NARRATIVE TEXT

 Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story in the past.

 The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about
the story.

 Function:
1. To entertain the readers.
2. To teach or inform.
3. To change social opinion.

 The generic structure of Narrative text :

1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question :
who, when, what, and where).
1. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
This part includes situations, activities, or events that lead
problem/complication to the climax. It shows when the crisis arise.
2. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse. It shows the end of the story,
usually a happy ending.

 Other generic structures of narrative text:

1. Evaluation : (optional) The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral
message of the story
2. Coda : (optional) changes of the characters of lesson / value of the story.
3. Re-orientation : (optional) The ending of the story.

 The grammatical features of narrative texts are :

 Use of adjectives to build noun groups to describe the people, animals or
things in the story, such as… a nice, diligent and kind-hearted man, etc.
 Use of time connectives and conjunctions to sequence events through time,
such as however, although, later, then.
 Use of adverbs and adverbial phrases to locate the particular events, such as
once upon a time, long time ago.
 Use of past tenses, such as Aji Saka went to the kingdom, measured the size
of the turban, etc.
 Use of action verbs to indicate the actions, such as stood, explained,
provided, smashed.
 Use of saying and thinking verbs to indicate what characters are feeling
thinking or saying, such as told, realized, decided.

 The kind of narrative texts are :

 Legend :
Lake Toba, Malin Kundang, etc.
 Fable :
Crocodile and Mouse Deer, etc.
 A fairy tale :
Snow White, Cinderella, Pinocchio etc.
 Mystery :
Mirror, The Ring, Ghost Ship, etc.
 Science fiction :
Spider Man, Fantastic 4, etc.
 Example of narrative text:
 FUNCTIONAL TEXT
 Definition
Functional text is writing meant to help the reader accomplish an everyday task.

 Functional text is used for everyday information.

It is called functional because it helps you function in your day-to-day life.
For example :
 If I wanted to make chocolate chip cookies, I would read a recipe.
 If I wanted to know my friend's phone number, I would look in a phone book.
 If my English teacher gave a test, I would need to read the directions.

 Examples of functional text :

a recipe for cooking; directions to a location; a memo notifying of a change in a
company's address, or a store's opening time; a schedule of event times and
locations during a seminar; a directory of addresses, phone numbers or e-mail
addresses; directions on a test; a menu from a restaurant; a pamphlet notifying
the public of a grand opening, store closing, or a foreclosure; or a how-to manual
just to name a few.

 Example of Functional text in this discussion are :

A. Announcements
B. Memo
C. Menu
D. Schedule
E. Sign
F. Direction

A. ANNOUNCEMENT TEXT

 Definition of Announcement
An announcement is a written or spoken statement in public or formal words
containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen
so publicly people know what, when, and where it is about.

 Function of Announcement
An announcement is used for giving people some information of what has
happened or what will happen.

 Generic Structure of Announcement

1. Stating Purpose: The text that contains what event will be held
2. Stating Day and Date: Day and Date realization. The text that contains when
the event will be held
3. Stating Place: The text that contains where the event will be held
4. Informing Sender: The text that contains name of the person who will be
contacted
 Language Feature of Announcement
1. Using Simple Present Tense and simple future tense.
2. Example of words used in announcement
 Due to some technical problems, the show will…
 We apologize for the inconvenience
 Hi, Guys! Our neighborhood will hold a fund Raising Activity next month
3. Using exact noun
4. Pronunciation and Intonation (spoken announcement)
5. Spelling and Punctuation

 Kinds of Announcement
1. public service announcements,
2. high school graduation announcements,
3. college graduation announcements,
4. engagement announcements,
5. marriage and wedding announcements,
6. pregnancy announcements,
7. birth announcements,
8. adoption announcements,
9. school student’s organization announcements,
10. save the date announcements,
11. moving announcements,
12. business announcements,
13. job announcements,
14. promotion announcements,
15. retirement announcements,
16. funeral announcements
17. lost and found
18. etc.

 The followings are some tips in writing announcement

1. Straightforward and ease the readers to get information quickly
2. Keep it short, inviting, and to the point
3. Clear and complete
4. For a bad news, make a direct and no-nonsense statement

 The example of announcement to understand better on what and how an

announcement is written. Here they are:
 B. MEMO

 Definition of Memo
The memo is a concise message, the message is written someone with a short,
clear, and easy to understand. According to its use, there is an official nature
memos and personal (not official).
Memo is officially adopted as a statement in the official relationship of a leader
to his subordinates. Be used as a personal memo memorandum or letter is not an
official statement among friends, relatives, or others who have a close
relationship.

 The Characteristics
1. Special letters are made specifically for the purpose in the office or
organization
2. Judging from the circulation , an office or organization may submit a memo
horizontally and vertically
3. Submission is horizotal a memo to the delivery office which has the equivalent
4. Submission is a submission vertically memo from superiors to subordinates
or otherwise to remind or ordered something
5. Is a form of communication that give advice , referrals , or illumination about
something
6. Have a piece of mail that is much simpler than the official letter in general ,
especially in the letter .
7. Due to the limited pedarannya , scrap usually do not include the identity of
the office , such as office name , phone number , fax , and postal code.

 The characteristics of the form of scrap

Form of scrap consists of two parts:
1. Head Memo
- Receiver
- Sender
- Subject and date of sender
- Initials and name of the sender
2. Contents, the author immediately notice the message or command in the
short and straightforward sentences.

 Example of Memo
- Examples of memos on schools

To : Ali Zafran, S.Pd.

From : Muhammad Genta, M.Pd.
Date : June 21st, 2013
Subject : Data of School Budget Plan

In the next three weeks, we will make a special meeting with the parents. The meeting will discuss
the plan management for the school budget. We must give a correct understanding of the funds in
details. It is a must because the funds come from parents which will be used for a school
construction. I personally hope you can make the data in detail. Your data is based on the financial
report for the last six months.
 - Examples of memos on office

Inspire Electronics Center Jakarta, Indonesia

Official memo

To: All Employees

From: Muhammad Lutfi, Manager
Date: June 21st, 2013
Subject: Farewell Ceremony

It is used to tell you all that the farewell ceremony in honor of Aldi Dafian, Assistant Manager, will be
held at 07:00 PM on June 25, 2013. All people in this company are required to attend the ceremony.

- Examples of memos on university

To : Randika Satria
From : Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aldin, M.Pd.
Date : June 21st, 2013
Subject : Additional Class of Psycholinguistics

In Saturday morning exactly at 7.30 A.M., we will hold an additional class for a psycholinguistics because
your material in preparing for the final examination is not fulfilled enough. Tell your friend and enjoy my
class.

 Exercises :

To :RaihanArdilangga

Date : March 27, 2014

Raihan, I need your help to announce all the managers that we are going to take a meeting on Saturday,
March 29. Also, you have to prepare the data of our finance report for this month. It must be clear before
the meeting because the data is included in the meeting and should be presented in front of all the
managers. I will be there on Friday to check your work.

Sincerely,
David Sitohang

1. What does the memo talk about?

A. The meeting which will be carried out on March 29
B. The data of finance report
C. A presentation to the all managers
D. Checking the work of Raihan Ardilangga on Friday
2. Why does Raihan need to prepare the finance report?
A. Because the job is his regular work
B. The company hasn’t received the data for this month yet
C. It will be included and presented in the meeting
D. To complete the previous report
3. When does David come back?
A. As soon as possible
B. A day before the meeting
C. On Saturday morning
D. On March 29, 2014
4. See on the first sentence, …. going to take a meeting on Saturday, March
29. The underlined word is similar with ….
A. Discussion
B. Workshop
C. Division
D. Gathering
 B. MENU

 Definition of menu
Menu is a list of Food and Beverage items with unit or package price and some
menu are furnished with introduction of Food like with what made the food.
Which an establishment can offer, arrange is logical sequence.
When guest take seat in a table of a restaurant then menu submission is the first
job of a waiter/waitress after welcome to Guest so that they can be aware about
your food and its price

 Types of menu :
1. Pricing
2. Schedule
3. Meal Time
4. Specialty
5. Pricing
Under this category, menus are led by the way they are priced to meet the varying
budgets of customers. Menu items may be individually priced or a whole meal
priced.

 Example of menu :
 D. SCHEDULE

 Definition of schedule:
A schedule is a printed from with lists of information: stock prices, train
departure times, payment schedules, etc.

 Other definition of schedule:

 Schedule (workplace)
a list of employees who are working on any given day, week, or month in a
workplace
 Schedule (project management)
a list of a project's terminal elements with intended start and finish dates
 Schedule (computer science)
a list of actions from a set of transactions in databases

 Example of Schedule:
1. Time table schedule

2. Train schedule

3. Flight schedule
 E. SIGN
 Definition of sign :
A sign is language in its own right and its meaning universally shared by people
belonging to a specific geographical location. For instance, a sign is mainly used
to give warning to people, inform them or to regulate their conduct in certain
instances. A sign is mandatory to follow since it is communicating vital
information with you. For example, when driving a red traffic light tells you to
stop.
 Function of sign :
1. To give notice, advice, or intimation to (a person, group, etc.) of danger,
impending evil, possible harm, or anything else unfavorable.
2. To urge or advise to be careful.
3. To admonish or exhort.
4. To give notice to (a person, group, etc.) to go, keep at a distance, etc.

 Characteristic of sign :
Using the keyword : Must; May; Allow/ allowed; Should; Permit/ permitte

 Example of sign :
 F. ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTION

 Giving and asking directions

This lesson you will be learning how to give directions to another person when
they ask you for directions on how to go somewhere. and also give examples of
how to ask for directions as well.

 Important verbs and prepositions when giving directions

 Expression used for finding places in the building.

 Asking for Direction
- Where is the .... ?
- Can you tell me where .... is?
- How do I get to .... ?
- I’m looking for ....
- Where can I find .... ?
- Could you tell me how I can get to .... please?
 Giving Direction
- Go Straight ahead.
- Turn left/right at the . . . / as you come out of the elevator
- Go across the . . . .
- Get usp stairs/down stairs.
- Go up/down in the elevator/lift.
- Take the elevator/lift to the ...
- It’s on the . . . . floor.
- It’s in the basement.
- It’s next to/beside . . . .
- It’s between . . . and . . . .
- It’s at the end of the corridor.
- It’s on your right/left.
 Expression used for finding places outdoor
 Asking for Direction
- Could you tell me where ....is?
- Could you direct me to ...?
- Can you tell me how to get to ...?
- Would you tell me the way to ...?
- How far is ...?
- Where is the nearest ...?
- Which way is it to ...?
 Giving Direction
- Go ahead.
- Go straight down this road.
- Go straight over.
- Follow this road/street as far as the ...
- Take the first left/right.
- Go around the corner to your left.
- Turn left/right.
- Cross the street/road.
- Take the left/right turn.

 Expression used for finding places

 At junction
- Turn left
- Turn Right
 At an intersection/crossroad.
- Go ahead.
- Go straight on.
- Go straight over.
 At a roundabout.
- Take the second exit.
- Take the third exit.

 Example Dialog Asking and Giving Direction

Yuna : Good morning, Mr. Bi!
Mr. Bi : Good morning, Yuna!
Yuna : Can I ask you something?
Mr. Bi : Yes, of course.
Yuna : Where is the administration room?
Mr. Bi : From here, it is T-junction, you can go straight, there is an
intersection then turn right, finally you will pass the teachers'
room and administrative space room is on the right side of
teachers' lounge .
Yuna : Thank you Mr. Bi.
Mr. Bi : You are welcome Yuna.
 COMPARISSON
 Definition
Degrees of comparison refers to adjectives being written in different forms to
compare one, two or more nouns which are words describing persons, places and
things.

 The forms of comparison

 Most comparative forms of the adjective are formed by adding -er to the
positive form of the adjective. Most superlative forms of the adjective are
formed by adding -est to the positive form of the adjective.
The table below gives examples. The adjectives are in italics.

Mercury is a large planet. (Positive Degree)

Earth is larger than Mercury. (Comparative Degree)
Jupiter is the largest planet of all. (Superlative Degree)

The three different forms of comparison are the positive, the comparative and
the superlative.
 The forms of comparison are the positive, the comparative and the
superlative. Positive degree
The positive is the form of the adjective that describes one noun.
It used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak
about. It is used when no comparison is made.
Example :
- It is a tall building.
- Apple is sweet to taste.
 The Comparative Degree
The comparative form of the adjective compares two nouns.
It used to compare the qualities of two persons or things.
The Comparative Degree denotes the existence of a higher degree of the
quality than the positive.
Example :
- This building is taller than any other building.
- Apple is sweeter than pear.
 The Superlative Degree
The superlative form of the adjective compares more than two nouns.
It denotes the existence of the highest degree of the quality. It is used
when more than two things are compared.
Example :
- This is the tallest building.
- Apple is the sweetest fruit.

 Some adjectives change spelling in the comparative and superlative forms

when -er and -est are added respectively. If the adjective in the positive form
ends in y, the y is changed to i and the endings -er or -est are added in the
comparative and superlative. With a common adjective such as big, the final
g is doubled in the comparative and superlative forms before the -er and -est
are added.
The table below gives examples. The adjectives are in italics.

Big dolphin. (Positive Degree)

Bigger dolphin. (Comparative Degree)
Biggest dolphin. (Superlative Degree)

Tiny butterfly. (Positive Degree)

Tinier butterfly. (Comparative Degree)
Tiniest butterfly. (Superlative Degree)
  If an adjective has more than one syllable, the word more or less is placed in
front of the positive form of the adjective in the comparative form and the er
is not added. If the adjective has three or more syllables, the word most or
least is placed in front of the positive form of the adjective.
The table below gives examples. The adjectives are in italics.

Intelligent animal. (Positive Degree)

More intelligent animal. (Comparative Degree)
Most intelligent animal. (Superlative Degree)

 Some common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

The table below gives examples of the positive, comparative and superlative
forms of these adjectives.
The table below gives examples. The adjectives are in italics.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Good Better Best

Bad Worse Worst
Little Less Least

Much, Many, Some More Most

Far Further Furthest

 There are some adjectives that aren't used in the comparative or the superlative.
These would include: absolute, adequate, chief, complete, devoid, entire, fatal,
final, ideal, impossible, inevitable, irrevocable, main, manifest, minor,
paramount, perpetual, preferable, principal, stationary, sufficient, unanimous,
unavoidable, unbroken, unique, universal, whole

 List of Degree of Comparison

 Model 1
By adding ‘-er’ and ‘-est’

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Bright Brighter Brightest
Black Blacker Blackest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Cold Colder Coldest
Fast Faster Fastest
Great Greater Greatest
High Higher Highest
Kind Kinder Kindest
Long Longer Longest
Small Smaller Smallest
Strong Stronger Strongest
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Tall Taller Tallest
Young Younger Youngest
 Model 2
By adding ‘-r’ and ‘-st’

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Brave Braver Bravest
Fine Finer Finest
Large Larger Largest
Nice Nicer Nicest
Noble Nobler Noblest
Pale Paler Palest
Simple Simpler Simplest
Wise Wiser Wisest
White Whiter Whitest

 Model 3
By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘-ier’ and ‘-iest’

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Costly Costlier Costliest
Dry Drier Driest
Easy Easier Easiest
Happy Happier Happiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Lazy Lasier Lasiest
Mercy Mercier Merciest
Wealthy Wealthier Wealthiest

 Model 4
By doubling the final consonants

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Big Bigger Biggest
Dim Dimmer Dimmest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Hot Hotter Hottest
Thin Thinner Thinnest

 Model 5
By using more- and most-

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Active More active Most active
Attractive More attractive Most attractive
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Brilliant More brilliant Most brilliant
Careful More careful Most careful
Courageous More courageous Most courageous
Cunning More cunning Most cunning
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Famous More famous Most famous
Faithful More faithful Most faithful
Proper More proper Most proper
Popular More popular Most popular
Splendid More splendid Most splendid