LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI

PHYSIOEX EXERCISE 2
MODUL MUSKULOSKELETAL

Disusun Oleh:

Risa Ananta Putri I1011181049

Jihan Nabila I1011181053
Diva Herti Aryani I1011181057
Reihan Aqsa Putra I. I1011181079
Dhevio Riziody Angelo I1011181083
Jason Fedrico I1011181086

PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA
PONTIANAK
2019

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Name: Dhevio Riziody Angelo (1011181083)

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by

You correctly answered: b. tendons.

2. Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called

You correctly answered: c. fibers.

3. The term motor unit refers to

You correctly answered: c. one motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.

4. The motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect at what is called

You correctly answered: d. the neuromuscular junction.

5. A twitch is
You correctly answered: a. one contractile response to a single action potential.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Will changes to the stimulus voltage alter the duration of the latent period?
Your answer : b. No, changing the stimulus voltage will not change the latent period duration.

Stop & Think Questions:

What is the period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential and the start of muscle tension
development in a muscle fiber?
You correctly answered: c. the latent period

What occurs during the latent period of these isometric contractions?

You correctly answered: b. All the steps of excitation-contraction coupling occur.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force Latent Period
0.0 75 0.0 0.0 0.0 ----
3.0 75 1.04 0.0 1.04 ----
4.0 75 1.32 0.0 1.32 2.80
6.0 75 1.65 0.0 1.65 2.80
8.0 75 1.81 0.0 1.81 2.80
10.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82 2.80

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which neurotransmitter?

You correctly answered: b. acetylcholine

2. The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to

You correctly answered: a. an individual skeletal muscle cell.

3. The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in response to one action potential from the motor
neuron is called
You correctly answered: c. an EPP (end-plate potential).

4. Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?

You correctly answered: b. hyperpolarization phase

5. A skeletal muscle twitch is

You correctly answered: a. one contractile response to a single action potential.

6. Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition?
You correctly answered: d. the contraction phase: the time between the end of the latent period and peak muscle tension
Review Sheet Results
1. Define the terms skeletal muscle fiber, motor unit, skeletal muscle twitch, electrical stimulus, and latent period.
Your answer:
 skeletal muscle fiber(serat otot rangka) adalah penyusun dari otot rangka, dimana serat otot rangka ini
menempel pada tulang melalui tendon dan bergerak secara sadar (voluntary action). 1
 motor unit adalah suatu kesatuan dari sebuah saraf motorik (motor neuron) dan seluruh serat otot (muscle
fiber) yang dipersarafi.1
 skeletal muscle twitch (kedutan otot rangka) adalah keadaan ketika otot rangka merespon potensi aksi tunggal
secara mekanis1
 electrical stimulus adalah rangsangan secara elektrik yang mengkontrol kontraksi otot latent period adalah
keadaan ketika otot belum/baru akan kontraksi1

2. What is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction?

Your answer:
Peran asetilkolin dalam kontraksi pada otot rangka ialah sebagai stimulus awal yang menyebabkan terjadinya kontraksi.
Asetilkolin yang dilepaskan oleh saraf motorik akan berdifusi ke dalam membran serat otot atau yang kita sebut sebagai
sarcolemma. Kemudian asetilkolin akan berikatan dengan reseptor di motor end plate, sehingga menyebabkan adanya
perubahan permeabilitas ion yang menghasilkan depolarisasi.1 Depolarisasi menyebabkan adanya perubahan muatan
dalam sel sehingga ada potensial aksi yang menyebabkan kontraksi.

3. Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers.

Your answer:
proses excitation- contraction coupling dimulai dari ketika asetilkolin dilepaskan oleh saraf motorik dan mengikat pada
reseptor pada membran otot, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya ada depolarisasi. Dalam proses depolarisasi ini ada
pelepasan kalsium yang akan berikatan dengan troponin, pelepasan ini berperan dalam pelepasan penghalang potensial
aksi di tropomyosin.2 Pelepasan penghalang potensial aksi di tropomyosin menyebabkan myosin dapat berikatan dengan
aktin.

4. Describe the three phases of a skeletal muscle twitch.

Your answer:
Dalam kedutan otot rangka terdapat 3 fase yaitu latent period, contraction, dan relaxation. 3
 latent period sendiri merupakan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mempersiapkan proses kontraksi, dalam latent
period terjadi penyebaran potensial aksi di sarcolemma dan awal depolarisasi.
 Fase kontraksi sendiri merupakan fase ketika tensi pada otot meningkat, pada fase ini ion kalsium berikatan
dengan troponin sehingga tropomyosin dapat digeser sementara myosin dapat berikatan dengan aktin dan
menyebabkan kontaksi.
 Fase relaxation adalah fase dimana tensi pada otot sudah mulai menurun, pada fase ini ion kalsium yang
sebelumnya berikatan dengan troposin di dalam sarcolemma akan dipompa keluar sehingga tropomyosin dapat
kembali dan menyebabkan myosin melepaskan aktin dan beristirahat.

5. Does the duration of the latent period change with different stimulus voltages? How well did the results compare with

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your
prediction?
Your answer:
waktu pada fase latent tidak mengalami perubahan seiring dengan perubahan stimulus voltase, hal ini sesuai dengan yang
saya prediksi. hal ini disebabkan dari fase latent yang berkerja aktif adalah potensial aksi sedangkan stimulus voltase tidak
berpengaruh dalam proses pembentukan potensial aksi dalam membran sel, atau dalam artian lain stimulus voltase tidak
dapat menambah jumlah motor unit yang menghasilkan potensial aksi.3 Sehingga tidak terjadi percepatan atau
perlembatan waktu pada fase latent

6. At the threshold stimulus, do sodium ions start to move into or out of the cell to bring about the
membrane depolarization?
Your answer:
natrium masuk kedalam membran, hal ini disebabkan muatannya yang bersifat + sehingga menyebakan
adanya depolarization.3

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 Name: Risa Ananta Putri (I1011181049)

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results
 You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by You correctly answered: c. motor neurons.

2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in
 You correctly answered: d. a single action potential
and a single contractile event in the muscle fibers it innervates.

3. In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in
 You correctly answered: c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction
 You correctly answered: c. the cellular events involved in excitation-
contraction coupling occur.

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Experiment Results
 Predict Question:
 Predict Question: As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts,
what will happen to the amount of active force generated with each stimulus?
 Your answer : a. The active force will
continually increase.

Stop & Think Questions:
 What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0, and why does
this observation make sense?
 You correctly answered: a. 0.00 g; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this
stimulus.

What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle? You correctly answered: b. threshold
voltage

6. Enter the threshold voltage for this experiment in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in the
lab report
 You answered: 0.8 volts

12. Enter the maximal voltage for this experiment in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in the
lab report.
 You answered: 10.0 volts

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force

0.0 75 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.2 75 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.3 75 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.4 75 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.5 75 0.0 0.0 0.0

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0.6 75 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.7 75 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.8 75 0.02 0.0 0.02

1.0 75 0.15 0.0 0.15

1.5 75 0.43 0.0 0.43

2.0 75 0.66 0.0 0.66

2.5 75 0.87 0.0 0.87

3.0 75 1.04 0.0 1.04

3.5 75 1.19 0.0 1.19

4.0 75 1.32 0.0 1.32

4.5 75 1.42 0.0 1.42

5.0 75 1.51 0.0 1.51

5.5 75 1.59 0.0 1.59

6.0 75 1.65 0.0 1.65

6.5 75 1.70 0.0 1.70

7.0 75 1.74 0.0 1.74

8.0 75 1.81 0.0 1.81

8.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82

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Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force

9.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82

9.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82

10.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82

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Post-lab Quiz Results
 You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. Motor unit recruitment refers to
 You correctly answered: a. an increase in the number of active muscle fibers to increase
the force developed in a muscle.

2. Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from
 You correctly answered: a. activation of cross bridge
cycling via increased intracellular calcium levels.

3. The ________ is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane (sarcolemma).
You correctly answered: d. threshold voltage

4. By definition, the ________ is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit all the muscle fibers into developing
active force.
 You correctly answered: c. maximal voltage

5. Why was a maximal voltage observed in this experiment?
 You correctly answered: b. At the maximal voltage, all the
muscle fibers contained in this muscle are depolarized and they all develop active force (that is, they were all successfully
recruited).

6. A sufficiently strong electrical stimulus applied to an isolated, mounted skeletal muscle induces the development of muscle
force, or muscle tension. Which of the following statements concerning this observation is true?
 You correctly answered: c.
The electrical stimulus mimics acetylcholine release at a neuromuscular junction

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Review Sheet Results


1. Describe the effect of increasing stimulus voltage on isolated skeletal muscle. Specifically, what happened to the muscle
force generated with stronger electrical stimulations and why did this change occur? How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
 Your answer:
 Bila sebuah otot memulai kontraksi sesudah periode istirahat yang lama, kekuatan
kontraksi permulaan-nya mungkin hanya setengah kekuatan dari 10 sampai 50 kedutan sesudahnya. Artinya, kekuatan
kontraksi meningkat sampai garis mendatar (plateau), suatu fenomena yang disebut efek tangga, atau treppe.
 Karena
dapat di lihat dari table bahwa voltase ambang batas 0,8 dan voltase maksimal 8,5 , hal ini dikarenakan pada saat voltase
maksimal semua serat otot di pakai untuk berkontraksi 4

2. How is this change in whole-muscle force achieved in vivo? Your answer:
 Secara in vivo kontraksi otot dikontrol oleh
system syaraf pusat 5

3. What happened in the isolated skeletal muscle when the maximal voltage was applied?
 Your answer:
 bila otot berada
dalam keadaan panjang istirahat normalnya, yaitu pada panjang
 sarkomer sekitar 2 m, ia akan berkontraksi saat aktivasi
dengan kekuatan kontraksi mendekati maksimum. Tapi, peningkatan tegangan yang muncul selama kontraksi, yang disebut
tegangan aktif akan menurun bila otot diregangkan melebihi panjang normalnya yaitu, hingga panjang sarkomer lebih dari
2,2 m. 4

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Name: Jihan Nabila (I1011181053)

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Lab
Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. During a single twitch of a skeletal muscle

You correctly answered: b. maximal force is never achieved.

2. When a skeletal muscle is repetitively stimulated, twitches can overlap each other and result in a stronger muscle
contraction than a stand-alone twitch. This phenomenon is known as
You correctly answered: c. wave summation.

3. Wave summation is achieved by

You correctly answered: a. increasing the stimulus frequency (the rate of stimulus delivery to the muscle).

4. Wave summation increases the force produced in the muscle. Another way to increase the force produced by a muscle
is to
You correctly answered: d. increase the number of activated motor units.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: As the stimulus frequency increases, what will happen to the muscle force generated with each
successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this response?
Your answer : d. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle force generated by each successive stimulus will first
increase and then decrease as the stimulus frequency becomes very high.

Predict Question 2: In order to produce sustained muscle contractions with an active force value of 5.2 grams, do you think
you will need to increase the stimulus voltage?
Your answer : a. yes

Stop & Think Questions:

Was there any change in the force generated by the muscle during the second stimulated twitch?
You correctly answered: c. Yes, the second twitch generated more muscle force.

Is the total muscle force generated by the higher frequency stimulation greater than the force generated in previous
stimulations?
You correctly answered: a. Yes, it is greater than the previous stimulations.

Does the force generated by the muscle change with each additional stimulus?
You did not answer this question.
Correct answer: b. As the stimulus frequency increased, the muscle tension generated by each successive stimulus also
increased, and a limiting maximum value was observed.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Stimulus Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 Single 1.83 0.0 1.83
8.5 75 Single 1.83 0.0 1.83
8.5 75 Multiple 4.73 0.0 4.73
10 75 Single 1.83 0.0 1.83
8.5 75 Multiple 5.22 0.0 5.22

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 50% by answering 2 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following is not one of the ways that the body can increase the force produced by a skeletal muscle?
Your answer: a. recruitment of more motor units and, thus, activation of more muscle fibers
Correct answer: d. application of higher voltages to the whole muscle

2. When a muscle receives a stimulus frequency that causes non-overlapping twitches to follow each other closely in time
such that the peak tension of each twitch rises in a stepwise fashion up to a plateau value, the result is known as
Your answer: b. wave summation.
Correct answer: c. treppe.

3. In this experiment the isolated skeletal muscle was repetitively stimulated such that individual twitches overlapped with
each other and resulted in a stronger muscle contraction than a standalone twitch. This phenomenon is known as
You correctly answered: c. wave summation.

4. Wave summation is achieved by

You correctly answered: a. increasing the rate of stimulus delivery (frequency) to the muscle.

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Review Sheet Results
1. What is the difference between stimulus intensity and stimulus frequency?
Answer: Intensitas stimulus adalah seberapa besar kekuatan dari stimulus
sedangkan frekuensi stimulus adalah berapa kali per menit stimulus diberikan. [1]

2. In this experiment you observed the effect of stimulating the isolated skeletal muscle multiple times in a short period with
complete relaxation between the stimuli. Describe the force of contraction with each subsequent stimulus. Are these results called
treppe or wave summation?
Answer: Pada stimulus tunggal dengan voltase 8.5v hasil yang diperoleh adalah 1.83 gaya aktif. Gaya aktif akan mengalami
kenaikan apabila diberikan stimulus ganda dengan voltase yang sama. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa penjumlahan gelombang dapat
terjadi karena durasi potensial aksi (1 hingga 2 mdet) jauh lebih singkat daripada durasi gelombang yang ditimbulkannya (30
hingga 100 mdet). Dimana, peristiwa ini disebut wave summation atau penjumlahan gelombang. [5]

3. How did the frequency of stimulation affect the amount of force generated by the isolated skeletal muscle when the
frequency of stimulation was increased such that the muscle twitches did not fully relax between subsequent stimuli? Are these
results called treppe or wave summation? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Answer: Karena semakin banyak frekuensi yang diberikan saat rangsangan otot, maka gaya aktif yang diperoleh akan semakin
tinggi. Hal ini dikarenakan jika serat otot dirangsang kedua kalinya sebelum serat tersebut mengalami relaksasi sempurna dari
gelombang pertama, potensial aksi kedua menyebabkan respons kontraktil kedua, yang ditambahkan di atas gelombang pertama.
Kedua gelombang dari dua potensial aksi dijumlahkan untuk menghasilkan tegangan serat yang lebih besar daripada yang
dihasilkan oleh satu potensial aksi, suatu proses yang disebut penjumlahan gelombang atau wave summation. Hasilnya sama
antara prediksi dan hasil percobaan.[5]

4. To achieve an active force of 5.2 g, did you have to increase the stimulus voltage above 8.5 volts? If not, how did you
achieve an active force of 5.2 g? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Answer: Tidak, gaya aktif 5.2 g dapat dicapai tanpa harus menaikkan voltase dari 8.5v dengan cara memberikan stimulus tetap
secara berulang-ulang dalam waktu yang sama hingga mencapai gaya aktif 5.2 g. Hasilnya sama antara prediksi dan hasil
percobaan.[5]

5. Compare and contrast frequency-dependent wave summation with motor unit recruitment (previously observed by
increasing the stimulus voltage). How are they similar? How was each achieved in the experiment? Explain how each is
achieved in vivo.
Answer: Karena kenaikan frekuensi terjadi saat kontraksi sedang berlangsung dan disebut dengan wave summation. Maka,
semakin tinggi frekuensi diberikan akan semakin tinggi pula gaya aktif dan wave summation yang terjadi. [5]

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Name: Jason Federico (I1011181086)

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 4: Tetanus in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 3 out of 3 questions correctly.

1. Stimulus frequency refers to

You correctly answered: b. the rate that stimulating voltage pulses are applied to an isolated whole skeletal muscle.

2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of complete (fused) tetanus?
You correctly answered: d. Muscle tension increases and decreases during a state of unfused tetanus.

3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are generated by the muscle,
the muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: a. maximal tetanic tension.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the stimulus frequency increases further, what will happen to the muscle tension and twitch
appearance with each successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this response?
Your answer : b. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle tension generated by each successive stimulus will
increase. There will be a limit to this increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

What begins to happen at around 80 msec?
You correctly answered: c. unfused tetanus develops

How does the trace at 130 stimuli/sec compare with the trace at 50 stimuli/sec?
You correctly answered: b. Fused tetanus develops at this greater stimulus frequency.

How do the traces with 146–150 stimuli per second compare with the trace at 130 stimuli per second?
You correctly answered: d. Maximal tetanic tension develops with these very high stimulation frequencies.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Stimuli/sec Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 50 5.12 0.0 5.12
8.5 75 130 5.88 0.0 5.88
8.5 75 140 5.91 0.0 5.91
8.5 75 142 5.92 0.0 5.92
8.5 75 144 5.94 0.0 5.94
8.5 75 146 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 148 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 150 5.95 0.0 5.95

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 66% by answering 2 out of 3 questions correctly.

1. The term tetanus refers to

Your answer: d. one simultaneous twitch of all the fibers contained within the muscle.
Correct answer: b. sustained muscle tension due to very frequent stimuli.

2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of complete (fused) tetanus?
You correctly answered: d. Muscle tension increases and decreases between different values for an unfused tetanus.

3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are generated by the muscle,
the muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: a. maximal tetanic tension.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe how increasing the stimulus frequency affected the force developed by the isolated whole skeletal muscle in
this activity. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Jika serat otot dirangsang sedemikian cepat sehingga serat tersebut sama sekali tidak mendapat kesempatan melemas
diantara rangsangan maka timbul kontraksi menetap dengan kekuatan maksimal yang dikenal sebagai tetanus. Kontraksi
tetanus biasanya 3-4 kali lebih kuat daripada kedutan tunggal.5

Tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh serat otot yang berkontraksi meningkat akibat meningkatnya siklus jembatan silang. Seiring
dengan meningkatnya frekuensi potensial aksi, tegangan yang dihasilkan akan semakin besar sampai kontraksi tetanus
maksimal tercapai. Sebagai respons terhadap satu potensial aksi, dikeluarkan kalsium dalam jumlah memadai untuk
berinteraksi dengan semua troponin di dalam sel. Akibatnya, semua jembatan silang bebas untuk ikut serta dalam respons
kontraktil.5

Jembatan silang tetap aktif dan terus bersiklus selama tersedia cukup kalsium agar kompleks tropoinin-tropomiosin
terbentang sepanjang 7 molekul aktin. Karena itu, peningkatan kalsium ke satu molekul troponin hanya menyebabkan
terpajannya 7 tempat pengikatan jembatan silang di filamen tipis.5

Segera setelah kalsium dibebaskan sebagai respons terhadap potensial aksi, retikulum sakroplasma mulai memompa
kalsium kembali ke kantung lateral. Seiring dengan berkurangnya konsentrasi kalsium sitosol akibat penyerapan kembali
kalsium oleh kantung lateral, jumlah kalsium yang ada untuk mengikat troponin menjadi semakin sedikit, sehingga sebagian
komplek troponin dan tropomiosin semakin bergeser balik keposisinya yang menghambat tempat pengikatan jembatan
silang. Karenanya, tidak semua jembatan silang berkontak dengan tempat pengikatannya maka kekuatan kontraksi selama
satu kedutan tidaklah maksimal.5

Jika potensial aksi dan kedutan terpisah cukup jauh dari segi waktu bagi semua kalsium yang dibebaskan dari respons
kontraksi pertama untuk dipompa balik kedalam kantung lateral diantara dua potensial aksi maka akan terjadi respons
kedutan identik akibat potensial aksi kedua. Namun, jika potensial kedua terjadi, dan lebih banyak kalsium yang dibebaskan
sebagai respons terhadap potensial aksi pertama masih dalam proses pengembalian, maka konsentrasi kalsium sitosol
akan tetap tinggi. Ketersediaan kalsium di sitosol yang berkepanjangan ini memungkinkan penambahan jembatan silang
yang ikut serta dalam proses siklus untuk waktu yang lebih lama. Akibatnya, tegangan yang terbentuk semakin tinggi.
Seiring dengan meningkatnya frekuensi potensial aksi, durasi peningkatan konsentrasi kalsium di sitosol bertambah, dan
karenanya aktivitas kontraktil meningkat sampai kontraksi tetanik maksimal tercapai. Pada tetanus, jumlah maksimum
tempat pengikatan jembatan silang tetap terbuka sehingga dapat terjadi siklus jembatan silang dan sebagai
konsekuensinya, pembentukan tegangan mencapai puncaknya.5

Karena otot rangka harus dirangsang oleh neuron motorik agar dapat berkontraksi maka sistem saraf berperan kunci dalam
mengontrol kekuatan kontraksi. Dua faktor utama yang berada di bawah kontrol untuk menghasilkan gradasi kontraksi
adalah jumlah unit motorik yang dirangsang dan frekuensi perangsangnya. Daerah daerah otak yang mengendalikan
aktivitas motorik mengombinasikan kontraksi tetanik dan rekrutmen unit motorik asinkron untuk menghasilkan gerakan yang
mulus bukan menyentak.5

Frekuensi yang sedikit lebih tinggi, kekuatan kontraksi akan mencapai tingkat maksimumnya, sehingga tambahan
peningkatan apapun pada frekuensi di atas titik ini tidak akan memberi peningkatan daya kontraksi lebih lanjut. Hal ini
terjadi karena terdapat cukup ion kalsium yang dipertahankan dalam sakroplasma otot, bahkan di antara potensial aksi,
sehingga terjadi keadaan kontraksi penuh yang berlangsung terus-menerus tanpa memungkinkan adanya relaksasi apapun
di antara potensial aksi.4

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Mekanisme diatas telah menggambarkan bagaimana peningkatan frekuensi stimulus dapat mempengaruhi gaya
yang dikembangkan oleh otot rangka yang terisolasi pada aktivitas ini dan tentunya sesuai dengan prediksi.

2. Indicate what type of force was developed by the isolated skeletal muscle in this activity at the following
stimulus frequencies: at 50 stimuli/sec, at 140 stimuli/sec, and above 146 stimuli/sec.
Your answer:
Jika serat otot dirangsang sedemikian cepat sehingga serat tersebut sama sekali tidak mendapat kesempatan untuk
relaksasi di antara rangsangan maka timbul kontraksi menetap dengan kekuatan maksimal yang dikenal sebagai
tetanus. Seiring dengan meningkatnya frekuensi potensial aksi, tegangan yang dihasilkan akan semakin besar sampai
kontraksi tetanus maksimal tercapai.5

Pada 50 stimulus/detik, yang terjadi adalah serat otot dirangsang sebelum serat tersebut mengalami relaksasi
sempurna dari kedutan pertama maka potensial aksi selanjutnya menyebabkan respons kontraktil selanjutnya
ditambahkan diatas kedutan pertama (sumasi). Sehingga, kekuatan kontraksi total meningkat secara progresif bersama
dengan peningkatan frekuensi. Akan tetapi, dengan frekuensi 50 stimulus/detik belum begitu cepat sehingga kontraksi-
kontraksi tersebut tidak benar-benar bersatu bersama-sama, dan kontraksi secara keseluruhan tidak nampak halus.
Peristiwa ini dikenal dengan unfused tetanus atau incomplete tetanus. 5

Pada 140 stimulus/detik, yang terjadi adalah frekuensi mencapai titik kritis, terjadinya kontraksi berikutnya akhirnya
menjadi begitu cepat sehingga kontraksi kontraksi tersebut benar-benar bersatu bersama-sama dan kontraksi secara
keseluruhan nampak halus dan berlangsung terus menerus.4 Peristiwa ini dikenal dengan fused tetanus atau completed
tetanus.

Pada 146-150 stimulus/detik, yang terjadi adalah Frekuensi yang sedikit lebih tinggi, kekuatan kontraksi akan
mencapai tingkat maksimumnya, sehingga tambahan peningkatan apapun pada frekuensi di atas titik ini tidak akan
memberi peningkatan daya kontraksi lebih lanjut. Hal ini terjadi karena terdapat cukup ion kalsium yang dipertahankan
dalam sakroplasma otot, bahkan di antara potensial aksi, sehingga terjadi keadaan kontraksi penuh yang berlangsung
terus-menerus tanpa memungkinkan adanya relaksasi apapun di antara potensial aksi. 4

3. Beyond what stimulus frequency is there no further increase in the peak force? What is the muscle tension called at
this frequency?
Your answer:
Berdasarkan hasil percobaan didapatkan bahwa pada frekuensi stimulus yang melebihi 146 stimulus/detik, tidak lagi
dapat memberikan efek peningkatan apapun terhadap puncak daya kontraksi otot. Tegangan otot ini disebut dengan
tegangan tetanus maksimal.

11/18/19 page 1
Name: Diva Herti Aryani (I1011181057)

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. When skeletal muscle twitches fuse so that the peaks and valleys of each twitch become indistinguishable from each
other, the muscle is in a state known as
You correctly answered: d. complete (fused) tetanus.

2. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increase of skeletal muscle force can occur, the
muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: c. maximal tetanic tension.

3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after prolonged, repetitive stimulation is
called
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.

4. Which of the following is not thought to be a contributing factor to the development of fatigue?
You correctly answered: a. buildup of Ca2+ in the muscle fibers

11/18/19 page 2
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: If the stimulator is briefly turned off for defined periods of time, what will happen to the length of time that
the muscle is able to sustain maximal developed tension when the stimulator is turned on again?
Your answer : b. The length of the rest period will proportionately increase the length of time for sustained muscle tension.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why does the stimulated muscle force begin to decrease over time despite the maintained stimuli? (Note that a decrease in
maximal force indicates muscle fatigue is developing.)
You correctly answered: d. More than one of these answers could be correct.

Why did the length of the intervening rest period affect the length of time the skeletal muscle can maintain maximum tension
once the stimulator is turned on again?
You correctly answered: c. Intracellular concentrations of ADP and Pi declined during the rest period.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Stimuli/sec Rest Period (sec) Active Force (g) Sustained Maximal Force
(sec)
8.5 120 0 5.86 10
8.5 120 0 5.86 10
8.5 120 9 5.86 0.60
8.5 120 20 5.86 5.00

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During cross bridge cycling in skeletal muscle, force is created by the

You correctly answered: c. power stroke of the myosin heads.

2. The term tetanus refers to

You correctly answered: b. sustained muscle tension due to repetitive stimuli.

3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after prolonged, repetitive stimulation is
called
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.

4. During fatigue
You correctly answered: c. the number of active cross bridges begins to decline although the rate of stimulus delivery
(frequency) remains constant.

5. If an intervening rest period is imposed on active skeletal muscle

You correctly answered: c. the development of fatigue will be delayed.

11/18/19 page 5
Review Sheet Results
1. When a skeletal muscle fatigues, what happens to the contractile force over time?
Your answer:
Aktivitas kontraktil suatu otot rangka tidak dapat dipertahankan pada tingkat tertentu secara terus-menerus. Akhirnya
tegangan di otot berkurang seiring dengan munculnya kelelahan. terdapat dua jenis kelelahan :
Kelelahan otot terjadi jika otot yang beraktivitas tidak lagi dapat berespon terhadap rangsangan dengan derajat kontraksi
yang sama.
kelelahan sentral terjadi ketika sistem saraf pusat (SSP) tidak lagi secara adekuat mengaktifkan neuron-neuron motorik
yang menyarafi otot yang beraktivitas.[5]

2. What are some proposed causes of skeletal muscle fatigue?

Your answer:
kelelahan otot adalah suatu mekanisme pertahanan yang melindungi otot agar otot tidak mencapai titik ketika ATP tidak lagi
dapat diproduksi.
Faktor-faktor yang diduga berperan penting adalah :
1. Meningkatnya fosfat inorganik lokal dari penguraian ATP dianggap merupakan penyebab utama kelelahan otot.
peningkatan kadar Pi menurunkan kekuatan kontraksi dengan mempengaruhi kayuhan kuat kepala miosin. selain itu,
peningkatan Pi tampaknya menurunkan sensitivitas protein-protein regulatorik terhadap Ca2+ dan terhadap penurunan
jumlah Ca2+ yang dilepaskan dari kantong lateral.
2. Terkurangnya cadangan energi glikogen juga dapat menyebabkan kelelahan otot pada otot yang telah lelah. [5]

3. Turning the stimulator off allows a small measure of muscle recovery. Thus, the muscle will produce more force for a
longer time period if the stimulator is briefly turned off than if the stimuli were allowed to continue without interruption.
Explain why this might occur. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Selama masa pemulihan dihasilkan pasokan ATP segar oleh forforilasi oksidatif dengan menggunakan O2 yang abru
diperoleh melalui peningkatan bernapas setelah olahraga dihentikan. Sebagian besar ATP ini digunakan untuk menyintesis
kembali kreatin fosfat untuk mengembalikan persediaannya. Hal ini dapat dicapai dalam hitungan menit. Semua laktat yang
menumpuk diubah kembali menjadi piruvat, yang sebagia digunakan oleh sistem fosforilasi oksidatif untuk menghasilkan
ATP. Sisa piruvat diubah kembali menjadi glukosa oleh hati. Sebagian besar glukosa ini nantinya digunakan untuk
mengganti simpanan glikogen yang terkuras dari otot dan hati selama olahraga. Berbagai reaksi biokimia yang melibatkan
piruvat ini memerlukan O2 dan berlangsung beberapa jam. Karena itu, EPOC (excess postexercise oxygen consumption)
memberikan O2 yang dibutuhkan untuk memulihkan sistem kreatin fosfat, membersihkan laktat, dan paling tidak secara
parsial memulihkan simpanan glikogen.[5]

4. List a few ways that humans could delay the onset of fatigue when they are vigorously using their skeletal muscles.
Your answer:
Berbagai jenis olahraga dapat menimbulkan pola lepas muatan neuron yang berbeda ke otot yang bersangkutan. Dua jenis
perubahan dapat ditimbulkan pada serat otot : peubahan dalam kemampuan oksidatif dan perubahan garis tengah.

11/18/19 page 6
1. Perbaikan kapasitas oksidatif dapat dilakukan dengan latihan daya tahan aerobik yang teratur, misalnya jogging
jarak jauh atau berenang, memicu perubahan metabolik di dalam serat oksidatif, yaitu serat yang terutama direkrut
selama olahraga aerobik.
2. ukran sebenarnya otot dapat ditingkatkan dengan latihan-latihan resistensi anaerob berintensitas tinggi dan
berdurasi singkat, misalnya angkat beban. pembesaran otot yang terjadi terutama disebabkan oleh meningkatnya
garis tengah (hipertrofi) serat-serat glikositik cepat yang diaktifkan selama kontraksi-kontraksi kuat tersebut.[5]

11/17/19 page 1
Name: Reihan Aqsa Putra (I1011181079)

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 6: The Skeletal Muscle Length-Tension Relationship Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During an isometric contraction

You correctly answered: d. the skeletal muscle is generating force, but it remains at a fixed length.

2. The force that results from muscles being stretched is

You correctly answered: a. passive force.

3. Active force
You correctly answered: b. is determined by the amount of myosin bound to actin.

4. When you generate the isometric length-tension curve, which of the following forces will not be indicated on your
screen?
You correctly answered: c. tetanic force

5. Passive force in skeletal muscle is largely caused by

You correctly answered: c. the protein titin.

11/17/19 page 2
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the resting length of the muscle is changed, what will happen to the amount of total force the muscle
generates during the stimulated twitch?
Your answer : a. An increase in muscle length will increase total force.

Stop & Think Questions:

Note the dip in total force at a muscle length of
90 mm as compared to the total force at a muscle length of 80 and 100 mm. Why does this occur?
You did not answer this question.
Correct answer: d. At this muscle length, active force has decreased in value and passive force has not yet increased to a
significant value.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
8.5 70 1.75 0.0 1.75
8.5 65 1.55 0.0 1.55
8.5 60 1.21 0.0 1.21
8.5 55 0.73 0.0 0.73
8.5 50 0.11 0.0 0.11
8.5 80 1.75 0.02 1.77
8.5 90 1.21 0.25 1.46
8.5 100 0.11 1.75 1.86

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. When a skeletal muscle is stimulated and generates force but remains at a fixed length
You correctly answered: d. the muscle is contracting isometrically.

2. Which protein is mostly responsible for the development of passive force in a muscle?
You correctly answered: d. titin

3. In skeletal muscle, active force stimulated through a range of muscle lengths

You correctly answered: b. will utilize ATP hydrolysis to drive the cross bridge cycle.

4. Which of the following is not depicted in a typical skeletal muscle isometric length-tension curve?
You correctly answered: a. time

5. Maximal active tension will be produced in a skeletal muscle fiber when

You correctly answered: a. the fiber is at its resting length.

11/17/19 page 12
Review Sheet Results
1. What happens to the amount of total force the muscle generates during the stimulated twitch? How well did
the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Dengan melihat gaya yang diubah dengan panjang waktu istirahat awal otot. Jika otot memanjang
melewati panjang istirahatnya, kekuatan pasif meningkat. Jika otot disingkat menjadi panjang istirahatnya,
gaya aktif meningkat.

2. What is the key variable in an isometric contraction of a skeletal

muscle? Your answer:
Panjang otot karena dalam kontraksi isometrik, panjang otot tidak berubah.

3. Based on the unique arrangement of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle sarcomeres, explain why active
force varies with changes in the muscle's resting length.
Your answer:
Kekuatan aktif tergantung pada tingkat kombinasi antara aktin dan miosin.
Jika panjang istirahat otot diperpendek, ada lebih banyak aktin terikat pada miosin yang meningkatkan kekuatan aktif.

4. What skeletal muscle lengths generated passive force? (Provide

a range.) Your answer:
80-100 mm muscle lengths.

5. If you were curling a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your bicep muscles be contracting
isometrically? Your answer:
Dalam situasi ketika otot-otot bisep memperbaiki panjangnya.

11/14/19 page 1
Name: Dhevio Riziody Angelo (I1011181083)

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 7: Isotonic Contractions and the Load-Velocity Relationship Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During an isotonic concentric contraction, the

You correctly answered: b. force generated by the muscle is greater than the weight of the attached load.

2. During an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: b. the latent period increases with heavier loads.

3. During the latent period for an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: c. cross bridges cycle and, when muscle tension exceeds the load, muscle shortening occurs.

4. Muscle shortening velocity

You correctly answered: a. decreases with heavier loads.

5. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which

You correctly answered: a. the length of the muscle changes.

11/14/19 page 2
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the load on the muscle increases, what will happen to the latent period, the shortening velocity, the
distance that the weight moves, and the contraction duration?
Your answer : c. The latent period will decrease, the shortening velocity will decrease, the distance will increase, and the
contraction duration will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

What kind of contraction did you observe when you attached the 2.0 gram weight to the skeletal muscle and stimulated a
contraction?
You did not answer this question.
Correct answer: c. isometric

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Weight Velocity Twitch Duration Distance Lifted

(mm/msec) (msec) (mm)
8.5 75 0.5 0.100 78.00 4.0
8.5 75 1.0 0.057 49.00 2.0
8.5 75 1.5 0.022 30.00 0.5
8.5 75 2.0 0.000 0.00 0.0

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. Which of the weights allowed the fastest muscle shortening velocity?

You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

2. Which of the weights induced the longest latent period of the muscle contraction?
You correctly answered: c. 1.5-g weight

3. Which weight did the muscle contraction move the greatest distance?
You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

4. Which of the weights allowed the longest duration of muscle contraction?

You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

5. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which

You correctly answered: a. the length of the muscle changes.

6. When lifting a heavy load

You correctly answered: d. the muscle shortening velocity is decreased in comparison with lighter loads.

11/20/19 page 5
Review Sheet Results
1. If you were using your bicep muscles to curl a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your muscles be contracting isotonically?
Your answer:
kontraksi isotonik terjadi dalam 2 gerakan yaitu ketika lengan naik dari posisi turun kembali ke posisi terangkat dan ketika
lengan memanjang ke bawah menjadi lurus6

2. Explain why the latent period became longer as the load became heavier in the experiment. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Masa laten menjadi lebih panjang dan besar tidak sesuai dengan prediksi saya, karena Periode laten pada praktiknya
menjadi lebih lama disebabkan lebih banyak waktu untuk menghasilkan gaya yang diperlukan. 7

3. Explain why the shortening velocity became slower as the load became heavier in this experiment. How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Kecepatan pemendekan maksimal hanya dicapai dengan beban minimal. Dengan beban ringan, kecepatan pemendekan
berada pada kecepatan pemendekan maksimal. Ketika bebannya berat, kecepatan otot mengangkat beban menurun
dengan velocity lebih lambat.7
Dengan demikian memperpendek kecepatan menjadi lebih lambat seperti yang saya prediksi.

4. Describe how the shortening distance changed as the load became heavier in this experiment. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Pada hasil praktik jarak pemendek otot menurun dengan beban yang lebih berat.
Hasil ini bertentangan dengan prediksi saya.

5. Explain why it would take you longer to perform 10 repetitions lifting a 10-kg weight than it would to perform the same
number of repetitions with a 5-kg weight.
Your answer:
Karena ketika beban bertambah, waktu periode laten meningkat dan kecepatan pemendekan berkurang, sehingga otot
membutuhkan waktu lebih lama. Dengan bobot yang lebih ringan, otot dikontraksikan lebih cepat dalam waktu periode laten
maupun kecepatan pemendekan otot.7

6. Describe what would happen in the following experiment: A 2.5-g weight is attached to the end of the isolated whole
skeletal muscle used in these experiments. Simultaneously, the muscle is maximally stimulated by 8.5 volts and the platform
supporting the weight is removed. Will the muscle generate force? Will the muscle change length? What is the name for this
type of contraction?
Your answer:
Kekuatan dihasilkan dari peregangan otot yang disebabkan oleh mundurnya jaringan. Panjang otot yang berubah tidak
berasal dari hasil kontraksi otot, tetapi hanya dari berat badan yang turun. Jenis kontraksi ini adalah isometrik. 6

11/20/19 page 6
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Christopher McCuller; Avery L. Callahan. PHYSIOLOGY, SKELETAL MUSCLE; 2019.

2. Donald M. Bers. EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING; 2014.
3. Gehlert S. Ca2+ Dependent Regulation and Signaling In Skeletal Muscle. 2015.
4. Guyton A.C, dan Hall, J.E. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 12. Penterjemah: Ermita I, Ibrahim I. Singapura:
Elsevier; 2014.
5. Sherwood, L. Fisiologi Manusia : dari sel ke sistem. Edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC; 2014.
6. Woldag H. Isotonic and isometric contractions exert the same amount of corticomotor system excitability in healthy
subjects and patients after stroke; 2019
7. Gabaldon A M. Relative shortening velocity in locomotor muscles: Turkey ankle extensors operate at low V/Vmax;
2007.

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