Basic Calculus

f(x) = x2 Basic Differentiation Rules:

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1) (𝑐) = 0, c is a constant
𝑑𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 f(x) = 1000
(𝑥 + ℎ)2 − (𝑥 2 ) =0 =0
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑
ℎ→0 ℎ 2) (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥 + ℎ) − (𝑥 2 ) f(x) = x7 f(x)=8x2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 f(x) = 7x6 f(x)=16x
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑 𝑑
3) (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑐 (𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥 2 + 𝑥ℎ + 𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
8
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥) = 3(8𝑥 7 ) f(x)=24x7
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 4)
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = [𝑓(𝑥)] ±
𝑑
[𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ f(x) = 2x2+ 20
ℎ(2𝑥 + ℎ) g(x) = 3x4+4x2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 f(x)+ g(x) = (2x2+20) + (3x4+4x2)
ℎ→0 ℎ
f(x) + g(x) = [(2)(2x)] + [(3)(4x3)]+[(4)(2x)]
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥 + ℎ f(x) + g(x) = 4x+12x3+8x
ℎ→0
f(x) + g(x) = 12x3+12x
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥 5) Constant Multiple
ℎ→0
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
g(x) = -5 + 2x = 1 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 3𝑥 3
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑𝑥 3 3√𝑥 2
6) Product Rule
−5 + 2(𝑥 + ℎ) − (−5 + 2𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)) = [( 𝑓(𝑥)) (𝑔(𝑥))] + [( 𝑔(𝑥)) (𝑓(𝑥))]
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 7 2
−5 + 2𝑥 + 2ℎ + 5 − 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2 𝑔(𝑥) = 21𝑥 6 − 16𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ
2ℎ (3𝑥 2 + 2)(3𝑥 7 − 8𝑥 2 + 1) + (21𝑥 6 − 16𝑥)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 5 )
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ 9𝑥 9 + 21𝑥 9 + 42𝑥 7 + 6𝑥 7 + 105𝑥 6 − 24𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 2 − 80𝑥 + 2

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 = 30𝑥 9 + 48𝑥 7 + 105𝑥 6 − 40𝑥 4 − 45𝑥 2 − 80𝑥 + 2

ℎ→0

7) Quotient Rule
𝑑 𝑑
[( 𝑓(𝑥)) (𝑔(𝑥))] − [( 𝑔(𝑥)) (𝑓(𝑥))]
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivatives (Differentiation) [ ]=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]^2

- Used to find the slope of a function at a point 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2

- Used to find the slope of the tangent to the graph 𝑓′(𝑥) = 3 𝑔′(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) [3(𝑥 2 − 2)] − [(2𝑥)(3𝑥 + 5)]
of a function at a point. [ ]=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥2 − 2
- Used to find the instantaneous rate of change of a
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 3𝑥 2 − 6 − 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
function with a point. [ ]=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥2 − 2
Differentiation 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 3𝑥 − 6 − 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
2
[ ]=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥2 − 2
- Process of computing the derivative of a function. 2
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 3𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 6
[ ]=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥2 − 2

Function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify

 7
7 7 7 𝑔′(𝑥) = (2𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) = −2 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑔′(𝑥) = (2𝑥 1 ) 3
3𝑥 3 3 14𝑥
𝑔′(𝑥) =
3
1 1 1 1
ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑥 −2 ℎ′(𝑥) = ( )
1 2 2 √𝑥
ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥2 1 1 1
ℎ′(𝑥) = ( 1 ) ℎ′(𝑥) =
2 2 2√ 𝑥
𝑥
1 1
𝑗′(𝑥) = ( 5 )
3 3
1 1 2 −5 𝑥
𝑗(𝑥) = 𝑗′(𝑥) = (− 𝑥 3 ) 1 1
1 2 2 3 𝑗′(𝑥) = ( 3 )
𝑗(𝑥) = 3
2𝑥 3 1 2 1 3 √𝑥 5
2 √𝑥 2 1 −2 𝑗′(𝑥) = (− )( 5 )
𝑗(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 2 3 3 1
2 𝑥 𝑗 ′(𝑥) = ( 3 )
3 √𝑥 5

7) Power Rule
Limit Theorems: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 = lim 4𝑥 3 + lim 5𝑥
𝑥→−2
1) Constant Multiple 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 = 4 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 3 + 5 lim 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 10 = 10 𝑥→−2
𝑥→2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 = 4 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −23 + 5 lim −2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝜋 = 𝜋 𝑥→−2
𝑥→6 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 = 4(−23 ) + 5(−2)
2) Approach Limit 𝑥→−2

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 = −32 − 10

𝑥→−2
𝑥→2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 = −42
𝑥→−2
𝑥→0
3) Constant Multiple 8) Root
𝑡−√3𝑡+4
𝑙𝑖𝑚 3𝑥 + 4 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 3𝑥 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0.2 𝑥→4 4−𝑡

𝑙𝑖𝑚 3𝑥 + 4 = 3 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚 4 𝑡 − √3𝑡 + 4 𝑡 + √3𝑡 + 4

𝑥→0.2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∙
𝑥→4 4−𝑡 𝑡 + √3𝑡 + 4
𝑙𝑖𝑚 3𝑥 + 4 = 3(0.2) + 4 𝑡 2 −3𝑡+4
𝑥→0.2 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑚 3𝑥 + 4 = 4.6 𝑥→4 (4−𝑡)(𝑡+√3𝑡+4)
𝑥→0.2 (𝑡−4)(𝑡+1)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
4) Sum/Difference 𝑥→4 (4−𝑡)(𝑡+√3𝑡+4)

𝑙𝑖𝑚[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑡 + 1)

𝑥→𝑎
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→4 (𝑡 + √3𝑡 + 4)
𝑙𝑖𝑚(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = lim 2𝑥 2 + lim 𝑥
𝑥→5
𝑙𝑖𝑚(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
𝑥→5
𝑙𝑖𝑚(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = 2(52 ) + 5
𝑥→5
lim(2x 2 + x) = 55
x→5
5) Product Rule
𝑙𝑖𝑚[𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
𝑙𝑖𝑚[(𝑥 + 8) ∙ (𝑥 − 7)] = lim(𝑥 + 8) ∙ lim(𝑥 − 7)
𝑥→2
𝑙𝑖𝑚[(𝑥 + 8) ∙ (𝑥 − 7)] = (2 + 8) ∙ (2 − 7)
𝑥→2
𝑙𝑖𝑚[(𝑥 + 8) ∙ (𝑥 − 7)] = (10) ∙ (−5)
𝑥→2
𝑙𝑖𝑚[(𝑥 + 8) ∙ (𝑥 − 7)] = −50
𝑥→2

6) Quotient Rule
𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑥→6
𝑥→6 𝑥 − 3 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 − 3
𝑥→6
𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 6
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑥→6 = 2
𝑥→6 𝑥 − 3 𝑙𝑖𝑚 3
𝑥→6