BIO 30 3RD LONG EXAM REVIEWER

DELETION - represents a loss of a segment of the chromosome

EUPLOIDY – refers to the changes involving the whole genome or the entire

set of chromosomes

ANUEPLOIDY – addition or subtraction of one or more chromosomes

MiRNA (Micro RNA) –base pair with specific target mRNA that inhibits

translation

DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS – branch of genetics that study the

relationships between gene regulation and cell differentiation during

development

MONOPLOIDY – only have one set of chromosomes

DETERMINATION – cell makes an irreversible commitment to follow a

specific development path

DIFFERENTIATION – the expression of cell’s specialized developmental

path

GENE AMPLIFICATION – the multiple replication of a section of the genome

COLCHICINE – toxic chemical that is often used to induce polyploidy in

pants. Basically, it prevents the microtubule formation during cell division

NUTRIGENOMICS or NUTRIRIONAL GENOMICS – a study how food

affect our genes and how genetic difference can affect the way we respond

to nutrients and other naturally occurring compounds in the food we eat.

Also, it is the study of molecular relationship between nutrition and responses

to genes

ALLOPOLYPLOIDY – basic genome is not identical

 BIO 30 3RD LONG EXAM REVIEWER

TRANSLOCATIONS – exchange of segment between non homologous

chromosomes

DEVELOPMENT – process of regulated growth that results from the

interaction of the genome with the cytoplasm and the environment

siRNA (Single Interference RNA) – base pair with specific mRNA that

cause mRNA degradation

EPIGENETICS –study of mechanisms that change gene expression by

modifying the DNA without modifying its base sequence

PERICENTRIC – occurs when the inverted segment includes the

centromere

MUTATION –change in genetic material that is heritable and permanent

AUTOPOLYPOIDY – basic genome is identical

GENOME (X) – complete set of chromosomes or genes from male and

female parent

INVERSION – it is inserted in a different order. Also, the rotation of the

chromosome segment to a full 180°.

SPLICING – removal of introns

DNA METHYLATION – addition of methyl in the cytosine of 5’-CG-3’

dinucleotide

ACETYLATION – unravels the DNA making genes more available for

activation. Also, it facilitates the binding of transcriptional factors to

nucleosome DNA
 BIO 30 3RD LONG EXAM REVIEWER

LECTURE 7: DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS

DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS – branch of genetics that study the

relationships between gene regulation and cell differentiation during

development

DEVELOPMENT – process of regulated growth that results from the

interaction of the genome with the cytoplasm and the environment

DETERMINATION – cell makes an irreversible commitment to follow a

specific development path

DETERMINANTS – cytoplasmic effector substance which cause the cells to

become irreversibly committed to perform a specialized function

DIFFERENTIATION – the expression of the cells specialized role

SPECIALIZED CELLS – cells producing specialized proteins derived from

living gene

LECTURE 8: EPIGENETICS

EPIGENETICS – study of mechanisms that change gene expression by

modifying the DNA without modifying its base sequence

EPIGENOME – epi-above

EPIGENETIC MECHANISM – control accessibility of the genome at the right

time and place

 BIO 30 3RD LONG EXAM REVIEWER

DNA METHYLATION – addition of methyl in the cytosine of 5’-CG-3’

dinucleotide

METHYLATION – tightens up DNA

ACETYLATION – unravels the DNA making genes more available for

activation. Also, it facilitates the binding of transcriptional factors to

nucleosome DNA

ANDREW Z. FIRE & CRAIG C. MELLO – Nobel prize winner in 2006 for the

discovery of RNA interference (RNAi)

ds RNA – can be used to silence the expression of target genes

MiRNA (Micro RNA) –base pair with specific target mRNA that inhibits

translation

siRNA (Single Interference RNA) – base pair with specific mRNA that

cause mRNA degradation

NUTRIGENOMICS – a study how food affect our genes and how genetic

difference can affect the way we respond to nutrients and other naturally

occurring compounds in the food we eat. Also, it is the study of molecular

relationship between nutrition and responses to genes

 BIO 30 3RD LONG EXAM REVIEWER

LECTURE 9: MUTATIONS

MUTATION – change in the genetic material that is heritable and

permanent

EUPLOIDY – change involving the whole genome or entire set of

chromosomes

GENOME(X) – complete set of chromosomes or genes

MONOPLOID (x) – one set of chromosomes

POLYPLOID (3x-6x) – more than two sets of chromosomes

AUTOPOLYPLOID – basic genome is identical

ALLOPOLYPLOID – basic genome is not identical

RANDOM CHROMOSOME TYPE – genes are close to centromere and to

find the games, assign alleles in figures

RANDOM CHROMATID TYPE – genes are far from the centromere so use

the gametic series

10ab + 10ac + 10ad + 10bc + 10bd + 10cd + 3aa + 3bb + 3cc + 3dd

ANEUPLOIDY – addition or subtraction of one or more chromosomes

TRISOMIC – (2n+1)

DOUBLE TRISOMIC – (2n+1+1)

TETRASOMIC – (2n+2)

MONOSOMIC – (2n-1)

DOUBLE MONOSOMIC – (2n-1-1)

NULLSOMIC – (2n-2)
 BIO 30 3RD LONG EXAM REVIEWER

STRUCTURAL CHANGES

DELETION – missing chromosome segment

DUPLICATION – repeated chromosome segment

TRANSLOCATION – exchange of segment between non homologous

chromosomes

INVERSION – inserted in a different order

PARACENTRIC – centromere not included in the inverted segment

PERICENTRIC – centromere is included in the inverted segment