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Flight Mechanics (2150101)

Teaching Scheme

Syllabus

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Mid Semester I:
Date : 29/07/2019 to 03/08/2019
Syllabus : Unit No: 1,2,3

Mid Semester II:

Date : 23/09/2019 to 28/09/2019
Syllabus : Unit No: 3,4, 5

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Evaluation Methodology

Viva
External Mid-Sem External
Examination(GTU) Examination(Institute) Internal Viva
Viva
(Institute)
(GTU)

Total Marks 70 30 20 30

Minimum
Marks
23 12 10 15
Required to
Pass

- Internal 20 marks will be given on basis of PBL/ Module test/ Assignments / Attendance

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Reference Books

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Organizations-Industries working in the said subject

Organizations
1) Ministry of Civil Aviation
2) Liquid Propulsion System Centre, ISRO
3) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
4) National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
5) Boeing India
6) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
7) An Indian Society of Mechanical Engineers
8) Institution of Mechanical Engineers (India)
9) International Academy for Production Engineering (CIRP)
10) Society of Manufacturing Engineers
11) Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE)
12) Association of Energy Engineers (AEE)
13) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
14) An Indian Society of Mechanical Engineers
15) Institution of Mechanical Engineers (India)
16) International Academy for Production Engineering (CIRP)
17) Society of Automotive Engineers
18) Society of Manufacturing Engineers
19) Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE)
20) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
21) Suzlon American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
22) Society of Tribologists and Lubrications Engineers (STLE)
23) Association of Energy Engineers (AEE)

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Industries
1. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
2. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
3. National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
4. Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA)
5. Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE)

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Question Bank
UNIT - 1
1. Define: absolute altitude, geometric altitude and geopotential altitude.
2. Derive hydrostatic equation.
3. Explain the variation of temperature with altitude in standard model of atmosphere.
4. Describe about pressure and density altitudes.
UNIT - 2
1. List out different types of Airfoil.
2. Difference between airfoil and wing.
3. Define Drag and Lift.
4. Derive lift, drag and moment coefficients.
5. Write a short note on attached flow and separated flow.
6. Describe the mechanism of Stalling with necessary sketches.
7. Discuss the types of drag and explain Induced Drag in detail.
8. A wing-body model is tested in a subsonic wind tunnel The lift is found to be zero at a
geometric angle of attack of -1.50 . At an angle of attack of 50, the lift coefficient 0.52. Also at
angle of attack of 10 & 7.880 the moment coefficients about the center of gravity are measured
as -0.01 & 0.05 respectively. The center of gravity is located at 0.35c. Calculate the location of
the aerodynamic center and the value of CM,ac of wing-body combination.
9. Distinguish between Infinite and Finite wings.
10. Define the pressure coefficient
11. Explain the Prandtl-Glauert rule in detail along with a plot.
12. Can you use Prandtl-Glauert rule at M∞ = 1? If not Why?
13. Explain the critical pressure coefficient and critical Mach number for different airfoils along
with a plot.
14. Draw coefficient of lift vs angle of attack curve for symmetrical airfoil.
15. Draw coefficient of lift vs angle of attack curve for unsymmetrical airfoil.
16. How does thickness of airfoil affect Critical Mach number?
17. Explain drag divergence Mach number.
18. Write a short note on Swept wings.

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19. Explain how sweep back wings increase critical mach number of aircraft?
20. What is Wave drag?
21. Obtain lift coefficient from pressure coefficient. Plot and explain the pressure distribution over
the upper and lower surface of an airfoil for small angles of attack.
22. Explain compressibility corrections

UNIT - 3
1. Derive equations of Motion for an Airplane in translational motion. Reduce the same for level,
unaccelerated flight.
2. Derive formula to Calculate Thrust required for level, unacclerated flight. Derive aerodynamic
condition for minimum thrust required.
3. Derive formula to Calculate Power required for level, unaccelerated flight. Also derive
aerodynamic condition for minimum power required.
4. Derive Breguet Range formula. Also list out important points to maximize the range for
reciprocating engine, propeller driven airplane.
5. Draw a graph for effect of altitude on power required.
6. Explain Gliding Flight.
7. Derive equation to calculate Rate of Climb.
Explain how time to climb can be graphically calculated.
8. Derive formula to calculate Lift off distance.
9. Write a short note on Accelerated Rate of climb using Energy Method.
10. With neat sketch explain V-n diagram.
11. Estimate the lift-off distance at sea level for the aircraft having total weight of 19815 N. Assume
that CLmax is 1.Also when the airplane is on the ground the wings are 1.83 m above the
ground. Wing Span is 16.25 m. Wing area is 29.54 m2.CD,0 = 0.022 & μr=0.02.
12. Estimate the Landing ground roll distance at sea level for the aircraft having empty weight of
54966 kg. No thrust reversal is used; However, spoilers are operated such that L=0. The
maximum lift coefficient (CL max) with fully flaps employed at touchdown is 2.5. Wing area is
29.54 m2.CD,0 = 0.022 & μr=0.4.
13. The maximum lift to drag ratio is 13.6. Calculate the minimum glide angle and maximum range
measured along the ground covered by the airplane in a power-off glide that starts at an altitude

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of 3048m.
14. Derive Drag polar for an airplane.
UNIT - 4
1. Write a note on Lateral Stability.
2. Explain Static stability and dynamic stability.
3. Explain Directional Static Stability.
4. Explain Lateral Static Stability.
5. Which are the necessary criteria for longitudinal balance and static stability? Explain in detail.
6. How does tail plane plays an important role in the stability of the airplane?
7. Why do we require Horizontal Stabilizer? Explain in terms of longitudinal stability.
8. Write a note on neutral point and static margin.
9. Discuss Stick fixed vs. Stick free Stability.
10. What is Ground effect? Explain in terms of Induced drag.
UNIT - 5
1. Explain power augmented lift system
2. What is Lift Augmentation? Explain its significance.
3. Explain about high lifting devices.
4. Discuss about the types of flaps.
5. Describe in detail the advantages of trailing edge flaps.

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MID SEMESTER-1 EXAMINATION / SYLLABUS

Name of subject : Flight Mechanics

Subject code : 2150101
Semester :V

Percentage of mid semester exam syllabus: 50 %

Chapter TOPIC
Standard Atmosphere:
Definition of altitude, The hydrostatic equation, Relation between geopotential
1.
and geometric altitudes, Definition of standard atmosphere, Pressure, Density &
temperature altitudes.
Airfoils and Wings:
Introduction, Lift, drag and moment coefficients, Attached Flow and Separated
2. Flow, Types of Drag, Infinite and Finite Wings, Pressure Coefficient, Critical
mach number and Critical pressure coefficient, Drag Divergence mach number,
Wave drag, Swept back wing.
Airplane Performance:
Introduction, Equation of motion, Thrust required for level unaccelerated flight,
3. Thrust available and maximum velocity, Power required for level unaccelerated
flight, Power available and maximum velocity for jet engine and reciprocating
engine-propeller combination.

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MID SEMESTER-2 EXAMINATION / SYLLABUS

Name of subject : Flight Mechanics

Subject code : 2150101
Semester :V

Percentage of mid semester exam syllabus: 50 %

Chapter TOPIC
Airplane Performance:
Altitude effect on power required and available, Rate of climb, Gliding flight,
3.
Absolute and service ceilings, Time to climb, Range & endurance for propeller
driven airplane and jet engine driven airplane, Take off.
Principles of Stability and Control:
Introduction, Definitions of Stability & Control, Moments on Airplane, Absolute
4. angle of attack, Criteria for longitudinal static stability, Total pitching moment
about C.G., Equation of longitudinal static stability, Neutral point, Static margin,
The concept of static longitudinal stability.
High lift Systems:
5. Increasing area, Increasing lift coefficient, Multi-element airfoil, Leading edge
trailing edge devices.

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Assignments
Assignment – 1 ( Deadline: 12.07.2019)
1. Define: absolute altitude, geometric altitude and geopotential altitude.
2. Derive hydrostatic equation.
3. Explain the variation of temperature with altitude in standard model of atmosphere.
4. Describe about pressure and density altitudes (variation of pressure and density with respect to
altitude).
Assignment – 2 (Deadline: 25.07.2019)
1. List out different types of Airfoil.
2. Difference between airfoil and wing.
3. Define Drag and Lift.
4. Derive lift, drag and moment coefficients.
5. Write a short note on attached flow and separated flow.
6. Describe the mechanism of Stalling with necessary sketches.
7. Discuss the types of drag and explain Induced Drag in detail.
8. Derive Drag polar for an airplane.
9. Distinguish between Infinite and Finite wings.
10. Define the pressure coefficient
11. Explain the Prandtl-Glauert rule in detail along with a plot.
12. Can you use Prandtl-Glauert rule at M∞ = 1? If not Why?
13. Explain the critical pressure coefficient and critical Mach number for different airfoils along
with a plot.
Assignment – 3 (Deadline: 20.08.2019)
1. Derive equations of Motion for an Airplane in translational motion. Reduce the same for level,
unaccelerated flight.
2. Derive formula to Calculate Thrust required for level, unacclerated flight. Derive aerodynamic
condition for minimum thrust required.
3. Derive formula to Calculate Power required for level, unaccelerated flight. Also derive
aerodynamic condition for minimum power required.
4. Derive Breguet Range formula. Also list out important points to maximize the range for

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reciprocating engine, propeller driven airplane.

5. Draw a graph for effect of altitude on power required.
6. Explain Gliding Flight.
7. Derive equation to calculate Rate of Climb.
Explain how time to climb can be graphically calculated.
8. Derive formula to calculate Lift off distance.
9. Write a short note on Accelerated Rate of climb using Energy Method.
10. With neat sketch explain V-n diagram.
Assignment – 4 (Deadline: 06.09.2019)
1. Write a note on Lateral Stability.
2. Explain Static stability and dynamic stability.
3. Explain Directional Static Stability.
4. Explain Lateral Static Stability.
5. Which are the necessary criteria for longitudinal balance and static stability? Explain in detail.
6. How does tail plane plays an important role in the stability of the airplane?
7. Why do we require Horizontal Stabilizer? Explain in terms of longitudinal stability.
8. Write a note on neutral point and static margin.
9. Discuss Stick fixed vs. Stick free Stability.
10. What is Ground effect? Explain in terms of Induced drag.
Assignment – 5 (Deadline: 13.09.2019)
1. Explain power augmented lift system
2. What is Lift Augmentation? Explain its significance.
3. Explain about high lifting devices.
4. Discuss about the types of flaps.
5. Describe in detail the advantages of trailing edge flaps.
Assignment – 6 (Deadline: 20.09.2019)
1. Consider an NACA 4412 airfoil at an angle of attack of 4°. If the free-stream Mach number is
0.7, what is the lift coefficient?
2. Calculate the standard atmosphere values of T, p & density at a geopotential altitude of 14 km.
3. The pressure at a point on the wing of an airplane is 7.58 x 104 N/m2. The airplane is flying with
a velocity of 70 m/s at conditions associated with a standard altitude of 2000 m. Calculate the

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pressure coefficient at this point on the wing.

4. Consider an airfoil mounted in a low-speed subsonic wind tunnel. The flow velocity in the test
section is 100 ft/s, and the conditions are standard sea level. If the pressure at a point on the
airfoil is 2102 lb/ft2, what is the pressure coefficient?
5. The Lockheed F-104 supersonic fighter. It is the first fighter aircraft designed for sustained
flight at Mach 2. Its wing planform area is 19.5 m2.Consider the F-104 in steady, level flight,
and assume that its weight is 7262 kgf. Calculate its angle of attack at Mach 2 when it is flying
at (a) sea level and (b) 10 km.
6. Estimate the lift-off distance at sea level for the aircraft having total weight of 19815 N. Assume
that CLmax is 1.Also when the airplane is on the ground the wings are 1.83 m above the ground.
Wing Span is 16.25 m. Wing area is 29.54 m2.CD,0 = 0.022 & μr=0.02.
7. Estimate the Landing ground roll distance at sea level for the aircraft having empty weight of
54966 kg. No thrust reversal is used; However, spoilers are operated such that L=0. The
maximum lift coefficient (CL max) with fully flaps employed at touchdown is 2.5. Wing area is
29.54 m2.CD,0 = 0.022 & μr=0.4.
8. The maximum lift to drag ratio is 13.6. Calculate the minimum glide angle and maximum range
measured along the ground covered by the airplane in a power-off glide that starts at an altitude
of 3048m.

Assignment- 7 (Deadline: 20.09.2019)

Enroll into NPTEL course ( Register for exam is optional)
Aircraft Stability And Control
By Prof. A.K. Ghosh | IIT Kanpur
https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_ae10/preview
Marks will be given based on few assignments which you have submitted in this course.

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