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 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

DEFINITE INTEGRATION

1. DEFINITION

Let F (x) be any antiderivative of f (x), then for any two values of
a
f (x) a
the independent variable x, say a and b, the difference 1. ³
0
f ( x )  f (a  x )
dx
2
F (b) – F (a) is called the definite integral of f (x) from a to b and

b
b b f (x) ba
³ ³ dx
is denoted by ³
a
f ( x ) dx . Thus
a
f ( x ) dx F ( b)  F(a ), 2.
a
f (x)  f (a  b  x) 2

2a a a

The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration; a is the 6. ³

0
f ( x ) dx ³0
f ( x ) dx  ³ f (2a  x) dx
0
lower limit and b is the upper limit. Usually F (b) – F (a) is

abbreviated by writing F (x) |ab . ­ 0 if f (2a  x)  f (x) ½

° a °
= ® 2 f (x) dx if f (2a – x) f (x) ¾
2. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS ° ³ °
¯ 0 ¿

b a ­ a ½
°2³ f (x)dx if f (x) f (x) i.e. f (x) is even °
a

1. ³ f (x) dx ³ f (x)
a b
7. ³
a
f (x) dx ® 0
°
¾
°
¯ 0 if f (x)  f (x) i.e. f (x) is odd¿
b b 8. If f (x) is a periodic function of period ‘a’,
2. ³
a
f (x ) dx ³
a
f ( y) dy i.e. f (a + x) = f (x), then
na a

b c b (a) ³ f (x ) dx n ³ f (x) dx
³ f (x) dx ³ f (x) dx  ³ f (x) dx, where c may or may
0 0
3.
a a c na a

not lie between a and b. (b) ³

a
f (x) dx (n 1) ³ f (x) dx
0

a a
b  na
³ ³ f (a  x) dx
b
f ( x ) dx
4.
0 0
(c)
na
³ f (x) dx ³ f (x) dx, where b  R
0

b b b a

5. ³ f (x ) dx ³ f (a  b  x) dx (d) ³ f (x) dx independent of b.

b
a a

b  na a

(e) ³ b
f (x ) dx ³
n f ( x ) dx, where n  I
0
 Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper
JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
NEET Previous Year Question Paper

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 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

b 4. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM

9. If f (x) t 0 on the interval [a, b], then
³ f (x) dx t 0.
a Let f (x) be a continuous real valued function defined on the closed
interval [a, b] which is divided into n parts as shown in figure.
10. If f (x) d g (x) on the interval [a, b], then

b b

³
a
³
f ( x ) dx d g ( x ) dx
a

b b

11. ³
a
f ( x ) dx d ³ f (x ) dx
a

12. If f (x) is continuous on [a, b], m is the least and M is the

greatest value of f (x) on [a, b], then

m (b  a) d ³ f (x) dx d M (b  a )
a

13. For any two functions f (x) and g (x), integrable on the
interval [a, b], the Schwarz – Bunyakovsky inequality The point of division on x-axis are
holds
ba
a, a + h, a +2h.........a + (n–1) h, a + nh, where h.
b b b
n

³ f (x ) . g (x ) dx d ³f ³
2
( x ) dx. g 2 ( x ) dx
a a a
Let Sn denotes the area of these n rectangles.

Then, Sn = h f (a) + h f (a + h) + h f (a + 2h) + ....... + h f

14. If a function f (x) is continuous on the interval [a, b],
(a + (n – 1) h)
then there exists a point c (a, b) such that
Clearly, Sn is area very close to the area of the region bounded by
b curve y = f (x), x –axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b.
³ f (x) dx
a
f (c) (b  a ), where a < c < b.
b

Hence ³a
f ( x) dx Lt S n
n of
3. DIFFERENTIATION UNDER INTEGRAL SIGN

NEWTON LEIBNITZ’S THEOREM :

b n 1

If f is continuous on [a, b] and g(x) & h(x) are differentiable ³ f ( x ) dx Lt

nof ¦ h f (a  rh)
r 0
a
functions of x whose values lie in [a, b], then

d ª h (x ) º d d n 1
« ³ f (t) dt » h (x) . f h (x)  ba · § (b  a ) r ·
¦ §¨©
g (x) . f g (x)
dx «¬ g (x) »¼ dx dx Lt ¸ f ¨a  ¸
n of
r 0
n ¹ © n ¹
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

S
2

³
( n  1) sin n  2 x . (1  sin 2 x ) dx
0

1. We can also write

Sn = h f (a + h) + h f (a + 2h) + ......... + h f (a + nh) and S S
2 2
b

¦
n
§ ba · § § ba · · ³
( n  1) sin n  2 x dx  (n  1) sin n x dx³
³
a
f ( x ) dx Lt
n of
r 1
¨ ¸ f ¨¨ a  ¨
© n ¹ © © n ¹ ¹
¸ r ¸¸ 0 0

In + (n – 1) In = (n – 1) In–2
1 n 1
1 §r·
2. If a = 0, b = 1, ³ f (x) dx Lt
nof ¦n f ¨ ¸
©n¹ § n 1 ·
0 r 0
In ¨ ¸ I n2
© n ¹
Steps to express the limit of sum as definite integral

r 1
Step 1. Replace by x, by dx and nLt
o f ¦by ³
n n

§r·
Step 2. Evaluate nLt ¨ ¸ by putting least and greatest
of © n ¹

values of r as lower and upper limits respectively. S S

2 2

³ sin ³ cos
n n
pn 1. x dx x dx
1 §r·
For example nLt
of ¦ r 1
f ¨ ¸
n ©n¹ ³ f (x ) dx 0 0

§ n 1 · § n  3 · § n  5 ·
2. I n ¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ ..... I 0 or I1
ª º © n ¹ © n2¹ © n4¹
§r· §r·
« nLt ¨ ¸ 0, Lt ¨ ¸ p»
¬ of © n ¹ r 1 nof © n ¹ r np
¼ S
according as n is even or odd. I 0 , I1 1
2
5. REDUCTION FORMULAE IN
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
­§ n  1 · § n  3 · § n  5 · §1· S
S °°¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ ....... ¨ ¸ . if n is even
© n ¹ © n 2¹ © n 4¹ ©2¹ 2
2
§ n 1 · Hence I n ®
  
5.1 If I n
³
0
sin n x dx, then show that I n ¨
© n ¹
¸ In2 °¨ § n 1 ·
¸¨
§ n 3 ·
¸¨
§ n
°¯ © n ¹ © n  2 ¹ © n  4 ¹
5 · §2·
¸ ........ ¨ ¸ . 1 if n is odd
©3¹

S
2

³ sin x dx
n S
Proof: I n 4
1
³ tan
n
0 5.2 If I n x dx, then show that In + In–2 =
n 1
0
S
S 2

In  sin n 1 x cos x 2
0 ³
 (n  1) sin n  2 x . cos 2 x dx S
4

³ (tan x )
0 n2
Sol. In . tan 2 x dx
0
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

S S
4 2
§ m 1 ·
³ (tan x ) ³ (sin
n2 m2
(sec 2 x  1) dx ¨ ¸ x . cos n x  sin m x. cos n x ) dx
0
© n 1 ¹ 0

S S
§ m 1 · § m 1 ·
4 4
¨ ¸ I m  2, n  ¨ ¸ I m, n
³
0
³
(tan x ) n  2 sec 2 x dx  (tan x ) n  2 dx
0
© n 1 ¹ © n 1 ¹

§ m 1 · § m 1 ·
S Ÿ ¨1  ¸ I m, n ¨ ¸ I m 2, n
ª (tan x ) n 1
º 4 © n 1 ¹ © n 1 ¹
« »  I n 2
¬ n 1 ¼0
§ m 1 ·
I m, n ¨ ¸ I m 2,n
1 ©mn ¹
In  I n 2
n 1

1
I n  I n2
n 1

S
2

³ sin
m
5.3 If I m,n = x . cos n x dx, then show that
0
§ m 1 · § m  3 · § m  5 ·
1. I m,n ¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ .......... I or I
©mn¹©mn2¹©mn4¹ 0,n 1,n

m 1
I m,n I m 2 , n according as m is even or odd.
mn

S S
S 2 2
1
³ cos ³ sin x . cos
2 n n
I 0, n x dx and I1, n x dx
Sol. I m,n ³
0
sin m 1 x (sin x cos n x ) dx 0 0
n 1

2. Walli’s Formula
S
ª sin m1 x.cos n 1 x º 2
« » 
¬ n 1 ¼0 ­ (m  1) (m  3) (m  5) ...... (n  1) (n  3) (n  5) ..... S
° (m  n) (m  n  2) (m  n  4)......... 2
°
S ° when both m, n are even
2
cos n1 x °
³ (m–1) sinm–2 x cos x dx I m,n ®
0
n 1 ° (m  1) (m  3) (m  5) ....... (n  1) (n  3) (n  5).........
°
° (m  n) (m  n  2) (m  n  4)........
S
° otherwise
2
¯
§ m 1 ·
³
m 2 n 2
¨ ¸ sin x . cos x . cos x dx
© n 1 ¹ 0
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

2. The area bounded by the curve x = g (y), y – axis and the

AREA UNDER THE CURVES abscissae y = c and y = d (where d > c) is given by
d d
6. AREA OF PLANE REGIONS A ³ | x | dy ³ | g (y) | dy
c c

1. The area bounded by the curve y = f (x), x-axis and the

ordinates x = a. and x = b (where b > a) is given by

b b
A ³| y| dx
a
³| f (x)| dx
a

(i) If f (x) > 0  x [a, b]

b 3. If we have two curve y = f (x) and y = g (x), such that

Then A ³
a
f (x) dx y = f (x) lies above the curve y = g (x) then the area
bounded between them and the ordinates x = a and x = b
(b > a), is given by
b b

A ³ f (x) dx  ³ g (x) dx
a a

i.e. upper curve area – lower curve area.

(ii) If f (x) > 0  x [a, c) &

< 0  x (c, b] Then

4. The area bounded by the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x)
c b between the ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
³ y dx ³ y dx = ³ f (x) dx  ³
c b
A  f (x) dx c b
a c
a c
A ³
a
³
f ( x ) dx  g ( x ) dx,
c
where c is a point in between a and b.
where x = c is the point of intersection of the two curves.
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA
5. CURVE TRACING
In order to find the area bounded by several curves, it is
important to have rough sketch of the required portion.
The following steps are very useful in tracing a cartesian
curve f (x, y) = 0.
Step 1 : Symmetry
(i) The curve is symmetrical about x-axis if all powers of y
in the equation of the given curve are even.
(ii) The curve is symmetrical about y-axis if all powers of x
in the equation of the given curve are even.
(iii) The curve is symmetrical about the line y = x, if the
equation of the given curve remains unchanged on
interchanging x and y.
(iv) The curve is symmetrical in opposite quadrants, if the
equation of the given curve remains unchanged when x
and y are replaced by – x and – y respectively.
Step 2 : Origin
If there is no constant term in the equation of the algebraic
curve, then the curve passes through the origin.
In that case, the tangents at the origin are given by equating
to zero the lowest degree terms in the equation of the
given algebraic curve.
For example, the curve y3 = x3 + axy passes through the
origin and the tangents at the origin are given by axy = 0
i.e. x = 0 and y = 0.
Step 3 : Intersection with the Co-ordinate Axes
(i) To find the points of intersection of the curve with X-axis,
put y = 0 in the equation of the given curve and get the
corresponding values of x.
(ii) To find the points of intersection of the curve with Y-axis,
put x = 0 in the equation of the given curve and get the
corresponding values of y.
Step 4 : Asymptotes
Find out the asymptotes of the curve.
(i) The vertical asymptotes or the asymptotes parallel to
y-axis of the given algebraic curve are obtained by
equating to zero the coefficient of the highest power of y
in the equation of the given curve.
(ii) The horizontal asymptotes or the asymptotes parallel to
x-axis of the given algebraic curve are obtained by equating
to zero the coefficient of the highest power of x in the
equation of the given curve.
Step 5 : Region
Find out the regions of the plane in which no part of the
curve lies. To determine such regions we solve the given
equation for y in terms of x or vice-versa. Suppose that y
becomes imaginary for x > a, the curve does not lie in
the region x > a.
Step 6: Critical Points
dy
Find out the values of x at which 0.
dx
At such points y generally changes its character from an
increasing function of x to a decreasing function of x or
vice-versa.
Step 7: Trace the curve with the help of the above points.
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 2
DEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 1 S/ 4
1  sin x
Evaluate : ³ sec x .
0
1  sin x
dx .
Evaluate the following integrals :

3 3
x
(i) ³ x 2 dx (ii) ³ (x  1) (x  2) dx S/ 4
2 1
1  sin x
Sol. I ³ sec .
0
1  sin x
dx

3
³2 x dx
2
Sol. (i)
S/4
1  sin x 1  sin x
3
³ sec x. .
1  sin x 1  sin x
dx
ª x3 º 0

« »
¬ 3 ¼2
S/4
1  sin x
27 8 ³ sec x
1  sin 2 x
dx
 0
3 3

19 S/ 4
1  sin x
3 ³ sec x
0 cos x
dx

x 1 2
(ii) 
(x  1) (x  2) x 1 x  2 S/ 4

³ (sec x  sec x tan x) dx

2

0
[Partial Fractions]

3 x
³1 (x  1) (x  2)
dx S/ 4 S/ 4

³
0
sec2 x dx  ³ sec x tan x dx
0
3
= - log |x + 1| + 2 log |x + 2| 1

= [– log |4| + 2 log |5|] – [–log |2| + 2 log |3|] [tan x]S0 / 4  [sec x]0S / 4

= [–log 4 + 2 log 5] – [– log 2 + 2 log 3]

= – 2 log 2 + 2 log 5 + log 2 – 2 log 3 § S · § S ·
¨ tan 4  tan 0 ¸  ¨ sec 4  sec0 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
= – log 2 + log 25 – log 9 = log 25 – log 18

25 (1  0)  ( 2  1) 2 2 .
= log
18
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

Example – 3 1

³ (t  2t 5 / 2  t 9 / 2 ) dt
1/ 2

0
1

³ 5x x  1 dx .
4 5
Evaluate :
1
1
ª t3/ 2 t 7 / 2 t11/ 2 º
«  2  »
¬3 / 2 7 / 2 11/ 2 ¼ 0
1

³ 5x x 5  1 dx
4
Sol. Let I 1
ª 2 3 / 2 4 7 / 2 2 11/ 2 º
1
« 3 t  7 t  11 t »
¬ ¼0
Put x5 = t so that 5x4 dx = dt.
When x = –1, t = –1. When x = 1, t = 1. ª2 4 2 º
« 3 (1)  7 (1)  11 (1)»  [0  0  0]
¬ ¼
1
I ³ t  1 dt
2 4 2
1  
3 7 11
1
ª (t  1)3 / 2 º 2 1
154  132  42 64 .
« » ª¬ (t  1)3 / 2 º¼
1
¬ 3 / 2 ¼ 1 3 231 231

2 3/ 2 4 2. Example – 5
[2  0]
3 3
§ x 1 ·
2
Evaluate : ³ ¨ 2 ¸ e x dx
1© x ¹
Example – 4

Or
S/ 2
64
Prove that ³ sin I cos5 I dI
231
. 2
§1 1 ·
³e ¨  2
0 x
¸ dx
1 ©x x ¹

S/ 2
Sol. I ³ sin I cos5 I dI § x 1· x §1 1 ·
³ ¨© ³e ¨  2
x
0 Sol. ¸ e dx ¸ dx
x2 ¹ ©x x ¹
S/2
1 1
³ sin I cos 4 I cos I dI
³ x . e dx  ³ x 2 .e dx
x x

S/2 1 x § 1 · 1
. e  ³ ¨  2 ¸ e x dx  ³ 2 .e x dx
³
0
sin I (1  sin 2 I) 2 cos I dI x © x ¹ x
[Integrating first integral by parts]
Put sin I = t so that cos IdI= dt.
When I= 0, sin 0 = t Ÿt = 0. 1 x
.e F(x)
x
S S
When I , sin tŸt 1 2
2 2 2
§ x 1 · x ª ex º
³1 ¨© x 2 ¸¹ e dx « »
¬ x ¼1
1 1
I ³ t (1  t 2 ) 2 dt ³ t (  2t 2  t 4 ) dt
0 0 1 2 1 1 1 2
.e  e e e.
2 1 2
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

Example - 2
AREA UNDER THE CURVES

Example - 1 Find the area bounded by the curve : y 4  x , X–axis

and Y–axis.
Find the area bounded by the curve
y = x2 – 5x + 6, X–axis and the lines x = 1 and 4.
Sol. Trace the curve y 4x .
Sol. For y = 0, we get x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
Ÿ x = 2, 3 1. Put y = 0 in the given curve to get x = 4 as the point of
intersection with X–axis.
Hence the curve crosses X–axis at x = 2, 3 in the interval
[1, 4]. Put x = 0 in the given curve to get y = 2 as the point of
2 3 4
intersection with Y–axis.
Bounded Area = ³ y dx  ³ y dx  ³ y dx 2. For the curve, y 4 x , 4 x t 0
1 2 3

Ÿ x d4
Ÿ curve lies only to the left of x = 4 line.
3. As any y is positive, curve is above X–axis.

2 3

³1 (x  5x  6) dx  ³ (x2  5x  6) dx
2
Ÿ A
2

4
 ³ (x2  5x  6) dx
3
Using step 1 to 3, we can draw the rough sketch of

ª 23 13 º § 22 12 · 5 y 4  x.
A1 « » 5 ¨ ¸  6 (2 1)
¬ 3 ¼ © 2 ¹ 6
In figure,

33  23 § 32  2 2 · 1
A2 5 ¨ ¸  6 (3  2)  4
2
4
3 © 2 ¹ 6
Bounded area = ³
0
4  x dx
3
(4  x) 4  x
0

43  33 § 4 2  32 · 5
A3 5¨ ¸  6 (4  3)
3 © 2 ¹ 6 16
sq. units.
3
5 1 5 11
Ÿ A    sq. units.
6 6 6 6
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA

Example - 3 Example - 4

AOBA is the part of the ellipse 9x2 + y2 = 36 in the first
quadrant such that OA = 2 and OB = 6. Find the area
between the arc AB and the chord AB.
Sol.
Sol. The given equation of the ellipse can be written as
Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2 and x2 + y2 = 2
above X–axis.
Let us first find the points of intersection of curves.
Solving y = x2 and x2 + y2 = 2 simultaneously, we get :

x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x2 + x4 = 2
 1 i.e.  1
4 36 22 62 Ÿ (x2 – 1) (x2 + 2) = 0
Ÿ x2 = 1 and x2 = – 2 [reject]
Ÿ x=±1
Ÿ A = (–1, 1) and B = (1, 1)

1

Shaded Area =
³ §¨©
1
2  x 2  x 2 ·¸ dx
¹

1 1

³
1
2  x 2 dx  ³ x 2 dx
1

A is (2, 0) and B is (0, 6).

1 1

The equation of chord AB is : 2 ³

0
³
2  x 2 dx  2 x 2 dx
0

60
y0 (x  2)
02 1
ªx 2 x º §1·
Ÿ y = –3x + 6. 2« 2  x2  sin1 » 2 ¨ ¸
¬2 2 2 ¼0 © 3¹
Reqd. area (shown shaded)

2 2 §1 S· 2 1 S
2 ¨  ¸  sq. units.
³ 3 4  x dx  ³ (6  3x) dx
2
©2 4¹ 3 3 2
0 0

2
ª x 4  x 2 4 1 x º ª 3x 2 º
2

3«  sin »  « 6x  »
«¬ 2 2 2 »¼ ¬
0
2 ¼0

ª2 º ª 3(4) º
3 « (0)  2sin 1 (1) »  «6(2) 
¬2 ¼ ¬ 2 »¼

ª Sº
3 « 2 u »  [12  6]
¬ 2¼

= (3S– 6) sq. units.

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