A.

PRESENT PERFECT

When introducing the present perfect tense, it is important to make the contrast with the simple past.
The present perfect is used because the action has, for the speaker, some connection to the present
in some way. This is very different from the simple past, which is used to talk about completed actions.
For example: He has worked there since 2005. (The person still works there.) He worked there until
2005. (He no longer works there.)

Form of Present Perfect

Affirmative Negative Question

I / you / we / they I have/ I’ve I have not/ I haven’t Have I
spoken. spoken. spoken?

I have/ I’ve loved I have not/ I haven’t loved Have I loved?

He/she/it He has/ He’s He has not/ He hasn’t Has he

spoken. spoken. spoken?

He has/ He’s loved He has not / He hasn’t Has he loved?

loved
Short answers
Affirmative Negative
Yes, I have. No, I have not/ I haven’t.
Yes, he has. No, he has not/ he hasn’t.

Uses

As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal
words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present
is important.

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?

Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few
seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

certain time in the past just / already / not yet

Example: Example:

I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago. I have just phoned Mary.

Certain event in the past or how often so far?

Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has
happened till now?

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

certain event in the past whether / how often till now
Example: Example:
He went to Canada last Have you ever been to Canada?
summer. / I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasize the result (a
past action's consequence in the present)?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple

Emphasis on action Emphasis on result

Example: I bought a new bike. (Just Example: I have bought a new bike.
telling what I did in the past.) (With this sentence, I actually want to
express that I have a new bike now.)

Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

 Yesterday  just
 ... ago  already
 in 1990  up to now
 the other day  until now / till now
 last ...  ever/ never
 (not) yet
 so far
 lately / recently

For
for + period
for
A period is duration of time, for example: 5 minutes, 2 a period
weeks, and 6 years. For means “from the beginning of the (from start to end)
period until the end of the period”. For can be used with all >====<
tenses. for 20 minutes
Examples: for three days
for 6 months
 They are training for three hours every day. for 4 years
 He has lived in Bangkok for a long time. for 2 centuries
 He has been living in Paris for three months. for a long time
 I worked at that bank for five years. for ever
 Will the universe continue for ever?
FOR is NOT used with “all day”, “all the time”, etc. All tenses
 I was there all day. (not *for all day)
Yet
We use yet in questions or negative statements to talk about things that we
expected to happen before now.

 Have you finished the work yet?

 I haven’t seen the new James Bond film yet.
Yet usually comes at the end of the sentence.

 A: Have you met our new colleague?

 B: Not yet.
Since
A point is a precise moment in time, for example: 9 o’clock, 1 st January, Monday.
Since means “from a point in the past until now.” Since is normally used with
perfect tenses.
Since is normally used with perfect tenses: since
 He has been here since 9 am. a point
 (up to now)
X==|
 He has been working since he arrived.
 I had lived in New York since my childhood. since 9 am
Since can also be used in the structure “it is [period] since Monday
since…” since January
 It is a year since I saw her. since 1997
 How long is it since you got married? since 1500
since I left school
since the beginning of
time
etc.
normally, perfect
tenses

Already
Already is used to say that something has happened early-or earlier than it might
have happened.
 I´ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before pay day.
 The train’s already left! What are we going to do?
Alredy usually comes in mid-position.
Already usually comes before the main verb or between an auxiliary or modal verb
and the main verb.
 She’s only four years old and she can already read.
Ever/ Never
They are used to talk about general experiences. It usually refers to an event
happening at some moment in your life.
 Has she ever tried Chilean wine before? (in her life)
 I’ve never eaten frog legs before. (in my life)
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