JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY

Technical presentation report on

“Combined Cycle& HRSG(Heat
Recovery Steam Generator)”
Submitted By
Sourav Raj
001611501052
Department of Power Engineering
Jadavpur University
Under the guidance of
Prof. Amitava Datta and Prof. Bireshwar Majumdar
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sl. No. Chapter Name Page No.
1. Introduction 5-6
2. Classification of
combined cycle 7-10
3. Classification of
combined cycle based 11-13
on afterburner.
4. HRSG 14-15
5. Advantages of 16
combined cycle
6. Conclusion 17
7. References 18

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 ABSTRACT
Combined cycle is a combination of two cycle which work under the same
heat source. The efficiency of the combined cycle is approximately 55-60%
while that of normal cycle used is 38-42%. With the increase in pollution
level and increasing power demand it is required that the power generated
should be economic and causes very low degrading effect to our
atmosphere.
The soaring prices of petroleum product and availability of coal (mainly of
low quality) demands the way to use the coal and low quality fuel (such as
biomass, city waste) in a clean manner.
The renewable nonconventional power generation potential (constituting
of solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean wave, tidal power) of our
country is approxmately126,000MW. However, the relevant technology will
require some time to become viable. It is obvious that thermal power
generation technology will dominate the global energy technology scenario
for the next few decades even in the face of depleting reserves of fuels.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty who is the source of
all strength and motivation for all the tasks that I take up.
Next, I would like to thank my teachers whose guidance and kind
cooperation has enabled me to successfully complete the project report.
And to provide me an opportunity to present the report which will provide
me a lot of experience in making of report as well as in successfully
presenting the report to the whole class.
And finally, I would like to thank my classmates to patiently hear my whole
presentation with deep interest.
At last I would like to thank my parents, without their love and support
none of this would have been possible.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The efficiency of the cycle used in the powerplant is approximately 35% and
the rest of the energy is wasted to the atmosphere. To utilise the heat energy
wasted to the atmosphere combined cycle are taken in the process. In
general, working combined cycle efficiency is more than 50 percent on a
lower heating value and Gross Output basis. Most of the combined cycle
especially the larger units, have peak, steady state efficiencies of 55 to 59
percent. In electrical power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of
heat engines that function in tandem off a common source of heat,
converting it to mechanical energy, which in turn drives electrical generator.

Basic Principles
The basic principle of the combined cycle plant is that the exhaust of one
heat engine is provided as the heat source for another thus producing more
useful energy from the same heat, and hence
increasing the overall efficiency. This method works better because heat
engines are only able to capitalize a portion of the energy their fuel
generates (less than 50%). The residual heat i.e. Exhaust from the
combustion is generally wasted. Combining two thermodynamic cycle
results in improved overall efficiency, thus reducing fuel costs.
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 In a combined cycle powerplant or a combined cycle gas turbine power
plant, a gas turbine generator generates electricity and energy in the
exhaust is used to produce steam, which rotates a steam turbine to
produce additional electricity. This last step increases the efficiency of the
powerplant.

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 Chapter 2
Classification of Combined cycle

A. Mercury -Steam Binary cycle

A mercury vapour turbine is a form of heat engine that uses mercury as
the working fluid of its thermal cycle. A mercury vapour turbine has been
used in conjunction with a steam turbine for generating electricity. The
advantage of operating a mercury-vapour turbine in conjunction with a
steam power plant lies in the fact that the complete cycle can be worked over
a very wide range of temperature without employing any abnormal pressure.
The exhaust from the mercury turbine is used to raise steam for the steam
turbine

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 his example of combined cycle generation was not widely adopted, because
of high capital cost and the obvious toxic hazard if the mercury leaked into
the environment. Metallurgical developments have allowed steam-only
plants to increase in efficiency over time, making the mercury vapour turbine
obsolete. Modern combined cycle power plant generating stations operate
at 61% efficiency, and with none of the safety issues inherent to a binary
mercury Rankine cycle steam power plant.

B. Combined gas and steam powerplant

A combined cycle power plant is an assembly of heat engines that work in

tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy.
On land, when used to make electricity the most common type is called a
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant. The same principle is also used for
marine propulsion, where it is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant.
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles improves overall efficiency,
which reduces fuel costs. The principle is that after completing its cycle in the
first engine, the working fluid (the exhaust) is still hot enough that a second
subsequent heat engine can extract energy from the heat in the exhaust.
Usually the heat passes through a heat exchanger so that the two engines can
use different working fluids.

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By generating power from multiple streams of work, the overall efficiency of
the system can be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall efficiency of
say 34% (for a simple cycle), to as much as 64% (for a combined cycle).[1] This
is more than 84% of the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot cycle. This can be
done because heat engines can only use part of the energy from their fuel
(usually less than 50%). In an ordinary (non-combined cycle) heat engine the
remaining heat (i.e., hot exhaust gas) from combustion is waste.

C. Combined Heat And Power (Cogeneration)

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine
or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.
Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) refers to the
simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from
the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms cogeneration
and trigeneration can be also applied to the power systems generating
simultaneously electricity, heat, and industrial chemicals – e.g., syngas or

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 pure hydrogen (article: combined cycles, chapter: natural gas integrated
power & syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle).

Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel because otherwise-wasted heat

from electricity generation is put to some productive use. Combined heat
and power (CHP) plants recover otherwise wasted thermal energy for
heating. This is also called combined heat and power district heating. Small
CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By-product heat at
moderate temperatures (100–180 °C, 212–356 °F) can also be used in
absorption refrigerators for cooling

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 Chapter 3
Different types of Combined Cycle Based on the use of
afterburner:
A. Combined cycle without afterburner.
B. Combined cycle with afterburner.
A. COMBINED CYCLE WITHOUT AFTER-BURNER:

GTCC plant without after-burner.

The simplest combined cycle (that is to say, without afterburner) is
shown in Figure 17.1.1: as the temperature of the gas turbine exhaust
gas can exceed 550 C, the maximum temperature level reached in a
steam cycle, it is quite possible to recover the enthalpy available at the
output of a gas turbine to heat a steam cycle. With some simplifying
assumptions, it is possible to construct an entropy chart allowing, for a
set of suitable scales, to superimpose the two thermodynamic cycles
(Figure 17.1.2). In this diagram, where the work done is proportional to
the area of the cycle, the gas turbine provides more power than the
steam engine (two-thirds of the total in practice). We can sometimes
improve the cycle efficiency by using the various changes discussed
during the presentation of the steam cycle: reheat and extractions.
However, as discussed below, the problem of steam cycle optimization
differs substantially from that of large steam power plants, due to the
pinch that appears in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG).
Overall performance: The enthalpy exchange in a combined cycle can
be summarized by the diagram in Figure

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  The gas turbine receives heat Qg from the hot source. It provides
on the one hand a useful work g, and secondly a heat (Qv + Qp).
The first term is the heat supplied to the steam cycle, the second
losses;
 The steam cycle produces useful work v, and the condenser
rejects heat Qc.

Let us call ng the gas turbine efficiency, nv that of the steam cycle, ncc that
of the combined cycle, and e the HRSG effectiveness, that is to say the ratio
of Qv to Q + Qv:
e =Qv/(Qp+Qv)
=Qg/(Qp+Qv)*Qv/Qg
=1/(1-ng)*Qv/Qg
ncc = (tg+tv)/Qg
=ng+nv*Qv/Qg
=ng+e(1-ng)nv
ncc=ng+e(1-ng)nv

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 The combined cycle efficiency is equal to the sum of that of the gas turbine
and the product of its complement to 1 by the HRSG effectiveness and the
steam cycle efficiency. For example, with g = 0.29, v = 0.32, ε = 0.83, we
obtain cc = 0.48.

B. COMBINED CYCLE WITH AFTER-BURNER: It is also possible

to perform an afterburning of gas turbine exhaust, to have more power
in the steam cycle, and especially to better control the combined cycle.
This is called combined cycle with afterburner.
Supplementary burners are also called duct burners. Duct burning is
possible because the turbine exhaust gas (flue gas) still contains
some oxygen. Temperature limits at the gas turbine inlet force the
turbine to use excess air, above the optimal stoichiometric ratio to burn
the fuel. The efficiency drops slightly because

GTCC with afterburner

the heat generated by the afterburner is not valued in the GT. In this case,
the total power is divided about equally between each machine. This type of
cycle is mainly appropriate when converting conventional steam plants in
combined cycle plants, by adding a topping gas cycle. The conventional plant
having its boiler, afterburning can be achieved without needing large
investment.

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 Chapter 4
HRSG

A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is an energy recovery heat exchanger

that recovers heat from a hot gas stream, such as a combustion turbine or other
waste gas stream. It produces steam that can be used in a process
(cogeneration) or used to drive a steam turbine (combined-cycle). HRSGs consist
of four major components: the economizer, evaporator, superheater and water
preheater. The different components are put together to meet the operating
requirements of the unit. See the attached illustration of a Modular HRSG
General Arrangement.

Modular HRSGs can be categorized by a number of ways such as direction of

exhaust gases flow or number of pressure levels. Based on the flow of exhaust
gases, HRSGs are categorized into vertical and horizontal types. In horizontal
type HRSGs, exhaust gas flows horizontally over vertical tubes whereas in
vertical type HRSGs, exhaust gas flow vertically over horizontal tubes. Based on
pressure levels, HRSGs can be categorized into single pressure and multi
pressure. Single pressure HRSGs have only one steam drum and steam is
generated at single pressure level whereas multi pressure HRSGs employ two

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(double pressure) or three (triple pressure) steam drums. As such triple pressure
HRSGs consist of three sections: an LP (low pressure) section, a reheat/IP
(intermediate pressure) section, and an HP (high pressure) section. Each section
has a steam drum and an evaporator section where water is converted to steam.
This steam then passes through superheaters to raise the temperature beyond
the saturation-point.
VARIATIONS IN HRSG
Some HRSGs include supplemental, or duct firing. These additional burners
provide additional energy to the HRSG, which produces more steam and hence
increases the output of the steam turbine. Generally, duct firing provides
electrical output at lower capital cost. It is therefore often utilized for peaking
operations.
HRSGs can also have diverter valves to regulate the inlet flow into the HRSG. This
allows the gas turbine to continue to operate when there is no steam demand
or if the HRSG needs to be taken offline.
Emissions controls may also be located in the HRSG. Some may contain a
Selective Catalytic Reduction system to reduce nitrogen oxides (a large
contributor to the formation of smog and acid rain) and/or a catalyst to remove
carbon monoxide. The inclusion of an SCR dramatically affects the layout of the
HRSG. NOx catalyst performs best in temperatures between 650 °F (340 °C) and
750 °F (400 °C). This usually means that the evaporator section of the HRSG will
have to be split and the SCR placed in between the two sections.

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 Chapter 5
Advantages of combined cycle powerplant
 It’s highly reliable, flexible and available.
 The cooling water required is less than for steam powerplant of same
capacity.
 It can startup and shut down quickly with less startup cost.
 We can use natural gas, which is very suitably available.
 The size and weight of the plants are small enough to be suitably
placed for ships, aircraft engine and locomotive engines.
 The high overall efficiency exceeding 50% and low emission level of
pollutants make it suitable for use in heavily polluted regions.
 Phased installations of GT and ST blocks are possible. Time between
the zero date and commercial operation date is reduced.
 Nearly 2/3rd of the power is produced from the GT, which requires
less capital investment than vapor power plant. This makes the
overall cost of GTCC plants approximately 30% less than conventional
steam power plants

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 CONCLUSION
The above report provides an overview of the various thermodynamic cycles and
their optimization to achieve the Three Es (Energy, environment and economy)
of power generation, which is very important for the practicing engineers
engaged in design, operation and maintenance of power plants. Considering the
soaring prices of petroleum and availability of coal reserve(mainly of poor
quality) in the country, it is believed that the future of the country energy needs
are met by utilising the available resources in a way with very little wastage and
the utilisation of coal in the way it does not cause a lot of pollution. The
renewable nonconventional power generation potential (constituting solar,
wind, biomass, ocean thermal power, sea-wave and tidal power) in our country
is estimated to be about 126,000 MW; However, the relevant technology will
take some time to become commercially viable. It is obvious that thermal power
generation technology will dominate the global energy scenario for the next few
decades even in the face of rapidly depleting reserve of fossil fuels.

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REFERENCES

POWER PLANT CYCLES: AN OVERVIEW

Dr. Ranjan Ganguly and Prof. Subhas Dutta Gupta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant
https://www.top-ee.com/combined-cycle-power-plant/
https://www.crcpress.com/downloads/K13708/Chp%2017_web%20Gicquel.pd
f
Advanced power cycles 2 by Dr. Ranjan Ganguly
Powerplant engineering by Nag P.K.

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