Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Student name: DIEGO LEONARDO PARRA

Group: 203058_14

Identification number: 80224830

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

In this activity, a series of mathematical exercises will be developed, in order to analyze the
behavior of waves in guided media and radiation, a series of general concepts will also be
addressed, which will help to better understand the context of the present activity.

The behavior of electromagnetic waves will be studied, when they are transported by means
such as coaxial cable, and their different behaviors in the medium, according to their frequency.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

A transmission line is used to transfer a signal form the generator to the load,
by guiding an electromagnetic wave between two conductors
Transmission lines are systems formed by two insulated conductors separated,
through which an electromagnetic signal, represented in a potential difference
and a current, is sent from one emitting point to another receiver.
Transmission lines are classified using several criteria, usually related to the line
topology.
• Balanced lines
• Unbalanced lines
• Bipolar lines
• Parallel plate lines
• Coaxial lines

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

When the transmission lines are terminated at a load impedance

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
The input impedance of the line is understood as the relationship between
the total voltage and the total current

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The relationship between the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage
 𝑉𝑀𝐴𝑋 1 + |𝛤|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
𝑉𝑀𝐼𝑁 1 − |𝛤|
When total reflection is represented, the standing wave relationship becomes
infinite

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

Electric line is the relationship between the physical line and the wavelength
Physical length is length of a transmission line.

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?
Smith's letter is the graphic representation, in the Gaussian plane of the
reflection coefficient, of the normalized resistance and reactance. As a graphic
tool, Smith's letter allows obtaining some parameters of transmission lines and
solving impedance adaptation problems, avoiding operations with complex
numbers

Application exercises:

GG=14
CCC=802
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (14 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 802 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

First, we calculate 𝛿𝑝 :
1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋 𝑓 𝜎𝑐 𝜇0
 1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋 802000 5.8𝑥107 1.257𝑥10−6

𝜹𝒑 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎

𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 , 𝛿𝑝 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 and 𝑡 = 24 𝜇𝑚

medium frequency formulas are used:

we solve:

1 1 𝑅𝐴𝐶 1
𝑅= ( 2
∗ + )
𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑅𝐷𝐶 2𝑏𝑡
Where:
 𝑅𝐴𝐶
= 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟖
𝑅𝐷𝐶
Solve R:
𝐎𝐡𝐦
𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟏
𝐦
Now solve G:
2 𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 (𝑎)
−16
𝐺 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 ∗ 10

𝜇0 𝑏
𝐿= [1 + 2ln( )]
4𝜋 𝑎
𝐿 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝑥10−7

2𝜋 ∗ 𝜀
𝐶=
𝑏
ln(𝑎)

𝐶 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟐𝑥10−11

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

Using the formula of the propagation constant:

With the values of the R, L, G and C, solve:
𝜸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟗𝐣
Then we find the values of alpha (Attenuation constant) and beta (Phase constant):
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝑵𝒑/𝒎
𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟗 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎
And the formula of the Characteristic impedance:

𝒁𝒐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟔 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟕 𝐣 𝑶𝒉𝒎

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
With the formula of the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , solve:

2∗𝜋∗𝑓
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔

The wavelength 𝜆:

𝟐𝝅
𝝀= = 𝟐𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝜷

The attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 :

 𝜶𝒅𝑩/𝒎 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝑩/𝒎

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the
concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the activity,
it is suggested to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning obtained as
evidence of conceptual assimilation.

To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting
and adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid superficiality
and simplicity.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1: Paz, A. (2013). Ondas electromagnéticas en medios guiados. Capítulo

8. Electromagnetismo para Ingeniería electrónica. pp.311-385. Recovered
from https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19YZ4Qqz2kgcANazq6ZPLhvVH7_Yolvmi?
usp=sharing