Analysis of Sukhna Lake sustainability and watershed hydrodynamics

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Analysis of sustainability of Sukhna Lake and determination of hydrodynamics

of Watershed of Sukhna Lake with special reference to urbanization impact
assessment
Article · March 2013
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www.ijird.com March, 2013 Vol 2 Issue 3
ISSN: 2278 – 0211 (Online)

Editorial:Analysis Of Sustainability Of
Sukhna Lake And Determination Of
Hydrodynamics Of Watershed Of Sukhna
Lake With Special Reference To Urbanization
Impact Assessment
Ruby Siddiqui
Research Scholar, Geology Department, CMJ University, Shillong, India
Prof Gauhar Mahmood

Professor, Geology Section, Civil Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology,Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Dr. S. Rehan Ali

Associate Professor & Head of the Department,
Civil Engineering Department,Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
Abstract:
The Sukhna Lake is located on the foothills of Siwalik Hill in the UT of Chandigarh. It
is bounded by Siwalik foot hills in the north which provides natural rainwater runoff
to the Lake and forms major water shed for the Lake and it has a surface area of 52
km2. The Lake has an area of 3 km2. Two seasonal tributaries namely Kansal and
Suketri are mainly contributing water to the Sukhna Lake.
The total runoff potential provided to the Lake from all the lithologies of its water
shade is estimated to be 2.7 mcm. Four Lake Zone models are developed in response
to seasonal expansion and shrinkage of the Lake and the total water quantity required
to develop the Lake up to zone IV is estimated to be 4.5mcm which is double the
amount provided to the Lake from its natural water shed. In order to meet this deficit
of 1.8 mcm, additional rainwater harvesting structure can be provided collecting
water from the urbanized sectors of the city, situated in the periphery of the Lake and
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 456

the total potential provided by these sectors after doing rainwater harvesting
practices estimated to be 2.4mcm which seems to fulfill the Lake up to model zone IV.
Thus the present study deals with the analysis of Sukhna lake, its existence and revival
along with the proposal of increasing the water shed of the lake by applying rain
water harvesting techniques to the adjoining sectors of Chandigarh city and diverting
Storm water drainage toward the lake as the present natural water shed seems to be
insufficient to fulfill the total requirement of the Lake.
Key words: Sukhna Lake, Runoff, Watershed, Rainwater Harvesting, Revitalization

GIS

1.Introduction
1.1.General
The Siwalik Hills are the southernmost and geologically youngest east-west mountain
chain of the Himalayas. The Siwaliks have many sub-ranges. The hills are cut through at
wide intervals by numerous large rivers flowing south from the Himalayas [1].
The Sukhna Lake is located on the foothills of Siwalik Hills in the union territory of
Chandigarh and is located at 32 0 42’ N latitude and 760 54’ E longitudes. It is bounded by
Siwalik foot hills in the north which also provides natural rainwater runoff to the Lake
and forms major water shed for the Lake and it has a surface area of 52 km2 at the
southern end an artificially created embankment blocks the Lake water and thus gives
rise to Sukhna reservoir. The Lake has an area of 3 km2with a maximum depth of 4.7m
and a minimum depth of 2.4m[2].
The present study projects the topography of the catchment area of the lake, demarcation
of the watershed and studying various factors which seems to be responsible for
disturbance of the regular flow of rainfall runoff which ultimately changes the natural
process of recharge of the lake by the undisturbed runoff provided by the rainfall and
finally responsible for the depletion of the water levels of the lake.
Figure 1: Drainage System of Chandigarh Siwalik Hills
1.2.Sukhna Lake
Chandigarh is a Union Territory (U.T.) located at the foothills of the Siwaliks about 250
kms north of Delhi. It lies between North latitudes 300 43’and 300 47 and East longitudes
76 0 32and 760 54’ between Satluj and Ghaggur river and is covered in Survey of India
Toposheet no 53 B/14[3].

There is no large natural surface water body in Chandigarh though small ponds do exist
in the rural areas. The Sukhna Choe is a seasonal stream coming down from the Siwalik
hills has been dammed in the northeast side of the city, which has given rise to an
artificial lake having an surface area of about 3 km2 with a minimum depth of 8 feet and
a maximum depth of 16 feet .The present volume of the lake has reduced to 56% of its
original and main cause reported is heavy siltation coming to the lake from the foothills
of the surrounding hills. The lake, known as Sukhna has water holding capacity of 4.5
million cubic meters (mcm) and a total catchment area of 52 km2.
2.Objectives And Scope Of The Study

The following objectives shall be achieved for the revitalization of water bodies in
general and for Sukhna Lake in particular:
 To delineate the catchment area of Sukhna Lake in present condition.
 To delineate the drainage system and the modern watershed of this lake.
 To calculate the surface runoff with varying rainfall intensity.
 To delineate the feasibility and design of rainwater harvesting master plan
for development of Sukhna Lake.
 Finally to provide the sustainability of the Sukhna Lake with the help of
delineation of systematic hydrological techniques.
2.1.Scope Of The Study

The Sukhna Lake is a man-made water body created in 1958 by blocking the
Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Sivalik Hills. This lake
was largely fed by runoff created by rainwater and the catchment area needs to be
maintained in order to retain good water levels throughout the year. But the
heavy siltation problem over years has affected the water holding capacity of the
lake and has reduced its volume by 56%.Many efforts are being done by forest
department of Chandigarh like afforestation of the catchment area.
Hence the present study shall be able to solve the above mentioned problem by GIS
techniques, modern equipments and tools for the sustainable development of water
bodies of Sukhna Lake.

3.Methodology Adopted
The following methodologies were adopted in order to achieve the result for the
revitalization of Sukhna Lake.
1. Delineation of watershed of Sukhna Lake area.
 The watershed of Sukhna Lake was analyzed on the basis of Survey of
India Toposheet no 53 B/14 in which all the major drainage system
connecting to the Sukhna Lake were analyzed on regional basis at a
scale of 1:50,000 and then the watershed of the major drainage system
were further delineated.
 Once the watershed were analyzed the runoff calculation were carried
out on the basis of rainfall pattern of the area.
2. The rainfall pattern was analyzed on the basis of Precipitation data
available at Meteorological Department sources at different stations. In
this way the data from year 2007 to 2011 was analyzed.
4.Analysis And Discussion

 Delineation and analysis of watershed of Sukhna Lake area.
 Hydro meteorological analysis of Sukhna Lake area including climatic
conditions.
 Analysis of seepage rate of Sukhna Lake area.
 Analysis of surface geology of Sukhna Lake area.
 Hydro geological analysis for the groundwater conditions and behavior of
Sukhna Lake area.
 Sustainability analysis of Sukhna Lake area to verify the hydrologic
equation for storage capacity and enhancement for revitalization of
Sukhna Lake area.

5.Descriptionofthe Study Area
Figure 2: Topographical setting of Siwalik Hills and Sukhna Lake at its foothills
Source-Ground water information Booklet Chandigarh (U.T.)
http://www.holidayiq.com/Morni-Hills-Panchkula-Sightseeing-923-10835.html,
6.Environmental Interpretation Of The Sukhna Lake Area
6.1.Rainfall And Climate

The climate of Chandigarh can be classified as subtropical with hot summer and cold
winter except during monsoon season when moist air of oceanic origin reaches the area.
The normal annual rainfall of the UT is 111.07 mm, which is unevenly distributed over
the area in 49 days. The highest relative humidity touches 80% during July –August
whereas the lowest relative humidity values of 26% are recorded during April-May[4]

Mean
Mean Total
Temperature oC Mean Number of
Months Rainfall
Daily Daily Rain Days
(mm)
Minimum Maximum
Jan 6.1 20.4 46.6 3.8
Feb 8.3 23.1 33.9 3.9
Mar 13.4 28.5 29.3 2.6
Apr 18.9 34.5 11.3 2.4
May 23.2 38.3 24.2 2.5
Jun 25.4 38.6 112.6 7.1
Jul 24.0 34.0 276.3 12.9
Aug 23.3 32.8 282.8 13.3
Sep 21.8 33.1 179.0 6.1
Oct 17.0 31.8 41.6 1.9
Nov 10.5 27.3 6.7 1.3
Dec 6.7 22.1 18.9 1.9
Table 1: Meteorological Information for Chandigarh (Climatological
information based on monthly averages for last 30 years period 1961-1990).
Source: Weather Information for Chandigarh,
http://worldweather.wmo.int/066/c00526.htm, India Meteorological
Department.
YEARS
MONTHS
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
JAN 0.0 13.1 7.0 8.8 4.5
FEB 164.7 2.2 19.0 16.0 17.3
MAR 137.3 0.0 19.6 0.0 11.2
APR 6.0 33.2 11.6 3.7 2.3
MAY 9.8 49.8 31.2 8.2 52.7
JUN 180.2 376.2 37.8 166.2 210.2
JUL 139.6 182.6 202.2 373.4 201.6
AUG 271.9 291.0 192.9 242.2 180.7
SEP 53.0 263.2 326.0 340.1 169.4
OCT 2.2 11.2 11.2 13.6 0.0
NOV 0.0 2.O 14.7 0.7 0.0
DEC 7.6 0.0 0.7 41.1 10.9
Table 2: District Rainfall Data for last 5 years (2007-2011)

Source: Hydromet Division, India Meteorological Department, District Rainfall (Mm.)
For Last Five Years, District: Chandigarh
http://www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/distrainfall/webrain/chandigarh/chandigarh.txt

6.2.Geomorphology
Four physiographic units are encountered in Chandigarh, The Siwalik range trending
NW-SE forms the northeastern side boundary of Chandigarh and is exposed in a small
patch on the northeastern side. Southwestern slopes of the foothills are covered with
loose talus material deposited by hill torrents forming alluvial fans. These alluvial fans
coalesce to form piedmont Kandi formation running parallel to the hill ranges. The
Kandi formations merge into Sirowal formations in south and southwest. The alluvial
deposits belong to Quaternary age and comprise layers of fine sand and clay[4].
7.Siltation Problems Of Sukhna Lake

Sukhna Lake was formed by blocking the water flow of Sukhna choe by making an
earthen embankment. The water holding capacity of Sukhna Lake has been deteriorating
with time since its formation. The reasons being urbanization and heavy siltation to the
lake. The small hills and undulating terrain in northern and eastern parts of the study area
falls in catchment of Sukhna lake[5]. The Urbanization impact has been intensified with
the development of sectors, disturbance of watershed due to construction of roads as well
as development of tourist spots in the upstream direction around Morni hills and Sukhna
Lake catchment area[6].
The other issues are weed overgrowth, catchment adequacy (can be achieved by
increasing watershed area of the lake by doing rainwater harvesting practice around the
lake), siltation problem which has prominently reduced the size and depth of the lake.
The volume of the lake has been reduced to 56% of its original due to heavy siltation
coming with rainwater runoff along the hill slopes.
8. Geological Interpretation
The Union Territory of Chandigarh is occupied by semi consolidated formations of
Upper Siwalik system of middle Miocene age that are exposed in north eastern fringe
whereas the rest of the Territory is occupied by Indo-Gangetic plain comprising alluvium
of Pleistocene age. The piedmont deposits at the foothills of Siwalik Hills comprise
cobble, pebble, and boulder, associated with sand, silt, and clay. The piedmont deposits
are followed by alluvial plain comprised of clay, silt and sand [7].

9.Analysisofwatershedand Drainagesystemof Sukhna Lake
The perusal of the map indicates the major runoff comes from N-E and North direction
in which it is found that the drainage follows the relief pattern in general. However, the
watershed of the lake seems to be undisturbed but the main cause for depletion of the
Lake is the flow of fine sandy material or silt which is known to flow and get deposited
to the Siwalik foothills with the surface runoff water thus impairing the free flow of
runoff water to the lake and also causing logging at the vicinity of the lake.. Thus the
volume of the lake has also reduced due to excessive sedimentation .The analysis of the
runoff generated in the watershed area of Sukhna Lake as per lithology variance and
gradient are as follows.
Intensity Runoff
Runoff of rainfall Potenti
Area
S.No. Lithology Coefficien for year al(mcm
(km2)
t (c) 2011 )
( mm) Q=CIA
Semi-consolidated 1.4
1 0.3 1110.7 42.25
material mcm.
Cobble, pebble, 1.0
2 0.4 1110.7 2.42
Boulders mcm.
0.23
3 Silt, Sand, Clay 0.25 1110.7 8.44
mcm.
Table 3: Analysis of Run-off potential of watershed area of Sukhna Lake

Total=2.7 mcm.
The analysis of runoff potential of watershed area indicates that there are number of local
drainage generated from Siwalik Hill area toward Sukhna Lake. The empirical relation
has been established by applying the following formula.
Q=CIA
Where Q is the total runoff and C is taken as coefficient of runoff and I is taken as
intensity of rainfall, A=Area in km2. It is found that there are three lithological units
which are already described with their occupied area in Table- 1.It was analyzed that the
runoff generated from following formations covering an area of
Semi-consolidated material=42.25 km2

Cobble, pebble, boulders = 1.42 km2
Sand, Silt, Clay =8.44 km2
Figure 3:Watershed and Drainage map of Sukhna Lake area

In totality, the runoff was generated as 2.7mcm.
Average Area of
Average intensity of watershed for all Average monthly
S.NO. Months Runoff rainfall for lithologies of the runoff potential
Coefficient last 5 years watershed area (m3)
(mm) (Km2)
1 JAN 0.31 6.6 52.1 92.2
2 FEB 0.31 43.84 52.1 694.5
3 MAR 0.31 33.56 52.1 538.5
4 APR 0.31 56.8 52.1 917.6
5 MAY 0.31 15.7 52.1 225.6
6 JUN 0.31 19.0 52.1 305.6
7 JUL 0.31 219.9 52.1 3395.5
8 AUG 0.31 235.7 52.1 3715.6
9 SEP 0.31 230.34 52.1 3685.8
10 OCT 0.31 7.64 52.1 116.7
11 NOV 0.31 3.48 52.1 48.8
12 DEC 0.31 3.6 52.1 35.34
Table 4: Average monthly Runoff Potential available to Sukhna Lake from its
watershed.

10.Seasonal Response Of Sukhna Lake With Its Expansion And Shrinkage
Seasonal response of Sukhna Lake’s original extent occupies a vast area of 4.8 km2 in
which the remaining wet area has been analyzed as 3.3 km2 which clearly indicates that
about 68% of the area remains as wet area. This is mainly due to the heavy silt coming to
the lake and impairing with the water holding capacity of the Sukhna Lake area.
For the simplicity of calculation study of seasonal response with the expansion and
shrinkage of Sukhna Lake has been carried out which is shown in the table no-6
Figure 4: Seasonal response of Sukhna Lake with its expansion and shrinkage.
It is found that Sukhna Lake may be divided into three models namely model I, II, III. It
is found that since zone of present wet area of the lake (Zone I) which is 3.3 km2 has got
the maximum depth of 4.8 m on an average which occupies the volume of the water as
1.6 mcm which is a conformity to our previous calculation that only this amount of water
through runoff is reaching to the lake and so the present condition of the lake represented
by the total watershed volume.However, in order to develop the model I of the lake
which occupies an area of 3.8 km2 with an average depth of 3.5 m will require about 1.1
mcm water. likely to develop model III which occupies an area of 4.2 km2 with an
average depth of 2.8m will require the volume of runoff as 0.92 mcm and lastly in order

to develop the model IV of the lake which occupies an area of 4.8 km2 in an average
depth of 2.4m will require 0.84 mcm of runoff .
Averag
Cumulative
e depth Water
water
Zone Area Area (km2) of the Requireme
requirement
zone nt (m3)
(mcm)
(m)
Present Sukhna lake(Model
3.01 4.76 16.0 1.6
Zone I)
Model II 3.60 3.5 11.3 2.7
Model III 4.20 2.8 9.2 3.7
Model IV 4.50 2.43 8.4 4.5
Table 5: Seasonal response of Sukhna Lake with its growth and shrinkage.
11.Assessment Of Hydro Meteorological Behaviour Of Sukhna Lake

The hydrological behavior of watershed is strongly influenced by the amount,
distribution and intensity of rainfall in addition to soil, slope, vegetation cover and
several other watershed characteristics. The Rainfall data of the Chandigarh area for last
5 year was taken from INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT DISTRICT
CHANDIGARH.
Hydrological graphs were prepared on the basis of Runoff potential and the yearly month
wise hydrographic analyses for respective 5 years (2007-2011) for Water potential vs.
Rainfall.
In all it seems that the total runoff generated by the natural existing present watershed is
about 2.7 mcm against the total requirement of all zones is about 4.5mcm. There is a
deficit of 1.8mcm required to recharge the lake to its Modal Zone IV. It is clear from the
runoff calculation and water requirement of the lake is more than the total amount of
water reaching to the lake by surface runoff.
Thus this extra requirement can be achieved by channelizing the rainwater runoff from
the urbanized sectors by implying rainwater harvesting techniques.

11.1.Analysis Of Water Potential In Sukhna Lake On The Basis Of Rainfall
Characteristicsfor The Year 2007 To 2011:
The total incoming water content of the Sukhna Lake through its existing water shed
given in table number -3 and its expansion up to all four zones had been analyzed .The
yearly month wise hydrographic analyses for respective 5 years (2007-2011) for Water
potential vs. Rainfall are as follows.
Year 2007
4000 55
Water content of the lake(mcm)

3500 50
45
3000
Rainfall in mm.
40
2500 35
2000 30
25
1500 20
1000 15
10
500 5
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov dec
Rainfall in m.m. Water content of the lake(mcm)
Graph 1: Hydrographic Analysis For Year 2007- Rainfall vs. Total lake water potential.
Months Runoff Potential (mm) Water Content of the Lake (mcm)

JAN 0 23
FEB 2144.39 25
MAR 1787.65 22
APR 78.12 13.0
MAY 127.60 8.0
JUN 690.06 48.7
JUL 1817.59 48.5
AUG 3536.23 49.3
SEP 2346.20 47.2
OCT 28.64 31
NOV 0 24
DEC 98.95 21
Table 6: Monthly Rainfall Data (2007) and Seasonal Response of Lake water content.

Year 2008
5000 55
Water content of the

4500 50
Rainfall in mm.
4000 45
3500 40
lake(mcm)
3000 35
2500 30
25
2000 20
1500 15
1000 10
500 5
0 0
Months Runoff potential (mm) Water content of the lake (mcm)

JAN 170.56 23
FEB 28.64 25
MAR 0 22
APR 432.26 13
MAY 648.39 8
JUN 2377.45 48
JUL 3788.82 48.5
AUG 4898.12 49.3
SEP 3426.86 47.2
OCT 145.82 31
NOV 26.04 24
DEC 0 21

Year 2009
5000 55

4500 50
4000 45
Rainfall in mm. 3500 40
35
3000
30
2500
25
2000
20
1500 15
1000 10
500 5
0 0
Graph 3: Hydrographic Analysis For Year 2009- Rainfall vs. Total lake water potential
JAN 91.14 23
FEB 247.38 25
MAR 255.19 22
APR 151.03 13
MAY 406.22 8
JUN 479.13 12
JUL 2632.64 48.5
AUG 4244.52 49.3
SEP 4244.52 47.2
OCT 145.82 31
NOV 191.39 24
DEC 9.11 21
Table 8 : Monthly Rainfall Data (2009) and Seasonal Response of Lake water content.

Year 2010
5000 55

4500 50
4000 45
Rainfall in mm.
3500 40
35
3000
30
2500
25
2000 20
1500 15
1000 10
500 5
0 0
Runoff Water content

Months potential of the lake
(mm) (mcm)
JAN 4.576 23
FEB 208.32 25
MAR 0 22
APR 48.17 13
MAY 106.76 8
JUN 2163.92 47
JUL 3153.44 48.5
AUG 4861.67 49.3
SEP 4428.10 47.2
OCT 177.07 31
NOV 9.11 24
DEC 535.12 21

Year 2011
5000 55

4500 50
4000 45
Rainfall in mm.
3500 40
35
3000
30
2500
25
2000 20
1500 15
1000 10
500 5
0 0
Graph 5: Hydrographic Analysis For Year 2011- Rainfall vs. Total lake water potential

JAN 58.59 23
FEB 225.25 25
MAR 145.82 22
APR 29.94 13
MAY 686.15 8
JUN 2205.59 12
JUL 2352.71 48.5
AUG 2624.83 49.3
SEP 2736.80 47.2
OCT 0 31
NOV 0 24
DEC 141.92 21
In these graphs, maximum rainfall was recorded in the months of August and September
and zero rainfall was recorded in month of November and January. Since
thehydrographic representation seems to be almost parallel in 5 years which clearly
indicates that the intensity of runoff is directly dependent on rainfall condition which is

the only variable available in this regard It is found the filling of the total wet area of the
lake needs contribution from more catchment areas which may be increased with the
help of feasibility and design of rain water harvesting master plan of Chandigarh area. It
is also analyzed that few sectors adjoining to Sukhna lake namely 1, 2,3,4,5, 6 and 12
may be incorporated as additional watershed of Sukhna Lake.
12. Rainwater Harvesting Techniques

Rainwater harvesting is the most relevant techniques defined as the act of collecting and
storing precipitation from a catchment surface. The collection a storage of rainwater is an
old technology which is gaining popularity now a days as the surface as well as ground
water resources are depleting at an alarming rate in most of the urban territories [2].
Chandigarh is one of the example as the surface water resource is inadequate to meet the
requirement and thus has exerted immense pressure on groundwater resources and thus
causing its fast depletion [8].
Rainwater harvesting techniques involve the storage of rainwater as surface water bodies
for future use and includes surface structure like tanks, ponds, reservoirs etc.
As Sukhna Lake Catchment is heavily loaded by the fine sand and silt coming along with
the surface rainwater runoff along the slopes of Siwalik Hills, the free flow of runoff
water toward the lake becomes sluggish. Also the catchment of the lake is suddenly
restricted in the South periphery by road and also some sectors have been developed in
the lake periphery namely Sector 1 to Sector 6 and Sector 12 thus restricting the
watershed of the Lake. Thus the recharging runoff is only provided from the hilly areas
bordering the lake in the north part only. But this natural watershed seems to be
insufficient to provide requisite amount of water in order to develop the lake to its full
level. However, the catchment of the lake can be increased by including few peripheral
sectors of the city by applying RWH practices and thus channelizing the extra runoff
generated from the roof top, roads, and open spaces of each sector toward the lake.
Following table shows the runoff potential calculation done for each sector by applying
the formula Q=CxIxA where Q is total runoff generated which can be further divided
after assuming the following breakup as.
Q=QRooftop(%) + QRoads(%) + QOpenspaces (%)

Intensity of Total Assuming the Runoff

Coefficient
Rainfall Area Division of Area generated by
Sector of Runoff
(mm) (Km2) ( Km2) RWH (mcm)
CRooftop QRooftop 20%
1.12
=85% =0.22
Sector1 CRoads=75% 1.1 QRoads 30 %= 0.33 4.2
COpen Space QOpen Space
=30% 50%=0.55
CRooftop
0.28 QRooftop 55%=0.15
=85%
Sector2 CRoads=75% 1.1 QRoads 25%=0.07 0.18
=30% 20%=0.56
0.14
=85% =0.11
Sector3 CRoads=75% 1.1 QRoads 20%= 0.06 0.14
=30% 45%=0.14
0.13
=85% =0.11
=30% 40%=0.11
0.16
=85% =0.12
=30% 30%=0.09
0.38
=85% =0.06
=30% 80%=1.02
1.0
=85% =0.55
Sector
CRoads=75% 1.1 QRoads 20 %= 0.25 1.01
12
=30% 40%=0.55
Table 11: Showing the calculation done for rainwater runoff contributed by different
areal units namely rooftop, roads, open and green spaces.
Total=2.7mcm

12.1. Water Content Augmentation Of The Lake
An estimation was done, analyzing about the augmentation of lake water content after
implying rainwater harvesting structures directing the rainwater from the adjoining
sectors towards the lake assuming the breakup of the total area of a sector into various
units viz rooftops , roads, open and green spaces. The contribution provided by these
above mentioned units varies from one sector to another.
A comparative graph is plotted between the present water content of the four individual
zones of the lake and to that of augmented water content of all four respective zones after
implying RWH techniques of the surrounding sectors (Sector 1, Sector2, Sector3,
Sector4, Sector5, Sector 6 and Sector 12) and thus directing the rainwater runoff flow to
the lake.
Previous water Augmented water

Model content of the lake content of the lake after
( mcm) RWH (mcm)
Model-1 16 19.45
Model-2 11.3 13.83
Model-3 9.2 12.01
Model-4 8.4 11.84
Table 12: gives difference in water content of each model zone prior to and after
implying rain water harvesting techniques to the watershed of Sukhna Lake.
It is seen that due to dense urbanization in Chandigarh, all four zones never get filled up
a and need rainwater harvesting for augmentation of runoff potential and require
redefinition of its catchment area which can be achieved by doing rainwater harvesting
for the sectors 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 12.

MODEL
20 19.45 20
18 18
16 16 16
14 14
AFTER RWF
13.83
PREVIOUS 12 11.3 12.01 11.84 12
10 10
9.2 8.4
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
Model1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Previous After RWH
Graph 6: The graphic presentation of each model zone prior to and after implying rain
water harvesting techniques to the watershed of Sukhna Lake.
13. Storm Water Drainage

A well planned storm water drainage network has been laid in the Chandigarh city. All
these storm water have been diverted towards Sukhna choe at different outlets depending
upon the availability of the levels of storm water discharge. [7].
As the main concern of the Sukhna choe, N choe, and whole Chandigarh city is silting.
Thus special attention needs to be given to consider the silting problem as the main point
of concern while planning out the designing of storm water drainage system for the city.
A plan has been proposed by M.C.C. (Municipal Corporation, Chandigarh), shown in the
map below.

Figure 5: Plan Showing of Storm Water Drainage System for Chandigarh Town.
14.Suggestions
The Following suggestions have been made with reference to revitalization of Sukhna
Lake.
 The impact on original watershed due to Urbanization must be redefine
and redesign.
 The drainage system of Latest watershed with mixed drainage such as
manmade storm water drain due to urbanization and natural drainage such
as nallah and gullies must be combined together to get proper amount of
runoff to Sukhna Lake.
 The Rainwater Harvesting Master Plan with the pace of development of
the surrounding area at least for 50 years future growth must be taken for
Feasibility and Design of Rainwater Harvesting master Plan.

 The Four Zones of the Sukhna Lake must be replenished as per the latest
watershed using Rain Water harvesting Master Plan.
 The replenishment of the lake must be overlapped by the force suggested
model with the special variation of rainfall runoff condition. Accordingly
the increase or decrease of water shed from the urban sector must be
considered in order to achieve the optimum revitalization of the Sukhna
Lake and this modeling may be considered for all Himalayan Lakes.

15.Refference
1. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011025/chd.htm
2. OperatonalDegradative Factors in Chandigarh Siwalik Hills,NW
India,Yadvinder Singh ,Department of Geography,Punjabi
University,Patiala. ISSN: 0971-7447.
3. http://blog.indiaproperties.com/?p=25/
4.
Annual Report of Chandigarh UT (Ground Water Information
Booklet),Central Ground Water Board,Ministry of Water
Resources,Government of India,North Western Region,Chandigarh-2007.
5. Land Use Changes in Haryana Sub-Region of Chandigarh Periphery
Controlled Area: A Spatio-Temporal Study-Surjit Singh Saini and Dr.S.P.
Kaushik.
6. Siltation problems in Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh,NW Indian and
comments on Geohydrogical changes in the Yamuna-Satluj
RegionYadvinder Singh,Department of Geography,Punjabi
University,Patiala.
7. Report of City Development Plan Chandigarh Submitted by Finance
Secretary Chandigarh Administration-under the JawaharLal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission under Ministry of Urban Development
(JNNURM), Governemt of India.
8. http://www.jnur.net/thechandigarhproject/LANDUSE.html 4.4. 3. 2
LANDUSE
9. http://merachandigarh.org/index.php?news=50
10. http://blog.indiaproperties.com/?p=251
11. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011025/chd.htm
12. http://www.jnur.net/thechandigarhproject/LAND USE
13. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120318/cth1.htm
14. http://dailypioneer.com/nation/54475-chandigarh-has-no-idea-how-to-
save-drying-sukhna-lake.html
15. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120422/cth1.htm.
16. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120426/cth1.htm#11

20. http://dailypioneer.com/nation/54475-chandigarh-has-no-idea-how-to-
save-drying-sukhna-lake.html
21. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/---but-weeds-refuse-to-go-out--and-
panel-is-divided-on-means/931395/
23. Bansal, R.C. and Grewal, S.S. 1990. Studies on Sedimentation of Sukhna
Lake: Corrective measures and Hydrology. Annual Report 1990 Central
Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute Research
Centre, Chandigarh. pp 1-6.
24. Bansal, R.C. and Mishra, P.R. 1982. Sedimentation of Sukhna Lake,
Chandigarh. Status Report 1982.
25. Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute
Research Centre, Chandigarh. pp 1-6.
26. CWSCR & TI 1993. Working paper on Conservation of Sukhna Lake.
Cnetral Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute
Research Centre, Chandigarh.
27. Gregory, K. J. and Walling D.E. 1979. Drainage Basin, Form and
Presence: A Geomorphological, Approach. Edward Arnold Ltd., Great
Britain.
28. Mehta, S. and Singh, Y. 1995. Spatio-temporal changes in the Natural
Hilly Ecosystem: A case study of The Chandigarh Siwalik Hills: Trans.
Inst. Indian Geographers 16(2): 135-146.
29. Mittal S. P., Mishra, P. R., Grewal S. S. and Agnihotri Y. 1986. Success
story of Sukhomajri Watershed Management Project. Indian J. Soil
Conserv. 14: 1-8.
30. Yadvinder Singh. Siltation Problems in Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, NW
India and Comments on Geohydrological Changes in the Yamuna-Satluj
Region. Department of Geography, Punjabi University, Patiala. Retrieved
2008-03-06.
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Analysis of sustainability of Sukhna Lake and determination of hydrodynamics

Article · March 2013

Syed Rehan Ali

Eco-development of Gurgaon using Spatial technologies View project

Experimental Studies in Soil Stabilization with Bio-Enzymes View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

ISSN: 2278 – 0211 (Online)

Prof Gauhar Mahmood

Dr. S. Rehan Ali

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 456

Key words: Sukhna Lake, Runoff, Watershed, Rainwater Harvesting, Revitalization

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 457

Figure 1: Drainage System of Chandigarh Siwalik Hills

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 458

2.Objectives And Scope Of The Study

2.1.Scope Of The Study

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 459

4.Analysis And Discussion

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 460

6.Environmental Interpretation Of The Sukhna Lake Area

6.1.Rainfall And Climate

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 461

Table 2: District Rainfall Data for last 5 years (2007-2011)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 462

7.Siltation Problems Of Sukhna Lake

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 463

Table 3: Analysis of Run-off potential of watershed area of Sukhna Lake

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 464

Figure 3:Watershed and Drainage map of Sukhna Lake area

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 465

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 466

11.Assessment Of Hydro Meteorological Behaviour Of Sukhna Lake

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 467

Water content of the lake(mcm)

Rainfall in m.m. Water content of the lake(mcm)

Months Runoff Potential (mm) Water Content of the Lake (mcm)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 468

Water content of the

Rainfall in m.m. Water content of the lake(mcm)

Months Runoff potential (mm) Water content of the lake (mcm)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 469

Water content of the lake(mcm)

Rainfall in m.m. Water content of the lake(mcm)

Months Runoff potential (mm) Water content of the lake (mcm)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 470

Water content of the lake(mcm)

Rainfall in m.m. Water content of the lake(mcm)

Runoff Water content

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 471

Water content of the lake(mcm)

Rainfall in m.m. Water content of the lake(mcm)

Months Runoff potential (mm) Water content of the lake (mcm)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 472

12. Rainwater Harvesting Techniques

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 473

Intensity of Total Assuming the Runoff

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 474

Previous water Augmented water

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 475

Previous After RWH

13. Storm Water Drainage

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 476