PRE-BOARD EXAMINATION-I

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2019-20

CLASS – XII
ANSWER KEY AND MARKING SCHEME
SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGY MAX. MARKS:70
DATE: 13 NOVEMBER,2019 TIME: 3 HOURS

PART A
Q1. Value judgement of a person about himself/herself is called Self-esteem. 1
Q2. A false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds is known as Delusion. 1
Q3. Schemas that function in the form of categories are called Prototypes. 1
Q4. The ability of a counsellor to reflect on what the client says and feels using different words is known as: 1
(a) Decoding (b) Communication
(c) Listening (d) Paraphrasing
Q5. Environmental Psychology is the study of the relationships between living beings and their 1
environment.
Q6. Structure of intellect model had 180 cells. 1
Q7. Tarun scored had an IQ score of 80. So, he is a Borderline Intelligent? (True/False) 1
Q8. The comfortable physical space one generally likes to maintain around oneself is known as Personal 1
Space.
Q9. Personality characterized by proneness to depression is known as Type-D Personality. 1
Q10. Psychoneuroimmunology focuses the on the links between mind, the brain and the immune system. 1
Q11. The International Classification of Diseases was prepared by WHO. 1
Q12. Maya’s excessive concern with cleanliness and order, would indicate a fixation at Freud’s Anal stage 1
Q13. Authencity means that your behavioural expressions are consistent with what you value, the way you 1
feel and relate to your inner self-image
Q14. The minimalistic perspective suggests that the physical environment exists mainly for use by human 1
beings. (True/False)
Q15. Intrapersonal communication involves communicating with yourself. (True/False) 1
Q16. The instinctual life force that energises the id is called libido. 1
Q17. Membership of a club is an example of 1
(a) Primary group (c) Secondary group
(b) Formal group (d) Informal group
PART B
Q18. What is information- processing approach to intelligence? 2
Ans- Information-processing approach describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and
problem solving. The major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts.
Q19. Explain abnormal behaviour according to cognitive model. 2
Ans- This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold
assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate. People may also
repeatedly think in illogical ways and make overgeneralisations, that is, they may draw broad, negative
conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
OR
What is Separation Anxiety Disorder? State any two symptoms.
Separation anxiety disorder is an internalising disorder unique to children. Its most prominent symptom
is excessive anxiety or even panic experienced by children at being separated from their parents
Children with SAD may have difficulty being in a room by themselves, going to school alone, are
fearful of entering new situations, and cling to and shadow their parents’ every move. To avoid
separation, children with SAD may fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums, or make suicidal gestures.
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Q20. Discuss the limitation of Hans Syele model of stress. 2
Ans- Selye’s model has been criticised for assigning a very limited role to psychological factors in stress.
Researchers have reported that the psychological appraisal of events is important for the determination
of stress. How people respond to stress is substantially influenced by their perceptions, personalities and
biological constitution.
Q21. How can faulty behaviour be modified with Token Economy? Elucidate with the help of an example. 2
Ans- Persons with behavioural problems can be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour
occurs. The tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward such as an outing for the patient or a treat
for the child. This is known as token economy.
PART C
Q22. What did Carl Jung mean by collective unconscious? 3
Ans- Jung saw human beings guided as much by aims and aspirations as by sex and aggression. He
developed his own theory of personality, called analytical psychology.
The basic assumption of his theory is that personality consists of competing forces and structures within
the individual (that must be balanced) rather than between the individual and the demands of society, or
between the individual and reality
Jung claimed that there was a collective unconscious consisting of archetypes or primordial images.
These are not individually acquired, but are inherited. The God or the Mother Earth is a good example
of archetypes
Q23. Explain the factors influencing attitude formation. 3
Ans- Family and School Environment: Particularly in the early years of life, parents and other family
members play a significant role in shaping attitude formation.
Reference Groups: Reference groups indicate to an individual the norms regarding acceptable behaviour
and ways of thinking. Thus, they reflect learning of attitudes through group or cultural norms
Personal Experiences: Many attitudes are formed, not in the family environment or through reference
groups, but through direct personal experiences which bring about a drastic change in our attitude
towards people and our own life.
Media-related Influences: Technological advances in recent times have made audio-visual media and
the Internet very powerful sources of information that lead to attitude formation and change.
Q24. What are the features of people suffering from PTSD? 3
Ans: The immediate reaction to a disaster is commonly one of disorientation. People take some time to understand the
full meaning of what the disaster has done to them.
Physical reactions, such as bodily exhaustion even without physical activity, difficulty in sleeping,
change in the eating pattern, increased heartbeat and blood pressure, and getting startled easily can be
found among the victims.
Emotional reactions, such as grief and fear, irritability, anger (“Why should this happen to me?”),
helplessness, hopelessness (“I could do nothing to prevent this event”), depression, sometimes absolute
lack of emotion (numbness), guilt feelings for having survived while someone else in the family died,
blaming oneself, and lack of interest in even routine activities.
Cognitive reactions, such as worry, difficulty in concentration, reduced span of attention, confusion,
loss of memory, or vivid memories that are unwanted (or nightmares of the event)
Social reactions, such as withdrawal from others, getting into conflict with others, having frequent arguments
with even loved ones, and feeling rejected or left out.
OR
Describe the strategies for reducing aggression and violence.
Parents and teachers should be especially careful not to encourage or reward aggression in any form.
The use of punishment to bring about discipline also needs to be changed.
Opportunities to observe and imitate the behaviour of aggressive models should be reduced drastically.
Portraying aggression as heroic behaviour should be particularly avoided, because this may set the stage
for learning through observation.

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 Poverty and social injustice may be a prominent cause of aggression, because they can cause frustration
in certain sections of society. Implementing social justice and equality in society may help in reducing
frustration levels and thereby curb aggressive tendencies at least to some extent.
Apart from these strategies, at the level of the community or society, it is important to inculcate a
positive attitude towards peace. We should not only reduce aggression, but should also actively develop
and maintain peace. Our own cultural values have always favored peaceful and harmonious co-
existence. The father of our nation, Mahatma Gandhi, gave the world a new view on peace that was not
simply the absence of aggression.
PART D
Q25. Why is emotional intelligence increasing attention of educators? 4
Ans- Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions. It
is the feeling side of intelligence.
A good IQ and scholastic record is not enough to be successful in life. You may find many people who are
academically talented, but are unsuccessful in their own life.
(Application Based Example of each student)
Q26. Ankita’s job requires her to shift cities very frequently. With reference to secondary appraisal, suggest 4
ways in which she will interpret the situation.
Ans: Secondary appraisal, which is the assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources and whether they will be
sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of the event. These resources may be mental, physical, personal or
social. If one thinks one has a positive attitude, health, skills and social support to deal with the crises s/he will
feel less stressed. This two-level appraisal process determines not only our cognitive and behavioural responses
but also our emotional and physiological responses to external events.
One factor is the past experience of dealing with such a stressful condition. If one has handled similar situations
very successfully in the past, they would be less threatening for her/him.
Another factor is whether the stressful event is perceived as controllable, i.e. whether one has mastery or control
over a situation. A person who believes that s/he can control the onset of a negative situation, or its adverse
consequences, will experience less amount of stress than those who have no such sense of personal control.

Q27. What are the myths of counselling? 4

Ans- Counselling is not merely giving information.
Counselling is not giving advice.
Counselling is not selection and placement of individuals onto jobs or for courses.
Counselling is not the same as interviewing though interviewing may be involved.
Counselling is not influencing attitudes, beliefs and behaviour by persuading, admonishing, threatening,
or compelling.
OR
What are the characteristics of an effective counselor?
Authenticity : Your image or perception of yourself makes up your “I”. The self-perceived “I” is
revealed through ideas, words, actions, clothing, and your life-style. All of these communicate your “I”
to others. Those who come into close contact with you also build their own image of you for
themselves, and they also sometimes communicate this image to you.
Positive Regard for Others: In a counselling-counsellor relationship, a good relationship allows
freedom of expression. It reflects acceptance of the idea that the feelings of both are important.
Empathy: This is one of the most critical competencies that a counsellor needs to have. Empathy is the
ability of a counsellor to understand the feelings of another person from her/his perspective. It is like
stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to understand the pain and troubled feelings of the other
person.
Paraphrasing: This skill has already been discussed in the section on communication earlier.

What are the features of indirect techniques of personality assessment? Describe any one such test.
Q28. The stimuli are relatively or fully unstructured and poorly defined. 4
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Ans- The person being assessed is usually not told about the purpose of assessment and the method of scoring and
interpretation.
The person is informed that there are no correct or incorrect responses.
Each response is considered to reveal a significant aspect of personality.
Scoring and interpretation are lengthy and sometimes subjective.
Sentence Completion Test
This test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences. The starting part of the sentence is first presented and
the subject has to provide an ending to the sentence. It is held that the type of endings used by the subjects reflect
their attitudes, motivation and conflicts. The test provides subjects with several opportunities to reveal their
underlying unconscious motivations. A few sample items of a sentence completion test are given below.
Q29. What are the sources of prejudices formation?
Ans- Learning: Like other attitudes, prejudices can also be learned through association, reward and punishment, 4
observing others, group or cultural norms and exposure to information that encourages prejudice .
A strong social identity and ingroup bias: Individuals who have a strong sense of social identity and have a very
positive attitude towards their own group boost this attitude by holding negative attitudes towards other groups .
Scapegoating: This is a phenomenon by which the majority group places the blame on a minority outgroup for its
own social, economic or political problems
Kernel of truth concept: Sometimes people may continue to hold stereotypes because they think that, after all,
there must be some truth, or ‘kernel of truth’ in what everyone says about the other group.
Self-fulfilling prophecy: In some cases, the group that is the target of prejudice is itself responsible for continuing
the prejudice.
Q30. In the last few years, Tina had to face many difficult circumstances. Quite often, she finds herself 4
asking questions about the meaning of life. How will existential therapy alleviate her distress and help
her achieve a sense of wholeness?
Ans- Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist and neurologist propounded the Logotherapy.
Logos is the Greek word for soul and Logotherapy means treatment for the soul.
Frankl calls this process of finding meaning even in life-threatening circumstances as the process of meaning
making.
Neurotic anxieties arise when the problems of life are attached to the physical, psychological or spiritual aspects
of one’s existence.
Frankl emphasised the role of spiritual anxieties in leading to meaninglessness and hence it may be called an
existential anxiety, i.e. neurotic anxiety of spiritual origin.
The goal of logotherapy is to help the patients to find meaning and responsibility in their life irrespective of their
life circumstances. The therapist emphasises the unique nature of the patient’s life and encourages them to find
meaning in their life.
PART E
Q31. Explain the causes of group conflict. Discuss any three strategies for resolving conflicts. 6
Ans- Another reason for intergroup conflict is relative deprivation. It arises when members of a group
compare themselves with members of another group, and perceive that they do not have what they
desire to have, which the other group has. In other words, they feel that they are not doing well in
comparison to other groups. This may lead to feelings of deprivation and discontentment, which may
trigger off conflict.
Another cause of conflict is one party’s belief that it is better than the other, and what it is saying should
be done. When this does not happen, both parties start accusing each other. One may often witness a
tendency to magnify even smaller differences, thereby conflict gets escalated because every member
wants to respect the norms of her/his group.
A feeling that the other group does not respect the norms of my group, and actually violates those
norms because of a malevolent intent.
Desire for retaliation for some harm done in the past could be another reason for conflict.
Biased perceptions are at the root of most conflicts. As already mentioned earlier, feelings of ‘they’ and
‘we’ lead to biased perceptions.

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 Research has shown that when acting in groups, people are more competitive as well as more
aggressive than when they are on their own. Groups compete over scarce resources, both material
resources, e.g. territory, and money as well as social resources, e.g. respect and esteem.
OR
What do you mean by compliance? What are the techniques used for compliance?
Compliance refers simply to behaving in response to a request from another person or group even in the absence
of a norm.
A good example of compliance is the kind of behaviour shown when a salesperson comes to our door. Very
often, this person comes with some goods that we really do not wish to buy.
The foot-in-the-door technique: The person begins by making a small request that the other person is
not likely to refuse. Once the other person carries out the request, a bigger request is made. Simply
because the other person has already complied with the smaller request, he or she may feel
uncomfortable refusing the second request
The deadline technique: In this technique, a ‘last date’ is announced until which a particular product or ‘an
offer’ will be available. The aim is to make people ‘hurry’ and make the purchase before they miss the rare
opportunity.
The door-in-the-face technique: In this technique, you begin with a large request and when this is
refused a later request for something smaller, the one that was actually desired, is made, which is
usually granted by the person.
Q32. What are the characteristics of individuals with different levels of Mental Retardation? 6
Ans- AREA OF MILD MODERATE SEVERE
FUNCTIONING (IQ range = 50–70) (IQ range = 35–49) (IQ range = 20–34) and
Profound (IQ = below 20)

Self-help Skills Feeds and dresses self and Has difficulties and requires No skills to partial skills, but
cares for own toilet needs training but can learn some can care for personal
adequate self-help skills needs on limited basis

Speech and Receptive and expressive Receptive and expressive Receptive language is
language is adequate; language is adequate; has limited; expressive language
communication understands communication speech problems is poor

Academics Optimal learning Very few academic skills; No academic skills

environment; third to sixth first or second grade is
grade maximal
Social Skills Has friends; can learn to Capable of making friends Not capable of having real
adjust quickly but has difficulty in many friends; no social
social situations interactions
Vocational Can hold a job; competitive Sheltered work Generally no employment;
to semi-competitive; environment; usually needs usually needs constant care
Adjustment primarily unskilled work consistent supervision

Adult Living Usually marries,has Usually does not marry or No marriage or children;
children; need help during have children; dependent always dependent on others
stress

OR
Examine the role of the biological and sociocultural factors in the development of abnormal
behaviour.
Biological factors influence all aspects of our behaviour. A wide range of biological factors such as faulty
genes, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition, injuries and other conditions may interfere with normal
development and functioning of the human body.

These factors may be potential causes of abnormal behaviour. We have already come across the biological
model.

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According to this model, abnormal behaviour has a biochemical or physiological basis. Biological researchers
have found that psychological disorders are often related to problems in the transmission of messages from
one neuron to another

When an electrical impulse reaches a neuron’s ending, the nerve ending is stimulated to release a chemical,
called a neuro-transmitter.

Studies indicate that abnormal activity by certain neuro-transmitters can lead to specific psychological
disorders. Anxiety disorders have been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric
acid (GABA), schizophrenia to excess activity of dopamine, and depression to low activity of serotonin.

Socio-cultural model, abnormal behaviour is best understood in light of the social and cultural forces that
influence an individual.

As behaviour is shaped by societal forces, factors such as family structure and communication, social
networks, societal conditions, and societal labels and roles become more important. It has been found that
certain family systems are likely to produce abnormal functioning in individual members.

Some families have an enmeshed structure in which the members are overinvolved in each other’s activities,
thoughts, and feelings.

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