Graph

Part A. Constant Mass, Changing Net Force

Part A. Constant Mass, Changing Net

Force
1.8
1.6
1.4
Acceleration (m/s2

1.2
1
)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Net force (N)

Part B. Constant Net Force, Changing Mass

Part B. Constant Net Force, Changing Mass

1.8
1.6
1.4
Acceleration (m/s2

1.2
1
)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Mass (kg)

Analysis/Error Analysis

The second law of motion states that the force is directly proportional to the change in momentum in time. In
Part A, from our trial 1’s mass of 0.02 kg to trial 3’s mass of 0.10 kg, there was an observable increase of
acceleration and net force. As the mass increases, its acceleration increases and has a greater force in the
body. Different mass exists in different directions however the mass from the pulley causes the acceleration
of cart because it is heavier with the pull of gravity. The photogate sensor then picks up the time on the cart
passing through for us to calculate and determine the acceleration and experimental value of the three trials.

Meanwhile in Part B, we are now determining the acceleration experimental value of the mass of cart with
the mass added. From trials 1 to 3, as we add more mass into the cart, it lowers the experimental value
(acceleration). Newton’s second law states a heavier body needs a greater force for it to accelerate.

We experienced a lot of human or equipment errors during our experiment. We obtained a large percent error
that we reached 20%. The initial time of releasing the cart and pressing the button may not be the same for
some trials or cases. Another error was the table may be inclined slightly that can result to faster acceleration
of the cart. Dropping the picket improperly can also be considered an error since it can pull down the cart first
before pressing the button in the smart timer.

Conclusion

The objective of this experiment was determined in this experiment. The force applied is proportional to the
change in momentum in time. The net force increases as well as the acceleration increases. The second part
of the experiment shows the concept of force of tension.

Application

Root-mean-square (rms) speed in the field of chemistry have the same principle as Newton’s second law of
motion. The average kinetic energy is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvins and inversely
proportional to the molar mass of the molecules. The change in temperature and molar mass affects the
speed of the gas molecules. As the temperature of a compound increases, the molecules receive average
kinetic energy thus the root mean square molecular speed increases as well. Meanwhile the gas molecules
with a lighter molar mass makes it move faster. (Ball, et al. 2010)

References
Lucas, Jim. September 2017. Force, Mass & Acceleration: Newton’s Second Law of Motion. Retrieved from
https://www.livescience.com/46560-newton-second-law.html

Petrucci, RH et al. (2007). General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. New Jersey: Pearson
Prentice Hall. p. 201-209.
Graph
Table 1a.

120
Total Weight of the Pan Wp (Table

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Total Weight of the Block Wb

Figure 1. Total weight of the block and pan of Table 1a.

Analysis/ Error Analysis

The experiment measured the coefficient of friction in a wider and narrow surface of the block. The first data
of Wb is the block without the weights. The weight is added to the pan until the block moves at constant
speed. The other 4 trials are done until a total of 200 grams is added. From the data in the table, as we
increase the mass of the wider side of the block, we also need more weights on the pan for the block to move
at constant speed. Thus, the coefficient of friction or µ also increases. This is also applied for the narrow side
of the block. However, the average coefficient of friction of the wider side is slightly greater than the narrow
side. Still the µ obtained in this experiment is consistent even as the masses increases.

Part B of the experiment shows the static coefficient of friction of the block. The dynamic track is placed at 0
cm in height. The track is slowly lifted and performed many trials until the block glides at constant speed. We
finally got it at a vertical height of 34 cm and horizontal distance of 117.78 cm. We are asked to compute for
the angle which we obtained a 16°. The force increases from zero until the block slides in constant speed.

There are sources of errors performed during the experimentation. While the block is sliding in the inclined
plane, there may be bumping occurred. This will shift the plane or the inclined dynamic track. The bump will
change the angle so the data that would be obtained may be not accurate. Another error is that the table may
not be flat or may be slightly inclined that will

Conclusion

The objectives of this experiment are met on determining the friction of the block. The greater surface an
object is in contact exhibits greater force of friction. Greater mass is needed to accelerate at constant value.
We had a greater overview or understanding of the relationship angle of repose that is when the body glides
at a certain vertical height and horizontal distance with its own weight.

Applications

The concept of friction in physics can be related to the concept of viscosity in chemistry. Viscosity is the
measure of resistance of flow. It is the friction between fluid layers. Since fluids have layers of different
speeds, its thickness resists the movement or flow. An example of viscosity is honey and water. When you
both let it flow in an inclined plane, the water moves faster than that of the honey. Because water has a high
flow rate but lower viscosity. The internal friction between its layers are non-resistant because its
intermolecular forces are weak. Meanwhile in honey, it flows slowly in the inclined plane meaning it has a
lower flow rate though its viscosity is relatively high. The viscosity of liquid decreases in temperature while
gases increases. (Nipun, 2015)

References

Nipun. October 2015. Difference Between Friction and Viscosity. Retrieved from
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-friction-and-viscosity/