ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT

CEPHALOSPORIN

GROUP 3
CLASS 1A

Name’s :

 Baleta Hagar Duka

 Fauziyah N. Aklis
 Frederika Yulianti P. Petu
 Riki Oly Bunga

POLTEKKES KEMENKES KUPANG

PRODI FARMASI
 2019
 CEPHALOSPORIN

Works by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis and activating autolysis enzymes on

bacterial cell walls.
Cephalosporins are included in the Betalactam antibiotic class. Like other Betalaktam
antibiotics, the antimicrobial mechanism of cephalosporins is by inhibiting the synthesis
of microbial cell walls. What is inhibited is the third phase of the transpeptidase reaction
in a series of cell wall formation reactions. Phosphosporine is active against gram
positive and negative salt germs, but the spectrum of each derivative varies.

Cephalosporin antibodies are divided into 3 generations, the first is cephalothin

and cephaloridine which are not widely used. The second generation (including:
cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefoxitin, etc.) is widely used to treat severe infections
and some of them have activities against anaerobic bacteria. The third generation of
cephalosporins (including: ceftazidime, cefotetan, latamoxef, cefotetan, etc.) was made in
the 1980s to treat severe systemic infections due to gram-negative bacilli bacteria.

 Classification of Cephalosporins

Until 2006 the cephalosporin group has become 4 generations, differentiating the
generation of cephalosporin based on microbial activity and which indirectly corresponds
to the order in which they were made. The following is a classification of cephalosporin
generation

Based on the antimicrobial efficacy and resistance to betalacmase, cephalosporins

are commonly classified as follows:

1. The first generation, which belongs to this group are cephalotin and cefazolin, sefradin,
cephalexin and cefadroxil. These substances are mainly active against Gram positive
cocci, helpless against gonococci, H. Influenza, Bacteroides and Pseudomonas. In
general, it is not resistant to lactamase.

2. Generation II, consisting of cefachlor, cefamandol, cefmetazole, and cefuroxime more

active against Gram-negative germs, including H. influenza, Proteus, Klensiella,
gonococci and germs that are resistant to amoxicillin. These drugs are rather strong
lactamase-resistant. The efficacy of Gram-positive germs (Staph and Strep) is more or
less the same
3. Generation III, Cefoperazon, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxon, cefotiam, cefixime,
cefpodoxime, and cefprozil. Its activity against Gram-negative germs is stronger and
wider and includes Pseudomonas and Bacteroides, especially ceftazidim. Its resistance to
lactamase is also stronger, but its efficacy to stafilokok is much lower.

4. 4th generation, asymmetry and cefpirom. These new drugs (1993) are very resistant to
lactamase, the plant is also very active against Pseudomonas.

 Indication

Most cephalosporins need to be given parenterally and are mainly used in hospitals.

1. Generation I, used orally in mild urinary tract infections and as the second choice
drug in respiratory infections and skin that is not so severe and if there is an allergy to
penicillin.

2. Generation II or III, used parenterally in serious infections that are resistant to

amoxicillin and cephalosporin generation I, also combined with aminoglycosides
(gentamicin, tobramycin) to expand and strengthen their activity. Similarly,
prophylaxis includes cardiac, intestinal and gynecological surgery. Cefoxitin and
cefuroxime (2nd generation) are used in gonorrhea due to gonococcus that forms
lactamase.

3. Generation III, Ceftriaxon and cefotaxime are now often considered the first choice
drug for gonorrhea, especially if resistance has occurred to fluorkuinon compounds
(ciprofloxacin). Cefoxitin is used in bacteroides fragilis infection.

4. Generation IV, can be used if greater effectiveness is needed for infection with
Gram-positive germs.

 Work mechanism

Cephalosporins are usually bactericidal against bacteria and act by

synthesis of inhibitory mucopeptide on the cell wall so that the barrier is damaged
and unstable. The exact mechanism for this effect is uncertain, but beta-lactam
antibiotics have been shown to bind several enzymes (carboxypeptidases,
transpeptidases, endopeptidases) in the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
involved with cell wall synthesis. The different affinity that various beta-lactam
antibiotics have for these enzymes (also known as binding to penicillin protein;
 PBPs) helps explain the differences in the spectrum of activity of the drug which
is not explained by the effect of beta-lactamase.
Like other beta-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins are generally considered
to be more effective against the growth of active bacteria.\

 Side Effects
 Nausea or vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Itching and rash on the skin
 Fungal infections
 Decrease in the number of white and platelet discharge
 Bibliography

https://fitrianikayla64.wordpress.com/2013/06/19/golongan-sefalosporin-dan-antibiotika-
betalaktam-lainnya/