Biomass Project Development:

Potential, Market Status, Regulation,

Feedstock Availability, and Lesson Learned

USAID - ICED II (Indonesia Clean Energy Development)

Jakarta, 12 November 2019
 Biodata of Presenter

Bayuaji Kencana
Project Manager, USAID-ICED II Program

Working experience 18 years on renewable energy (RE) and energy

efficiency (EE) project development. Hold MSc on RE system in Germany
and certified on various RE and EE training program.
Prior join ICED was working on various Project Developers and various
International Development Agencies (AFD, DFID, GIZ) for RE and EE
project development in Indonesia.
Main responsibility on ICED II program:
• Support the Technical Assistance to PLN and EBTKE on the RE project
development and grid integration aspect.
• Technical review and evaluation of RE system (especially for Solar PV,
Biomass, Biogas & Municipal Solid Waste projects) for Project
Developers (IPPs) and Financial Institutions (Banks, Investor, etc).
Presentation Outline

1. Potential and development status in

Indonesia
2. Commercial biomass-biogas power plant
3. Feedstock characteristic & assessment
4. Regulation on Biomass, Biogas and MSW
5. Project Lesson Learned
Popular terminology on Bioenergy projects

• Biomass (as a fuel).

• Biogas (as a fuel).
• Refuse Derived Fuel / RDF (produce from
Municipal Solid Waste / MSW as a fuel).
• Landfill Gas (produce from MSW as a fuel).
• Biofuel: Bioetanol and Biodiesel (Bahan Bakar
Nabati / BBN)
• Energy Plantation (dedicated plantation/crop as a
biomass fuel)
Istilah Pembangkit Berbasis Bioenergi di Indonesia

• PLTBm (Pembangit Listrik Tenaga Biomass)

• PLTBg (Pembangit Listrik Tenaga Biogas)

• PLTSa (Pembangit Listrik Tenaga Sampah)

• PLT BBN (Pembangit Listrik Tenaga Bahan Bakar

Nabati). Bahan Bakar Nabati Cair (Biodiesel,
Bioethanol, Plant Oil, dll)
Biomass & Biogas Resources in Indonesia (1)
No Jenis Industri Area Potensi Jenis Bahan Baku
PERKEBUNAN
1 Kelapa Sawit Areal Perkebunan Pelepah
Tanam Ulang Pelepah dan Batang
Pengolahan/Pabrik Serat, Cangkang, Tandan Kosong, POME
2 Tebu Areal Perkebunan Daun dan Pucuk Tebu
Pengolahan/Pabrik Ampas Tebu (Bagas)
3 Kelapa Pengolahan Tempurung dan Sabut
4 Karet Tanam Ulang Batang-Ranting
PERTANIAN
1 Padi Areal Perkebunan Jerami
Pengolahan Sekam
2 Jagung Areal Perkebunan Batang dan Daun
Pengolahan Tongkol
3 Ubi Kayu Pengolahan Limbah Cair dan Akar-Batang
Biomass & Biogas Resources in Indonesia (2)
No Jenis Industri Area Potensi Jenis Bahan Baku
KEHUTANAN
1 Kayu Sawmill Woodchip dan Sawdusk
Plywood Woodchip
Pulp and Paper Black Liquor, Woodchip/bark
Kebun Energi Woodchip / Wood Pellet
PERTENAKAN
1 Sapi Peternakan Limbah Cair
Penggolongan Potensi Biomassa
1. Potensi Umum
- Bahan baku belum dimanfaatkan dan sudah dimanfaatkan.
- Kondisi letak bahan baku termasuk yang mengumpul ataupun masih
tersebar dan belum dikoleksi.
- Belum mempertimbangkan rasio koleksi dan biaya koleksi.
2. Potensi Teknis (Tekno-Ekonomi)
- Kondisi bahan baku terkoleksi dan mengumpul di satu tempat atau dalam
radius yang masih ekonomis (< 30 km).
- Bahan baku belum dimanfaatkan, misalnya: tandan kosong sawit, limbah
cair sawit, daun tebu, jerami, sekam, dll.
3. Potensi Optimasi
- Bahan baku telah dimanfaatkan akan tetapi belum optimal atau effisiensi
sistem pemanfaatannya masih rendah.
- Misalnya: pemanfaatan bagas (ampas tebu) di Pabrik Gula, dan
pemanfaatan serat dan cangkang di Pabrik Kelapa Sawit.
 Potential Sources of Feedstock
in Indonesia

Energy Potential (MWe)

No NASIONAL Available Feedstock Generated
Potential (GJ) Gross
Techno-Economic Optimization
Potential
1 Palm Oil Industry 39% 62% 89%
Fibre 12,830,950 ton 180,778,665 1,231 -
Shell 6,136,541 ton 108,861,141 759 466 2,397
Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) 23,988,298 ton 118,757,608 827 827
Wastewater (POME) 47,995,674 m3 34,903,142 430 430
Frond 75,517,083 ton 1,063,384,453 8,430 -
Replanting (frond & trunks) 8,412,853 ton 123,280,262 977 -
2 Sugar Cane Industry 4% 5% 11%
Bagasse 9,559,395 ton 73,470,505 582 135 292
Leaf & Top-Leaf 7,154,403 ton 89,862,170 712 -
3 Rubber Plantation 9% 0% 0%
Replanting (trunks & branch) 19,039,680 ton 350,747,462 2,781 - -
4 Coconut Industry 1% 0% 0%
Fibre 1,119,301 ton 15,464,755 119
11
Shell 383,760 ton 13,262,898 59
5 Rice Industry 30% 13% 0%
Rice husk 13,016,712 ton 180,592,857 1,432 361
Rice Straw 90,370,365 ton 1,056,602,982 8,376
6 Maize Industry 5% 5% 0%
Corn cob 4,263,116 ton 62,470,849 495 130
Corn stalk & leaf 14,920,906 ton 156,177,123 1,238
7 Casava Industry 1% 1% 0%
Wastewater 111,796,967 m3 10,089,673 271 20
8 Wood Industry 4% 0% 0%
Black Liquor 7,967,045 ton 110,076,196 955 -
Woodwaste 2,678,782 ton 49,348,299 380 -
9 Cattle 2% 0% 0%
Cow-dung 53,782,761 ton 35,496,619 535 -
10 MunicipalSolid Waste (MSW) 6% 15% 0%
Wet- organic waste 18,499,755 ton 38
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) 9,816,034 ton 260,649,740 2,066 373

TOTAL NASIONAL 4,094,277,399 32,654 2,792 2,689

8.5% 8.2%

Source: Adapted from Statistics Agriculture and Plantation, Ministry of Agriculture in 2012 P9
 Bioenergy Power Plant in Indonesia:
Solid Biomass, Biogas & LFG

Power Power
Total Power
Region & Feedstocks unit Generation Generation
Generation
Off-Grid On-Grid
Sumatera
Palm Oil Mill Industry MWe 465 68 534
Sugarcane Industry MWe 66 66
Pulp and Paper
MWe 955 7 962
Industry
Kalimantan -
Palm Oil Mill Industry MWe 91 15 106
Jawa-Bali -
Palm Oil Mill Industry MWe 2 2
Sugarcane Industry MWe 142 3 145
Municipal Solid Waste MWe - 14 14
Sulawesi -
Palm Oil Mill Industry MWe 11 11
Sugarcane Industry MWe 11 11
Papua -
Palm Oil Mill Industry MWe 4 4
Total Nasional MWe 1,745 107 1,853

Source: Adapted from various sources (2018)

 Bioenergy Power Plant
in Pipeline of RUPTL 2019-2028

Bioenergy Project Pipeline MW

PLTBio Quota Capacity (Plan to procure) 349
PLTBm on Development (Plan, PPA, FC, Construction) 173
PLTBg on Development (Plan, PPA, FC, Contruction) 17
PLTSa on Development (Plan, PPA, FC, Contruction) 259
PLTBm under Development (Pre-FS, FS, Grid Study) 509
PLTBg under Development (Pre-FS, FS, Grid Study) 125
PLTSa under Development (Pre-FS, FS, Grid Study) 187

1,618

Source: RUPTL 2019-2028

Presentation Outline

1. Potential and development status in Indonesia

2. Commercial biomass-biogas power plant
3. Feedstock characteristic & assessment
4. Regulation on Biomass, Biogas and MSW
5. Project Lesson Learned
 Penggolongan Skema Pembangkit Listrik:
1. Skema Captive Power (Off-Grid)
Pemanfaatan listrik digunakan untuk keperluan sendiri atau dalam
jaringan listrik radius terbatas dan tidak tersambung ke jaringan
listrik PLN.
2. Skema On-Grid Dedicated
Pemanfaatan listrik digunakan sepenuhnya untuk dijual ke jaringan
listrik PLN.
3. Skema On-Grid Excess Power
Pemanfaatan digunakan untuk keperluan internal dan kelebihannya
dijual ke jaringan listrik PLN.

13
 Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia (1)
Captive Power

Sugarcane Mill 6000 TCD in Java (5.5 MWe + 96 MWth)

Cogeneration system with Direct Combustion-Boiler low pressure 20 bar.
Main fuel: 300,000 ton bagasse (5 – 6 months milling season)

Note: 62 unit Sugarcane Mills with total 219 MWe

generated for internal used (status 2012).
 Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia (2)
Captive Power

Palm Oil Mill 60 TPH in Sumatera (1 MWe + 26 MWth).

Cogeneration system with Direct Combustion-Boiler low pressure 20 bar.
Main fuel: 36,000 ton fiber + 4,500 ton shell

Note: 650 unit Palm Oil Mills with total 403 MWe
generated for internal used (status 2012).
Business as Usual and Best Practice
Biomass utilization in Palm Oil Mill
 Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia (3)
Captive Power
Pulp & Paper Mill, capacity 2.3 million pulp in Sumatera (450 MWe).
Recovery-Boiler type and Direct Combustion-Boiler.
Main fuel: 70% from biomass sources (black liquor + bark).

Note: 10 unit Pulp & Paper Mills in Sumatera with total 950 MWe
generated from biomass sources for internal used.
Source picture: WWF
 Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia (4)
Captive Power

Pabrik Pengolahan Kayu - PLT Biomassa 4 MW di Jawa

Direct Combustion-Boiler (20 TPH low pressure)
Bahan bakar: 30,000 ton limbah kayu/tahun

Sumber gambar : RPI, 2008

 Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia (4)
On-Grid Excess Power

Biomass Power Plant 15 MWe

Stand-alone System with Direct Combustion-Boiler low pressure 30 bar.
Main fuel: 100,000 ton shell (additional: woodchip, fiber, rice husk, corn cob).

Note: 8 unit Biomass Power Plants with total 80 MWe

generated (70% sold to the grid as excess power)
Source picture: GSG, 2013
 Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia (5)
On-Grid Dedicated

PLT Biomassa kapasitas 6.5 MWe di Bangka dan 7 MWe di Belitung

Sistem Dedicated IPP, Direct Combustion-Boiler medium pressure 38 bar
Bahan bakar: Tankos (EFB) + Cangkang Sawit
PPA electricity rate: 766 Rp/kWh dan 787 Rp/kWh

Sumber gambar : Agri-Kencana,2011

 Biogas PP - IPP On-Grid Scheme (1)

• Biogas PP capacity 1.6 MWe in Belitung, On-grid system

• Using Covered Anaerobic Lagoon
• Feedstock: 150,000 m3 POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent/wastewater)

The first IPP Biogas Power Plant in Indonesia.

Picture sources: AANE 2013
 Biogas Plant
Co-firing in Boiler system (2)

• Biogas Plant in Bengkulu and biogas co-firing in boiler system to replace

the biomass-shell fuel.
• Using CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor) 6.400 m3, HRT 10 day
• Feedstock: 150,000 m3 POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent/wastewater)
PLTSa Bantar Gebang 10 MW, Bekasi
Sistim Teknologi Landfill Gas (LFG) + Gas Engine
 MSW - Mass Burning Power Plant

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa)

Teknologi Mass-Burning System 22 MWe
Main Fuel: 800 ton MSW/hari
Lokasi di Tuas, Singapore
 Brief Info Waste to Energy (PLTSa)
in Singapore

Waste Cap Power Cap Capex

No WtE Plant COD Status
TPD MWe US$ M
1. Ulu Pandan 1100 16 130 1979 Decom. 2009
2. Tuas NEA 1700 30 200 1986 Operation
3. Senoko (Keppel-Seghers) 2300 36 560 1992 Operation
4. Tuas South (NEA) 3000 80 900 2000 Operation
5. Keppel-Seghers 800 22 2009 PPP scheme
6. Tuas One-Hyflux & MHI 3600 120 473 2019 Construction
Integrated Waste Mgt Fclty 5800 2023 Plan
Source: NEA 2017
 Brief Info Waste to Energy (PLTSa)
in Singapore

Source: NEA 2017

 Perubahan Paradigma
Desain Sistem Pembangkit

• Dengan adanya skema jual

• PLT Biomassa (captive
ke grid (On-Grid), PLTBm
power) dirancang hanya
Captive Power dapat
untuk mencukupi kebutuhan
dirancang se-efisien mungkin
sendiri (internal pabrik).
untuk bisa mendapatkan
surplus energi atau surplus
• Desain efisiensi sistem
bahan baku biomassa.
disesuaikan dengan
kebutuhan energi (listrik dan
• Surplus listrik dijual ke
steam), akibatnya efisiensi
jaringan PLN, atau surplus
tergolong rendah.
bahan baku (misalnya
cangkang di PKS) dijual ke
• Sistem didisain untuk dapat
pasar biomassa.
menangani permasalahan
sisa residue biomassa, yang
• Residue biomassa telah
merupakan limbah dan faktor
menjadi by-product atau
biaya bagi pabrik.
produk samping.
27
Presentation Outline

1. Potential and development status in Indonesia

2. Commercial biomass-biogas power plant
3. Feedstock characteristic & assessment
4. Regulation on Biomass, Biogas and MSW
5. Project Lesson Learned
Most Common Used-Feedstocks in Indonesia
Biomass Power Plant:
• Fiber & Shell (from Palm Oil Mill residue)
• Black-liquor & Bark (from Pulp & Paper Mill residue)
• Bagasse (from Sugarcane Mill residue)
• Woodchip (from Wood processing residue)
• Rice husks (from Rice Mill residue)

Biogas Power Plant:

• POME/Palm Oil Mill Effluent (from Palm Oil Mill wastewater)
• Cassava Mill Effluent (from Cassava Mill wastewater)
Estimasi Umum Penghitungan Feedstocks

Jika suatu data potensi feedstock (bahan baku) belum diketahui

kuantitasnya, maka dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan:

• Perhitungan dengan pendekatan Neraca Massa. Misalnya

untuk penghitungan biomassa pengolahan produk perkebunan,
pertanian, kehutanan, dan Peternakan
• Untuk penghitungan volume Sampah Kota dapat diketahui
dengan melihat rekap timbangan volume sampah yang masuk
ke TPS, atau dapat juga dilakukan dengan perhitungan asumsi
produksi sampah perkapita per tahun dengan menggunakan
standar faktor produksi sampah nasional.
 Neraca Massa (Mass-Balance)
di Pabrik Kelapa Sawit

Sisa Perkebunan
PELEPAH (Frond)
Yield 8,4 ton/ha/thn SERAT (Fiber)
11 - 12%
TANDAN BUAH SEGAR
Sisa Tanam Ulang 100%
BATANG (Trunk)
Yield 65 ton/ha CANGKANG
5 - 7%

MINYAK SAWIT (CPO) TANDAN KOSONG

21 - 23% 20 - 23%

MINYAK BIJI SAWIT LIMBAH CAIR (POME)

(PKO) 50 - 60%

Produk Utama Produk Samping

Neraca Massa (Mass-Balance)
di Pabrik Gula Tebu
Neraca Massa (Mass-Balance)
di Pertanian dan Industri Padi
Komposisi Sampah Kota (Municipal Solid Waste)
MSW Composition Pakanbaru Batam Balikpapan Nasional
Combustible 97% 91% 99% 89%
Organic Wet (Food) 53% 39% 63% 58% 40% - 65% Compost / Landfill
Plastic 25% 27% 16% 14%
Paper 9% 9% 10% 9%
Wood 5% 7% 9% 4%
Textiles 3% 6% 1% 2%
30 - 52% RDF
Rubber 1% 1% 0% 2%
Styrofoam 1% 2% 0%
Non Combustible 5% 8% 1% 11%
Glass 4% 5% 1% 2%
Metal 1% 1% 0% 2%
Others (soil, sand, stone,etc) 0% 2% 0% 7%
 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
• RDF merupakan bahan baku diseleksi dari berbagai
macam material sampah kota yang mudah terbakar
(combustible) sehingga mempunyai nilai kalor tinggi dan
kadar air rendah
• RDF dapat diproses secara mekanik untuk mendapatkan
bentuk bal atau pellet

*Berdasarkan contoh tipikal MSW di Eropa

35
Tipe RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)
 Karakteristik Biomassa

Faktor-faktor karakteristik bahan baku yang

menentukan proses konversi panas dari biomassa
adalah:

• Dimensi dan bentuk

• Densitas Massa
• Nilai kalori (calorific value)
• Kandungan air (moisture content)
• Kandungan abu

37
 Pre-Treatment Biomassa

• Biomassa padat mempunyai dimensi dan bentuk yang

beragam.
• Terdapat biomassa padat yang tidak perlu penanganan khusus
(pre-treatment) dan ada juga yang perlu penangan khusus.
• Densitas biomassa juga beraneka ragam dari 0.12 – 1 ton/m3.

Pre-treatment dapat berupa:

1. Merubah bentuk dan dimensi menjadi lebih kecil
2. Mengurangi kandungan air sampai dengan kadar yang telah
ditentukan
3. Memadatkan untuk keperluan transportasi
4. Pemilahan dan pembersihan dari materi-materi lainnya
(pasir, kerikil, logam, dll).
38
 Contoh Dimensi dan Bentuk
Biomassa Industri Kelapa Sawit

Pelepah Batang
Dari Pabrik Kelapa Sawit

Fiber Cangkang Tandan Kosong

 Contoh Pengiriman Biomassa

• Sekam padi mempunyai densitas sangat rendah hingga 120 kg/m3,

sehingga membutuhkan volume besar untuk pengiriman dan ruang
storage. Perlu penanganan khusus dan perhitungan dalam
membandingkan biaya pre-treatment untuk tujuan efisiensi
pengiriman bahan baku.
• Aspek penting lain dalam pengiriman adalah faktor keamanan.
Bahan baku bentuk curah akan sangat riskan terhadap goncangan
dan terbawa angin pada saat pengiriman. Hal ini dapat
menimbulkan permasalahan sosial di jalur pengiriman bahan baku.
 Contoh Pre-Treatment
Biomassa

Tandan Kosong Pressing Shredding Tankos - Long Fibre

Bentuk Pellet
Bagas bentuk curah Efektif, effisien dan aman
dipadatkan atau di-bal dalam pengiriman
• Pengepresan dapat mengurangi kadar air dan pemadatan dapat menaikkan
densitas biomassa.
• Pengiriman bahan baku setelah pre-treatment dapat mengurangi biaya
tranportasi. Pihak developer harus memasukkan biaya pre-treatment dalam
struktur biaya investasinya.
Contoh Kualitas Biomassa
(Nilai Kalori dan Moisture)

42
 Perbandingan Batubara dan Biomassa

Aspek Batubara Biomassa

Nilai Kalori Relatif lebih tinggi Relatif lebih rendah
4500 – 7000 kkal/kg 1500 – 4500 kkal/kg
Densitas Lebih padat Lebih ringan
1.5 – 2.5 ton/m3 0.1 – 0.7 ton/m3
Pengiriman bahan Jumlah trip pengiriman Jumlah trip pengiriman lebih
baku lebih sedikit dan biaya banyak dan biaya akan
lebih rendah lebih besar
Storage (Gudang Dengan densitas rapat Dengan densitas kecil akan
Penyimpanan) akan membutuhkan membutuhkan storage lebih
storage lebih kecil besar
Dimensi ruang bakar Ruang bakar lebih kecil Ruang bakar lebih besar
boiler dan rapat seiiring dengan semakin
kecil nilai kalori
43
 Fuel Aspect:
Residues from Combustion

• When burning biomass in the

boiler, chlorine and sulfur in
the flue gas and fuel erodes
the boiler wall that will lead to
the bursting of boiler tubes
that results in power failure.

• For mitigation: bank will

need to ensure that Project
Sponsor design the boiler at
appropriate temperature and
pressure, and adjust
through operational project
experiences

Source: Carl Bro

Group
Source: Carl Bro Group

Source: Carl Bro Group

 Fuel Aspect:
Avoiding Melting Ashes (1)

• When burning the

biomass in the boiler,
ashes may melt in the
furnace, eroding boiler
efficiency

• With furnace
temperature more than
1000C, EFB, cane
trash, and palm shell
creates more melt
ashes than other
biomass fuels, thus
Project Sponsor will
have to ensure that
operating point is kept
from increasing

Source: Carl Bro

Source: Carl Bro Group Group
Source: Carl Bro Group
 Fuel Aspect:
Avoiding Melting Ashes (2)

Result of Melting Ash: Clinker Build-Up

Clinkers build-up on the grate causing the plant shut down

Clean boiler grate Clinker forming in the boiler grate

• Low melting point + irregular cleaning of furnace  clinker forming

• Clinkers build-up on the grate and will hinder further combustion.
• The result is that the plant must be shut down for solving this problem many
times; cooling down the clinker and maintain the grate
• The availability of the power generation plant is mostly reduced for boiler
maintenance
 Fuel Aspect:
Avoiding Melting Ashes (3)

Result of Melting Ash: Sticky Ash

• Compared to other biomass resources, empty fruit bunches (EFB) from

palm-oil contains high alkaline content that makes the ash ‘sticky’
resulting in the substance attaching itself to boiler walls.

• EFB  high alkaline content  sticky ash

Sticky ash hinder heat transfer and reduce

plant efficiency.
Feedstock Resource Assessment

• The resource assessment must establish the quantity

and quality of fuel or feedstock available to the
project and the price range for the purchase or
production of the fuel
• The security of the feedstock supply is usually
the most important issue for the project – without
a secure fuel supply, lenders will not fund the
project
Feedstock Resources Assessment
1. Quantity of fuel available within a reasonable distance These are
critical issues
2. Fluctuation of the feedstock availability (low/high season)
3. Quality of the fuel (calorific value, moisture, density, ash content,
fouling & slagging properties)
4. Price of the fuel (including transportation & pre-treatment)
5. Competition for the fuel
6. Biomass power generation experience with the fuel
7. Transportation logistics
8. Fuel preparation requirements (grinding, pressing, drying, etc.)
9. Storage requirements (quantity, fuel degradation, fire hazards, etc.)
Additional items for feedstock that is grown (Energy
Plantation):
1. Cultivation experience in Indonesia
2. Suitability for the climate, soil and topography in the project
area
3. Rate of growth, number of harvests per year
4. Biomass yield per hectare (dry basis)
5. Hectares required, land cost and land designation
6. Harvesting method (labor required and equipment) and
transporting biomass to the power plant
7. Irrigation, fertilizer, herbicide and insecticide requirements
8. Disease and insect resistance
General criteria of bankable biomass fuel supply
(International Best Practice):
1. The feedstock must be secured, either through ownership or contract for the period of the
business plan or loan term (FSA = Fuel Supply Agreement). Typically this could be 10 years.
Multiple sources of biomass in different regions reduce exposure to any one supplier.
2. Biomass suppliers must have the financial capability to honor their obligations should they fail
to deliver biomass per the biomass supply agreement. Further, the financial instrument should be
segregated from their day-to-day business, perhaps as a bank guarantee or cash in escrow,
and/or insurance, to ensure buyer compensation is automatically triggered and subsequently
covered when a contractual failure occurs.
3. The biomass quality is properly managed through production to delivery to the biomass plant.
4. Biomass power plants require a constant supply of biomass – so shipping should be
arranged on a long-term basis to reduce the effect of spikes in shipping and fuel costs.
5. The power plant should have biomass storage to see it through any short-term disruption – the
amount of storage will differ from plant to plant, but typically a 10% to 20% reserve is sufficient. A
safe and viable storage area for this amount of biomass should be part of the plan.
6. Agreed-upon escalators in the contract will protect both the buyer and biomass supplier from
sudden price movements. Considerations could include road fuel, bunker fuel, inflation and
electricity prices. If a reliable commodity or raw material index exists, this could also be
considered.
Presentation Outline

1. Potential and development status in Indonesia

2. Commercial biomass-biogas power plant
3. Feedstock characteristic & assessment
4. Regulation on Biomass, Biogas and MSW
5. Project Lesson Learned
 Ministerial Regulation No.50, 2017 on RE Tariff

Source: EBTKE 2017

Ministerial Regulation No.50, 2017 on RE Tariff
 New PLN Tariff base on latest BPP 2017
(Based on Permen ESDM)

Tariff Max = 85% x Local BPP

Tariff Max = Local BPP

National
BPP
Rp 1025
per kWh.

Tariff in North Sumatera = BPP 1,308 Rp/kWh x 85% = 1,111.8 Rp/kWh.

Previous Biogas FIT (Permen No 21/2016) = 12.24 c$/kWh.
Perpres No 35 Tahun 2018
Percepatan Pembangunan Instalasi Pengolah Sampah Menjadi Energi
Listrik Berbasis Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan
• Pada Bab III Pasal 3, mengenai lokasi pembangunan PLTSa berada di 12
kota di Indonesia meliputi: DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Tangerang Selatan,
Bekasi, Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, Makassar,
Manado, dan Palembang.
• Pada Bab V Pasal 11, mengenai harga pembelian listrik PLTSa oleh PLN
diatur berdasarkan besaran kapasitas sbb:
 Kapasitas ≤ 20 MW, tarif centUSD/kWh = 13,35
 Kapasitas > 20 MW, tarif centUSD/kWh = 14,54 – (0,076 x Kapasitas
PLTSa)
 Tarif tersebut sudah termasuk biaya fasilitas jaringan interkoneksi.
• Bab VI Pasal 14 dan 15, Pengembang PLTSa sebagai pengelola sampah
juga mendapatkan pemasukan atas biaya pengelolaan sampah (tipping
fee/gate fee) baik dari APBD ataupun dari APBN hingga Rp 500ribu/ton
sampah.
Proses Pengembangan PLTBm, PLTBg dan PLTSa sesuai dengan
Aturan Permen ESDM No. 50/2017 dan Perdir PLN No. 111/2019

1. Pengembang terdaftar sebagai DPT (Daftar Penyedia Terseleksi)

2. PLN menentukan Quota Capacity di wilayah tertentu dan proyek yang
akan ditenderkan sudah masuk di dalam RUPTL.
3. Proses tender “Pemilihan Langsung” di PLN (Pusat atau Unit). Untuk
PLTSa proses dengan “Penunjukan Langsung” dimana proses seleksi
Pegembang dilakukan oleh Pemda/Kota setempat.
4. Penetapan Pemenang Lelang (Calon PPL).
5. Pelaksanaan Studi Kelayakan, Studi Interkoneksi, Perijinan, dll.
6. Proses Evaluasi Studi Kelayakan dan Studi Interkoneksi.
7. Financial Closing (Letter of Interest dari Bank)
8. PJBL (PPA)
9. Konstruksi proyek dan Komisioning
Presentation Outline

1. Potential and development status in Indonesia

2. Commercial biomass-biogas power plant
3. Feedstock characteristic & assessment
4. Regulation on Biomass, Biogas and MSW
5. Project Lesson Learned
 Lesson Learned (1):
Biomass-EFB Power Plant

Biomass-EFB Power Plant 11.5 MWe (On-grid system)

Stand-alone System with Direct Combustion-Boiler medium pressure.
Main fuel: 300,000 ton fresh-EFB (empty fruit bunches)

Note: 4 units of Biomass-EFB Power Plants in operation

located in Malaysia and Thailand since 2010.
Source: UNFCCC & Vyncke
 Lesson Learned (2):
Integrated Palm Oil Mill

Integrated Palm Oil Mill 14.5 MWe (4 MWe internal used + 10 MWe On-grid)
Cogeneration System with Direct Combustion-Boiler medium pressure 66 bar
Main fuel: 150,000 ton biomass (rasio EFB : shell : fiber = 49 : 34 : 17)

Note: Several units of Integrated Palm Oil Mills

Source: UNFCCC & Cogen 3
operate in Malaysia
 Lesson Learned (3):
Cogeneration in Sugarcane Mill

Sugarcane Mill 8000 TCD (10MWe internal used + 25 MWe On-grid)

Cogeneration system with Direct Combustion-Boiler high pressure 80 bar.
Main fuel: 850,000 ton bagasse (9.5 months milling season)

Note: 158 units Bagasse cogeneration projects in Indian

sugarcane mills with surplus power 1,666 MWe.
Source: Mumias & MNRE
 Lesson Learned (4):
PLTBm Pabatu 3 MW

PLT Biomassa Pabatu PTPN IV kapasitas 3 MW di Sumatera Utara.

Sistem Direct Combustion-Boiler low pressure 30 bar.
Listrik digunakan untuk kebutuhan Pabrik Inti Sawit.
Desain Bahan bakar: 70% Tankos + 30% Cangkang → saat ini berjalan
dengan bahan bakar cangkang (tankos terbatas pada rasio <10%).
Review:
1. Disain Grade-Boiler bukan khusus untuk bahan bakar Tankos
2. Sistem pre-treatment Tankos tidak bisa memenuhi kadar air ≤ 45%
 Lesson Learned (5):
PLTBm Bangka & Belitung

PLT Biomassa kapasitas 6.5 MWe dan 7 MWe di Bangka-Belitung

Sistem IPP Dedicated, Direct Combustion-Boiler medium pressure 38 bar
Bahan bakar: Tankos (EFB) + Cangkang Sawit
Review:
1. PLT Biomassa mengalami masalah dengan penanganan EFB
pretreatment dan grade-boiler combustion system. Akibatnya rasio
bahan baku cangkang meningkat dan kesulitan dalam hal
ketersediaan bahan baku cangkang secara kontinyu.
2. Di Babel ketersediaan cangkang terbatas dan harus didatangkan dari
Riau dengan harga yang tinggi, sehingga dinilai tidak ekonomis lagi.

Sumber gambar : Agri-Kencana,2011

 Lesson Learned (6):
PLTBm di KIM Medan

PLT Biomassa kapasitas 15 MWe di Sumatera Utara

Sistem IPP Excess Power, Direct Combustion-Boiler 70 tph, 30-45 bar
Desain bahan bakar: 70% Cangkang + 30% Tankos → Saat bahan bakar
memakai cangkang + biomassa lainnya (wood-waste & sekam padi). Tankos
terbatas pada rasio kecil < 5%. Bahan bakar: Cangkang Sawit 100,000
ton/tahun (Tambahan: woodchip, fiber, sekam padi)
Review:
1. Effisiensi sistem tergolong rendah, dan memerlukan pasokan cangkang
lebih banyak.
2. Harga cangkang makin tinggi,
sehingga dinilai kedepan kurang
ekonomis lagi jika menggunakan
bahan bakar cangkang.
64

Sumber gambar: GSG, 2013

 Lesson Learned from the Projects

1. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga (PLT) Biomassa di Indonesia sudah beroperasi

sejak jaman Belanda dan digunakan untuk keperluan internal Pabrik Gula.
2. Secara teknis keandalan sistem Direct Combustion-Boiler sudah terbukti
meskipun dengan tingkat effisiensi sistem yang rendah.
3. Pesatnya perkembangan PLT Biomassa (Captive-Use) seiring dengan
pesatnya perkembangan industri Pulp&Paper, industri Kelapa Sawit, dan
industri Pengolahan Kayu.
4. Untuk penggunaan bahan bakar “difficult biomass” seperti Tankos (EFB) dan
Jerami Padi, sebaiknya menggunakan teknologi yang tepat dan sudah
terbukti berjalan.
5. PLT Biomassa sebaiknya didisain untuk dapat menggunakan bahan bakar
dari semua jenis biomassa yang tersedia. Hal ini untuk menjaga keamanan
pasokan bahan baku utama.
6. Dengan kenaikan harga cangkang dan permintaan yang cukup tinggi di pasar
global, mengakibatkan masa depan pemakaian bahan baku ini sebagai
pembangkit listrik tidak akan ekonomis lagi jika masih menggunakan patokan
aturan tariff berbasis referensi BPP terutama di wilayah Sumatera. 65
 Terima Kasih

Bayuaji Kencana
bayuaji.kencana@iced.or.id

USAID ICED – Indonesia Clean Energy Development II

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