

 A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical
device.
 Current flows through the electrode.
 In a device that uses electricity, the cathode is the negatively charged electrode.
Compose :
A cathode. is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical
device, which current flows through the electrode and which in a device that uses electricity, the
cathode is the negatively charged electrode.

 A cathode is the electrode through which current flows and from which a conventional current
leaves a polarized electrical device in which the cathode is the negatively charged electrode.

 The instrumentation amplifier refers to a special-purpose integrated circuit.

 It has differential input and single-ended or differential output.
 The integrated circuit utilizes several operational amplifier.
Compose :
The integrated circuit utilizes several operational amplifier, haved differential input and single-
ended or differential output, refers to a special-purpose integrated circuit.

The instrumentation amplifier, which has differential input and single-ended or differential
output, refers to a special-purpose integrated circuit which utilizes several operational amplifier.