RESEARCH JOURNAL

NAME: VHON DEL CORRO DATE: NOV. 2019

GR./SEC.: VIII-AMARYLLIS GROUP #2

ORANGE (Citrus sinesis) PEEL EXTRACT AS MOSQUITO( ) REPELLANT

A Science Investigatory Project

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

In Science and Technology III (Chemistry)

To:

Mr. Kenny Lloyd Angon

Chemistry Teacher

By:

Michell Hao

Johann Miro

Univeer Nudas

John Carlo Pancho

Alexis Salamilao

Christa Soledad

Justin Yap

March 2012
 ABSTRACT

_________________________________________________________________

The researchers made this project to determine the effects

of orange peel extract. Also to help in finding simple ways to

prevent mosquitoes from harming people.

The researchers first bought 9 oranges at the Agdao public

market. Then the researchers prepared the materials needed. First

the researchers peeled the oranges, the orange peels were grated.

The grated orange peels were squeezed to get the extract. Set A

remained concentrated with 25% water, Set B with 50% water and

set C with 75% water. Then the researchers sprayed it to three

different mosquitoes. The result for set A showed the same

outcome after three trials, the mosquito died. The same process

was done to set B and C. the researches then concluded that the

more concentrates the solutions is the more effective it is. The

researches recommends that more test should be conducted and with

higher amount of mosquitoes used.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank the following people who

extend their help to make this study successful:

To Sir Kenny Lloyd Angon, their Chemistry teacher for

guiding them in their Science Investigatory Project.

To Mr. and Mrs. Hao for letting the researchers use their
house to do their Science investigatory Project.

To their friends for inspiring them to persevere and be more

serious in doing their science Investigatory project.

And above all, to God the Father for His undying guidance
that he shed on us throughout this project.

M.A.J.J.J.U.C
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Mosquitoes are a nuisance to the society especially in our

health. Is a common insect in the family Culicidae (from

the Latin culex meaning midge orgnat). There are about 3,500

species of mosquitoes found throughout the world. In some species

of mosquito, the females feed on humans, and are vectors for a

number of infectious diseases affecting millions of people per

year. Some scientists believe that eradicating mosquitoes would

have serious consequences for any ecosystem.

The researchers chose this research to help in solving the

increasing number of people affected by diseases coming from

mosquitoes. We observed that orange absorbs water fast.

During the process we observed that the odor of the orange peel

extract gets stronger as we squeeze it more thoroughly.

Researches and experiments evolve to investigate the

effectiveness of orange peel as a mosquito repellant. There were

similar researches about this; they used lemon peel to create a

repellant. In this study we would like to prove the effectiveness

of orange peel as mosquito repellant. The other researches proved

the different uses of citrus fruits in preventing diseases.

As of now many people are suffering from different diseases

caused by mosquito bites. The numbers of affected people are

rapidly increasing. This is now causing a problem to the

government because many of the affected people are dying. This

gives

researches and experiments to think of applicable solutions to

prevent these cases and an orange peel as mosquito repellant is

one of these researches. According to the World Malaria Report

2010, there were 225 million cases of malaria and an estimated

781 000 deaths in 2009, a decrease from 233 million cases and 985

000 deaths in 2000. Most deaths occur among children living in

Africa where a child dies every 45 seconds of malaria and the

disease accounts for approximately 20% of all childhood deaths.

Statement of the Problem:

 Will the orange peel extract be able to repel mosquitoes?

 What are the components of the orange peel extract that can
repel mosquitoes?

Significance of the Study:

Using orange peel extract to repel mosquitoes would be a

benefit to everybody

because it is cheap to make and made from recycling the peels of

the oranges that you

eat. Now a days, diseases, sicknesses that are caused by

mosquitoes are getting more

and more each day. Through this, we can help a lot of people and
a lot of people would

be able to lessen the risks of the mosquitoes in their lives that

are surrounding them.

Scope and Limitation:

This study focuses on how to lessen the risks that are

caused by the mosquitoes
especially dengue fever that had been a threat to the people for
quite some time now.

We also focus on how we can let people be able to reach their

needs in life, that’s why

we used cheap materials to create a repellant that would lessen

the risks to their health

RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE (RRL)

Orange

The orange is a hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly

between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus

reticulata). It is an evergreenflowering tree generally growing

to 9–10 m in height (although very old speciments have reached

15 m). The leaves are arranged alternately, are ovate in shape

with crenulate margins and are 4–10 cm long. The orange fruit is

a hesperidium, a type of berry.

Orange trees are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical

climates for the delicious sweet fruit, which is peeled or cut

(to avoid the bitter rind) and eaten whole, or processed to

extract orange juice, and also for the fragrant peel.] In 2008,

68.5 million tons of oranges were grown worldwide, primarily in

Brazil and the state of Florida in the US.

Oranges probably originated in Southeast Asia and were cultivated

in China by 2500 BC. The fruit of Citrus sinensis is

called sweet orange to distinguish it from Citrus aurantium,

the bitter orange. The name is thought to derive ultimately from

the Sanskrit[ for the orange tree, with its final form developing

after passing through numerous intermediate languages.In a number

of languages, it is known as a "Chinese apple"

(e.g. Dutch Sinaasappel, "China's apple", or northern

German Apfelsine). (In English, however, "Chinese apple"

generally refers to the pomegranate).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)

Vitamin C

Is needed for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of

your body. It is used to form an important protein used to make

skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels, heal wounds and form

scar tissue repair and maintain cartilage, bones, and teeth.

Citrus

Citrus can refer to as a common term or a genus name. In general,

citrus includes all species and natural hybrids in Citrus and its

closely related genera (sexually compatible with each other to

certain extent), such as Poncirus (trifoliate

orange), Fortunella (kumquat), Microcitrus (Australian wild

lime), and Eremocitrus (desert lime). They all belong to the

family Rutaceae that is in the order Sapindales, a sister taxon

to Brassicales that contains Arabidopsis. The taxonomy of citrus

has been very controversial and inconsistent binomial naming are

often seen. Even some same species are prefixed with different

genus names because some researchers suggested all the above

genera to be classified as one genus, Citrus. However, many

widely used binomial names, though known not true species, are in

popular use, such as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck).

From genomic perspectives, most citrus species are diploid (2n =

2x = 18), with relatively small genomes; for instance, sweet

orange has a genome of about 380Mb, approximately three times the

size of the 125Mb Arabidopsis genome. So far available genomic

resources include more than half millions citrus ESTs, most sweet

orange

(~90%) and next following by Clementine, trifoliate orange,

Satsuma, and other citrus varieties; high density microarrays in

several different platforms; several BAC libraries; one sweet

orange physical map; and high density linkage maps for sweet

orange and Clementine. One haploid Clementine genome are being

sequenced using Sanger technology, and one diploid sweet orange

genome sequenced using Roche 454 technology. These genome

sequence resources and tools will allow geneticists and breeders

to more effectively manipulate various traits in breeding

programs, and genomicists and bioinformaticians to preform

comparative genomic studies on a new taxonomic group.

Citrus includes almost all commercially grown citrus

species/cultivar groups, producing diverse fruit types including

sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), mandarin

(C. reticulata Blanco), grapefruit (C. paradisi Macfad.), lemon

(C. limon (L.) Burm.), lime (C. aurantifolia Christ.), pummelo

(C. maxima Merril.), and citron (C. medica L.). Only

C. reticulata, C. maxima, and C. medica are believed true

species, and the others natural hybrids or introgressions,

according to some characteristic traits and molecular markers.

http://www.citrusgenomedb.org/organisms

Magnesium

Magnesium is needed for bone, protein, making new cells,

activating B vitamins, relaxing nerves and muscles, clotting

blood, and in energy production.Insulin secretion and function

also requires magnesium. Magnesium also assists in the absorption

of calcium, vitamin C and potassium.Deficiency may result in

fatigue, nervousness, insomnia, heart problems, high blood

pressure, osteoporosis, muscle weakness and cramps.

Iron

Iron deficiency in infants can result in impaired learning

ability and behavioral problems. It can also affect the immune

system and cause weakness and fatigue.To aid in the absorption of

iron; eat foods rich in vitamin C at the same time you eat the

food containing iron. The tannin in non-herbal tea can hinder

absorption of iron. Take iron supplements and your vitamin E at

different times of the day, as the iron supplements will tend to

neutralize the vitamin E.

Zinc

Most at risk of iron deficiency are infants, adolescent girls

and pregnant women.Iron deficiency in infants can result in

impaired learning ability and behavioral problems. It can also

affect the immune system and cause weakness and fatigue.

To aid in the absorption of iron, eat foods rich in vitamin C at

the same time you eat the food containing iron. The tannin in

non-herbal tea can hinder absorption of iron.

Health Benefits

Orange peel also knows as orange zest (the shavings of the

orange portion of the peel) contain hespetidin (this compound is

also present in orange flesh but in smaller amount) an

antioxidant that has a potential to lower cholesterol and helps

normalize blood pressure more effectively than some prescription

drugs.

Orange peels contain natural oil which is utilized by the body

to help keep the elasticity of veins and arteries; it will also

help keep skin strong, elastic and beautiful. Add some orange

peel to a bath and let your skin absorb these beneficial oils.

Orange peel is a good source of pectin a natural fiber that can

help normalize blood sugar level and helps prevent constipation.

Additionally, pectin helps promote the production of healthy

bacteria in the intestines.

Pectin also works as a natural appetite suppressant, reducing

the desire to overeat.

Orange peel tea can help with weight loss and weight management

because it is known to raise metabolism, improve stamina and

energy, and speed up the elimination of unwanted stored fat.

Orange peel can aid digestion and relieve gastrointestinal

problems such as acidity, heartburn, flatulence, diarrhea and the

digestion of fatty foods.

Orange peel contains anti-inflammatory properties and has shown

some promise in fighting certain types of cancer including

breast cancer.

Orange peel tea is a good remedy for insomnia.

http://len7288.hubpages.com/hub/Health-Benefits-of-Orange-Peel

Mosquito

Mosquito is a common insect in the family Culicidae (from

the Latin culex meaning midge orgnat). Mosquitoes resemble crane

flies (family Tipulidae) and chironomid flies (family

Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes confused by the

casual observer.

Mosquitoes go through four stages in their life-

cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago. Adult females lay

their eggs in standing water, which can be a salt-marsh, a lake,

a puddle, a natural reservoir on a plant, or an artificial water

container such as a plastic bucket. The first three stages are

aquatic and last 5–14 days, depending on the species and the

ambient temperature; eggs hatch to become larvae, then pupae. The

adult mosquito emerges from the pupa as it floats at the water

surface. Bloodsucking species of mosquitoes live as adults for

periods ranging from a week or two to several months, depending

on the species, the gender, the season and the conditions. Some

species even overwinter as adults.

Mosquitoes have mouthparts that are adapted for piercing the skin

of plants and animals. While males typically feed on nectar and

plant juices, the female needs to obtain nutrients from a "blood

meal" before she can produce eggs.

There are about 3,500 species of mosquitoes found throughout the

world. In some species of mosquito, the females feed on humans,

and are vectors for a number of infectious diseases affecting

millions of people per year. Some scientists believe

that eradicating mosquitoes would not have serious consequences

for the ecosystem.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito

Hypothesis
1. The orange will be able to kill the mosquito

because it has properties that is hazardous to the mosquito.

2. The orange will be able to kill other insects.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Culicidae - a family of slender long

legged dipteran flies having the bodyand appendages partly c

overed with hairs or scales and themouthparts adapted for pi

ercing and sucking, comprising themosquitoes, and having act

ive aquatic larvae known as wrigglers

 Genome - All of the genetic information, the entire genetic

complement, all of the hereditary material possessed by an

organism.
  Brassicales - are an order of flowering plant s, belonging

to the eurosids ii group of dicotyledon s under the apg ii

system.
 Arabidopsis - a genus of the mustard family having white or

yellow or purplish flowers; closely related to genus Arabis

 Reticulate - the formation or presence of a network.
 Maxima - the greatest possible, or actual, effect or

quantity.
 Medica - practitioner from New Mexico, of Curanderismo, the

Mexican-American healing system.

 Introgressions - Infiltration of the genes of one species

into the gene pool of another through repeated backcrossing

of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parents.

 Gastrointestinal - (Life Sciences & Allied Applications /

Anatomy) of or relating to the stomach and intestinal tract

Vector

METHODOLOGY

Materials

The materials that were used in this study were, orange

peels, a spray

container, mosquitoes and extractor. We used these materials to

be able to make a

mosquito repellent . These are all the materials used.

Collection

We bought 8 pieces of oranges in Agdao public market,

Agdao, Davao

City. We caught 5 mosquitoes outside our house, Ecoland, Davao

City.
Procedure

A. Measurement of the Materials Needed

One(1) orange peel at a time were put in the mortar and

pestle. Then they

were squished and extracted the extract from the orange peel.

B. Preparation of the set up

Three (3) set ups were prepared; set-up one (1) was
made up of the

extract from three (3) orange peels from different oranges and
20% of water.; set-up

two (2) was made up of the extract from three (3) orange peels
from different oranges

and 40% of water., and set-up three (3) was made up of the
extract from three (3)

orange peels from different oranges and 60% of water.

C. Preparation of the Orange Peels

The researchers peeled the peel of the oranges and put

it in a container, and we grated the orange peels to turn it into
smaller pieces.

D. Extraction

The researchers added a little bit of water and we

pounded and sqeezed the grated orange peels in a container.

E. Application of the Orange peel Extract

The researchers sprayed the 1st set-up to mosquito A,

the 2nd set-up to

mosquito B, the 3rd setup to mosquito C at the same time.

Then, the researchers

waited for two minutes to see the results.

Disposal
 A. Disposal of Oranges Used

The researchers threw the used orange peels in a

biodegradable

container.

B. Disposal of the Dead Mosquitoes

The researchers threw the ten mosquitoes also in a

biodegradable

container.

Fig. 2 Flowchart on Orange Peel Extract as Mosquito Repellent

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The effects that were recorded focused more on the

concentration of the extracted orange peel.

Table 1. Effect of the Concentrated Orange Extract on the Mosquito

Trial 1 Set A Set B Set C

The mosquito The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito died. showed to the mosquito.
1 dizziness.
The mosquito The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito died. showed to the mosquito.
2 dizziness.
The mosquito The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito died. showed to the mosquito.
3 dizziness.
Trial 2 Set A Set B Set C
The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito The mosquito showed to the mosquito.
1 died. dizziness.
The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito The mosquito showed to the mosquito.
2 died. dizziness.
The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito The mosquito showed to the mosquito.
3 died. dizziness.
Trial 3 Set A Set B Set C
The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito The mosquito showed to the mosquito.
1 died. dizziness.
The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito The mosquito showed to the mosquito.
2 died. dizziness.
The mosquito Nothing happened
Mosquito The mosquito showed to the mosquito.
3 died. dizziness.

Table 1 shows the effect of orange peel extract on the mosquito

during 3 trials. As the table shows the more concentrated the

solution is, the more grave is its effect on the mosquito.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Based from the given data gathered, the researchers conclude

that the mixture of orange peel and 25% water was the most

effective among the solutions/setups of orange peel and water.

Furthermore, it was also concluded that the more concentrated

the solution the more it is to repel or kill mosquitos.

Recommendations

Based from the drawn conclusions, the researchers recommend

the following:

1. Conduct more reliable tests using varied levels of water.

2. Use other fruits in testing the efficiency of the given

product.

3. To test with more mosquitoes to see the range of the product

when used.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit),

http://www.citrusgenomedb.org/organisms

http://len7288.hubpages.com/hub/Health-Benefits-of-Orange-Peel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito

Mcohee, John.Oranges(1996)

Train, John. Orange Fruits (2006)

Bones, Barry. Uses of Orange Peel in the Garden(2007)