NEBOSH

International General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health

Unit IGC2

Element 1: Workplace Hazards and Risk Control

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Unit IGC 2
Element 1.1

Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements

Q1- Identify the different welfare facilities that should be provided by the employer to the
workers.

 Drinking water
 Sanitary conveniences
 Washing facilities
 Changing rooms
 Accommodation for clothing
 Rest facilities and eating facilities.

Q2-Identify the minimum standards and provisions to be considered for work environment.

Seating

 Appropriate seating
 Stable, backrest and footrest where appropriate

Ventilation Sufficient supply of fresh or purified air

Heating

 Reasonable temperature indoors

 Sedentary work - 16oC
 Manual work - 13oC

Lighting Adequate lighting

Space Adequate to perform task safely

Noise Controls to reduce noise may be needed

Q3-Identify the factors to be considered while selecting the provision of lighting in the
workplace.

• Natural light is best

• Lighting adjusted to the level of detail required

• Local lighting may be necessary

• No reflections or glare

• No creation of shadows

• No flickering

• Suitable for the environment, e.g. flame proof

• Emergency lighting should be provided.

Q4- List out the hazards and control measures for hot and cold environment.

Hazards

Hot environments: Cold environments:

 Dehydration  Hypothermia
 Muscle cramps  Lethargy
 Heat stress  Frostbite
 Lethargy  Slip hazards
 Headaches  Freeze burns injuries.
 Fainting
 Heat exhaustion
 Heat stroke
 Burns, cancer, etc.

Control Measures

Hot environments: Cold environments:

 Ventilation  Prevent or protect from draughts

 Insulate/shield heat sources  Shield/lag cold surfaces
 Provide cool refuges  PPE - insulating
 Drinking water  Provide warm refuges
 Frequent breaks  Frequent breaks
 Job rotation  Job rotation
 Appropriate clothing.  Access to warm food and drinks
 Treat icy floors.
 Unit IGC 2
Element 1.2

Violence at Work

Q5- Define violence at work and identify the factors that increases the risk of violence at
work.

** Give reasons why a member of the public may behave violently towards a worker**

Work-related Violence: Any incident, in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in

circumstances relating to their work.

 Cash handling
 Lone working
 Representing authority
 Wearing a uniform
 Dealing with people under stress
 Dealing with people under the influence of alcohol or drugs
 Censuring or saying "no“.

Q6 – Identify the suitable control measures that could be implemented to avoid the risk of
violence in a western union office and a nurse conducting home visits.

Control Measures - Central Office

 Zero tolerance and prosecution

 Security staff
 CCTV
 Security doors
 Minimise queues and waiting times
 Training (self defence, CS, diffusing aggression, conflict avoidance)
 Screens betweens staff and public
 Panic alarms
 Pleasant environment.

Control Measures – Home Visits

 No work in high risk areas

 Incident records
 Vetting customers
 Visit-logging with supervisor
 Pre- and post-visit telephone calls
 Training – self defense
 Means of communication – mobile phones
 No visits after dark
 Not carrying cash or valuables.
 Unit IGC 2
Element 1.3

Substance Misuse at Work

Q7- Identify the effects of drugs and Alcohol and give the control measures for the same.

Effects on safety performance:

 Sensory impairment
 Skewed perception
 Impairment to motor control
 Fatigue and drowsiness

Increased risk for:

 Driving
 Operating machinery
 Making decisions.

Drugs and alcohol policy:

 No alcohol at work or during working hours

 Statutory legal requirements
 Non-statutory requirements set by the employer
 Random drugs and alcohol testing
 Access for workers to rehabilitation and treatment
 Disciplinary procedures
 Information, instruction and training of managers, supervisors and workers.

Unit IGC 2
Element 1.4

Movement of People

Q8- Identify the hazards associated with the movement of people/pedestrians in the
workplace.

 Slips, trips and falls on the same level

 Falls from height
 Collision with moving vehicles
 Striking by moving, flying or falling objects
 Striking against fixed or stationary objects.
Q9- Identify the hazards associated with slip, trip and give the control measures of the same.

Slip Hazards:

 Smooth floor surfaces:

 Inherently slippery (Polished marbles surfaces)
 Wet because of spill
 Contamination of floor (e.g. fats or leaves)
 Frost and ice (e.g. outside the house in winter or floors in freezer).

Trip Hazards:

 Uneven or loose floor surfaces

 Trailing cables
 Objects on the floor.

Control Measures

The control measures of slips and trip hazards are varied against all the hazards.

Management principles:

 Eliminate the hazard

 Create a safe place
 Create a safe person

Risk assessment, considering:

 Normal patterns of movement

 Predictable/abnormal movements
 Accident history
 Adverse weather conditions
 Maintenance requirements.

Slip-resistant surfaces will depend upon the:

 Number of people
 Footwear
 Wear and tear of surface
 Spills and contamination
 Environmental conditions.

Spillage and Drainage Control:

 Maintenance and inspection

 Behavioral controls, e.g. banning drinks
 Drainage for:
 outdoor walkways
 wet floors, e.g. Showers.
Fencing and Guarding:

 Guard rails:
 pedestrian walkways
 edge protection
 Perimeter fencing, e.g. construction sites
 Temporary fencing around hazards.

Use of Signs and PPE:

 Prohibit access
 Warn of hazards
 Make PPE mandatory
 Indicate safe conditions.

Information, instruction and training on:

 Hazards
 What is required of them to avoid it
 How they can apply it to their work
 Supervision is essential
 Ensures correct behaviour.

Maintenance of pedestrian routes:

 Floors and walkways cleaned

 Spill procedure
 Housekeeping
 Repairs carried out
 Emergency exits kept clear
 Lighting
 Noise levels minimized. Why??.

Unit IGC 2
Element 1.5

General Construction Hazards and Controls

Q10- Identify the hazards associated with construction activities.

 Stacking of materials and flammable substances

 Storage of materials
 Storage of flammable substances
 Machinery and vehicles
 Site security
 Electricity
 Working at height
 Excavation.
Q11- Identify the hazards and control measures for site security.

Hazards

 Public taking short cuts

 Public right of way
 Thieves
 Children

Control measures

 Perimeter fence and signs

 Secure gates
 Security staff
 Good lighting
 CCTV cameras and/or site alarm
 Secure all portable equipment
 Remove ladders from scaffolds
 Secure all chemicals
 Secure all mobile plant
 Cover or barrier off excavations.

Q12- Identify the hazards and control measures for Demolition work.

Hazards:

 Premature collapse
 Work at height
 Plant, vehicles, machinery
 Live overheads
 Buried services
 Asbestos
 Dust
 Explosives
 Biological hazards
 Sharp objects
 Manual handling
 Noise and Vibration.

Control measures

 Choice of method to exclude people

 Elimination or control of work at height
 Assessing the strength of the floor to ensure plant, machineries and debris do not
exceed their tolerance
 Structural surveys to assess strength and stability of structure and adjacent
structures to prevent collapse.
 Disconnection of services
 Removal and disposal of hazardous materials
 Security for the site with fencing
 Damping down to minimize dust
 Unit IGC 2
Element 1.6

Working at Height

Q13- Identify the basic hazards (Risks) associated with work at heights.

 Fragile roofs:
o Roof structure not designed to carry loads
o Cement, asbestos, glass, reinforced plastics, etc
 Sloping roofs:
o Pitch greater than 10°
o Injury made worse by acceleration down roof.

 Deterioration of materials
 Unprotected edges
 Unstable access equipment
 Weather
 Falling materials

Q14- Outline the factors to be considered when identifying the control measures/ assessing
risk for work at heights.

Control measures will depend upon:

 Nature and duration of task

 Competence
 Training
 Planning and supervision
 Suitability of equipment
 Use of working platforms
 PPE, e.g. harnesses and helmets
 Fall arrest systems
 Weather
 Health of workers
 Compliance with regulations.

Q15- Give reasons why a person may need to be rescued when working at height.

 To avoid accident in the workplace

 To improve the morale of the workers
 To comply with law
 To avoid other losses due to an accident
 To improve health and safety culture

Q16- Identify the situation when a person might needed to be rescued.

 Equipment failure
 Ill health condition
 Weather condition
 Entrapment while working
Q17- Identify the methods that could be used to rescue a person working at height.

 Mewp’s
 Safety harness
 Ladders
 Safety nets
 Airbags
 Man riding baskets
 Scissor Man Lift.

Q18-

A) Identify the hazards and consequences of using ladder and give suitable control
measures

Hazards:

 Falls from height:

o Falling off the ladder
o The ladder toppling sideways
o The ladder base slipping out from the wall
 Objects falling from height
 Contact with live overheads.

Control measures

 Sited away from live overheads

 Solid, flat base
 Hands on stiles, never on rungs
 Correct angle (1:4 rule – 75o)
 Top of the ladder against solid support
 Ladder secured at the top, or:
o guy ropes attached or,
o ladder should be “footed” by someone standing on the bottom rung
 Top of the ladder should extend above working platform
 Only one person on ladder at any one time
 Nothing should be carried while climbing
 Wooden ladders should not be painted.

B) Identify the hazards and consequences of using step ladder and give suitable control
measures for step-ladder.

Precautions:

 Daily inspections before use

 Fully open
 Locking devices in place
 Firm, level ground
 Don’t work off top 2 steps
 Avoid over reaching
 Avoid side-on working.
Q19- Identify the factors that might cause the collapse of independent tied scaffold.

 Overloaded work platform

 Soft ground
 Scaffold not tied in
 Insufficient bracing
 Standards not upright
 Standards bent or damaged
 High winds
 Incorrect couplers
 Scaffold struck by mobile plant
 Scaffold erected by incompetent workers
 Scaffold not inspected prior to use.

Q20-Identify the hazards associated with mobile tower scaffold and give the control
measures.

Main hazards

 Falls from the work platform

 Objects falling
 Collapse of the structure
 Overturn (toppling)
 Unintended movement of the wheels
 Contact with live overheads.

Control measures

 Guardrails
 Not overloaded
 Wheels locked
 Firm, level ground
 People, materials off mobile tower when moved
 Avoid overheads
 Outriggers used to ensure stability
 No climbing outside of tower
 Must be erected by trained workers.

Q21- Identify the hazards associated with MEWP's and give the control measures for the
same.

Hazards:

 Falls
 Objects falling
 Collapse
 Overturn (toppling)
 Contact with live overheads
 Unauthorised use.

Control measures

 Firm, stable ground

  Clearance of obstructions and overheads
 Barriers to exclude vehicles, etc.
 Guardrails
 Controls inside the cradle
 Not driven with the cradle raised
 Not be overloaded
 Inspected
 Trained, authorised staff.

Q22- Identify the situation when it is required to inspect the scaffold and the things that are
required to inspect during the inspection.

Often a legal requirement to inspect

• When first erected

• After substantial alterations
• After incident affecting stability such as? High winds, struck by a vehicle
• Periodically.

Points required inspecting

• Condition of tubes (especially standards)

• Tying and bracing
• Condition of the work platform
• Edge protection
• Ground conditions
• Safe access
• Safe working load.

Unit IGC 2
Element 1.7

Excavations

Q23- Identify the hazards of excavation and give suitable control measures.

Hazards

• Collapse
• Striking buried services
• People falling in
• Objects falling in:
o vehicles
o Spoil (loose soil)
• Flooding
• Hazardous substances
o gases and vapours
o contaminated ground
• Collapse of adjacent Structure.
Control measures

• Prevention of collapse:
o Battering
o Shoring
o Trench box

• Prevention people from falling

o Barriers and toeboards
o Good lighting and signs
o Crossing points
o Access ladders
o Ladders to extend 5 rungs above edge of excavation.

• Prevention materials and vehicles from falling

o Spoil heaps away from excavation
o Barriers and signs
o Stop-barriers (especially for reversing vehicles)
o Minimise vehicles close to unsupported excavations
o Hard hats, steel toe caps to protect from falling objects.

• Prevention of Striking Buried Services

 Plans of the area
 Detection equipment, e.g.
o metal detectors
o cable detectors
o ground radar
 Hand digging
 Identification, support where necessary
 Mechanical digging.

Unit IGC2

Element 2: Transport Hazards and Risk Control

Unit IGC 2
Element 2.1

Safe Movement of Vehicles in the Workplace

Q1- Identify the hazards associated with the vehicle operations inside the workplace.

Hazards arise from:

 Loss of control – due to mechanical or environmental reasons

 Overturning – laterally (to the side)or longitudinally(to the front or back)
  Collisions with other vehicles
 Collisions with pedestrians and fixed objects
 Driver error may cause or compound each of these hazards

Q2- Identify the factors that can cause a fork lift truck to overturn inside the workplace.

 Cornering whilst being driven too fast

 Uneven loading of the forks
 Driving over potholes
 Driving with the load elevated, especially cornering
 Uneven tyre pressures
 Driving across a slope (rather than straight up/down the fall line)
 Excessive braking
 Collisions, especially with kerbs(A stone edging to a pavement or raised path)

Q3- Identify the factors that increase the risk of collision from a FLT in the workplace

 Driving too fast

 Inadequate lighting
 Reversing without the help of a banksman
 Blind spots, such as corners and entrances
 Bad weather conditions (e.g. rain)
 Obstructed visibility (e.g. overloaded forklift truck)
 Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points
 Lack of vehicle maintenance

Q4- Identify non movement related hazards for vehicles in the workplace

 Loading e.g. manual and mechanical

 Unloading e.g. tipping operations, etc.
 Securing e.g. to sheet a lorry
 Coupling e.g. attaching trailers
 Maintenance work e.g. working at height

Q5- Identify the suitable control measures that can be taken in order to avoid accidents
while using vehicles in the workplace (which is different from driving)

The Workplace Environment

 Vehicle-free zones
 Pedestrian-free zones
 Traffic route layout
 Segregation
 Marked walkways
 Separate access points
 Good visibility
 High-visibility clothing
 Signage
 Maintained roads/pathways
 Avoid gradients
The Vehicle

 Suitable for their intended use

 Suitable for the environment and conditions
 Maintained in safe working order
 Only driven by suitably trained, qualified staff
 Inspected routinely before use
 Fitted (if necessary) with:
o Seat for the driver (and any passengers)
o Seat belt
o Roll bar or roll cage
o Guard to protect the driver in the event of falling objects
o Horn
o Audible reversing alarm
o Beacon or flashing light

The Driver

The driver should be:

 Competent to drive the vehicle

 Medically fit to drive
 Provided with specific information, instruction
and training
 Supervised

Q6- Identify the key stages of the risk assessment for vehicle operations in the workplace

 Eliminate the hazard

 Create a safe place
 Create a safe person
 Risk Assessment:
o identify the hazards
o identify the groups at risk
o evaluate the risk
o record and implement
o review

Q7- List the parking rules to be followed for FLT

– Apply the handbrake

– Lower the forks and tip the mast forwards
– Remove the key
– Do not obstruct a traffic route
– Do not obstruct a pedestrian route
– Do not obstruct emergency escape routes
– Remove the key and return it to a responsible person to prevent unauthorised
use.
Q8- State the control measures to avoid accidents while reversing

– Avoidance of reversing by implementing one way traffic

– Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles
– Good vehicle selection
– provision of audible reversing alarms and flashing beacons
– provision of mirrors at blind spots
– use of high visibility clothing
– ensure the area is well lit
– provision of banksmen
– training for drivers and pedestrians

Q9- Identify the pre use checks to be carried out on a FLT before operating

– Tyre pressure
– Parking brakes and service breaks
– Steering
– Fuel, oil and water systems leak free
– Batteries and chargers
– Lifting and tilting systems/hydraulics
– Audible warning
– Lights
– Mirrors

Unit IGC 2
Element 2.2

Driving at Work

Q10- List the factors to be included in managing work related driving risk

 Manage driving like any other hazard

 Policy
 Responsibility
 Organisation
 Systems
 Monitoring
 Legal Responsibilities

Q11- Identify the factors that affects "influenced" the risk of being involved in a road traffic
accident. RTA

 Distance travelled
 Driving hours
 Work Schedule
 Stress
 Weather condition
Q12- Identify the key stages of the risk assessment for work related driving

 Identify the hazards

o journey
o vehicle
o driver
 Identify who may be harmed
 Evaluate the risks
o Eliminate the need to travel
o Travel by a safer means
o If road travel, take sensible precautions
 Record the findings
 Review

Q13- Outline the control measures for work related driving

The Driver

 Competency
o Drivers license checked
o Experience and ability
 Training
o Advanced or defensive driving courses
o Vehicle safety, pre use inspection
 Fitness and health
o medical examination
o eyesight checks
o drugs policy

The Vehicle

 Suitability
o Minimum requirements, standards
o Insurance and MOT certificates if private vehicles used
 Condition
o Maintained
o Pre-use inspections
 Defect reporting
 Safety equipment
– Seat belts, airbags, head restraints
– Emergency triangles, first-aid kit, spare tyre
– Fire extinguisher
 Ergonomic
– Adjustability of seat position and controls

The Journey

 Routes
o Avoid hazards, e.g. town centres
o Select low risk roads,
e.g. motorways
 o Avoid roadworks
 Scheduling
o Avoid peak times
o Avoid fatigue times, e.g. 2-6 am, 2-4 pm
o Flexible deadlines
 Time
o Realistic, e.g. route, weather, breaks
o Rest breaks
o Statutory requirements, e.g. Lorry drivers (HGV)
 Distance
o Use other transport
o Not excessive
 Weather conditions
o Reliable weather forecasts
o No driving/additional safety advice in bad weather

Element 3: Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

Unit IGC 2
Element 3.1

Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders (Repetation) .

Q1-List the different types of musculoskeletal disorders or the types of injuries caused by
poor work design or The types of injuries cause due to poor ergonomical design Or List the
types of Injuries caused by Repetative type of Work.

Back injuries

 Back muscle strain

 Ligament damage
 Disc injury

Work-related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)

 Carpal tunnel syndrome

 Tenosynovitis
 Tennis Elbow

Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)

 Vibration white finger

 Whole body Vibration
Q2-Define ergonomic and Identify the factors that influence the risk associated to ergonomic
design OR

Identify the factors that influence the risk associated with DSE (display screen equipment)
assembly line work, brick layers, checkout counter operator.

Outline the factors that could contribute towards the development of work related upper
limb disorders among workers in a supermarket checkout.

Ergonomic: The study of the relationship between the worker, the work that they are doing,
and the environment in which they are doing it.

 Task
o Repetition
o Force
o Posture
o Twisting
o Rest
 Environment
o Lighting
o Other environmental parameters
 Equipment
o Equipment design
o Equipment adjustability

Q3-Identify the hazards (Risks) associated with the use of display screen equipment and give
control measures for the same.

Risks:

 WRULDs
 Eye strain
 Back pain
 Fatigue and stress

DSE Control Measures

 Work station risk assessment

 Provide basic DSE workstation equipment to minimum standards
 Plan work routine
 Provide (free) eyesight tests and spectacles if required
 Provide information and training on:
– Risks
– Preventive measures

Q4- Identify the factors to be considered while carrying out work station risk assessment for
DSE

. Adjustable height and angle to seat back.

2. Good lumbar support.

3. Adjustable height seat to bring the hands to a comfortable position on the keyboard. Seat
also has a

stable 5-star base.

4. Correct seat height adjustment and keeping the feet supported prevents excess pressure
on underside of

thighs and backs of knees.

5. Foot support if user cannot get their feet on the floor.

6. Space for postural change, no obstacles under desk; this allows the user to fidget and
change position as they

work.

7. Forearms approximately horizontal when hands are on keyboard.

8. Minimal extension, flexion or deviation of wrists; wrists should be straight and flat when
on the keyboard

indicating proper seat height adjustment.

9. Screen height and tilt should be adjustable so as to allow comfortable head position.

10. Space in front of keyboard to support hands/wrists during pauses in keying; a wrist-rest
can provide further support if required.

Also:

• The desk should be laid out to minimise the need for twisting or overreaching (e.g.
when reaching for atelephone).
• A document holder may be required.
• If frequent telephone use is necessary when using the keyboard then a headset may
be required.
• Workplace lighting should be provided so as to avoid reflections on the screen and
glare.

Additional Points

• Desk layout
• Document holder
• Footrest
• Telephone headset

Specific measures for laptops:

• Short duration work only

• Docking station/separate keyboard and mouse
• Breaks
• Eye test
Q5-Identify the hazards of factory assembly line and control measures for the same.

Hazards

• WRULDS – handling small components

• Eye strain – temporary fatigue
• Back Pain – sitting or standing in a fixed position
• Fatigue and stress – due to infrequent rests and a demanding work
schedule

General Control measures

• Carry out an ergonomic assessment

• Adjust workstation to the worker
• Plan work to allow rest breaks
• Training

Specific Control measures

• Automate
• Re-layout the workstation
• Seating
• Comfortable shoes and floor mats
• Short, frequent breaks or job rotation
• Appropriate lighting
• Ergonomically designed hand tools

Unit IGC 2
Element 3.2

Manual Handling Hazards, Risks and Control Measures

Q6- Identify the different types of disorders caused by manual handling.

OR

A store man is placing boxes of metal components by hand on to shelved racking

a) Identify types of injury to which the store man may be at risk while carrying.
b) Outline factors in relation to the task

Common Injuries

• Back injury
• Tendon and ligament injuries
• Muscle injuries
• Hernias
• WRULDs (Work-related-upper-limb-disorders)
• Cuts, burns, dislocations and broken bones
Q7-Identify the factors to be considered while assessing manual handling risk.

Identify the factors that influence the risk associated with manual handling.

• T ask
o Height of load
o Repetition of movement
o High work rate
o Distance
o Awkward position
 Stooping
 Twisting
o Rest breaks
o Vertical distance
o Lifting above shoulder height
o Distance of load from body
• I individual
o Unusual ability required?
o Significant risks to vulnerable people?
 pregnant workers
 workers with back pain
• L oad
o Weight
o Size and bulk
o Easy shape to lift?
o Stability
o Centre of gravity
o Grip points/handles?
o Is it hot, sharp, etc?
• E environment
 Space restrictions
 Floor condition
 Slippery?
 Uneven?
 Changes in level
 Light levels
 Temperature
 Humidity

Q8- Identify the different types of control measures that can be taken in order to reduce the
risk from manual handling.

Minimising the Risks by:

Elimination

• Automation
• Mechanisation
• Conveyor systems
• Forklift trucks
• Pallet trucks
 • Cranes
• Hoists

Assess manual handling that cannot be eliminated

Handling Aids

• Trolleys
• Barrel lifts
• Gin wheels
• Trucks
• Hoists and lifts

Modify

1-The Task:

• Rest breaks or job rotation

• Eliminate stooping or twisting
• Table lift

2-The Load:

• Smaller loads
• Several workers
• Stabilise loads
• Mark centre of gravity
• Attach handles

3-The Environment:

• Rearrange workspace
• Level floors
• Additional lighting

The Individual: Match individual capabilities to the activity

Safe Lifting Techniques

Q9-List the safe lifting techniques

Before lifting

• Check the load

• Plan the route of the carry
• Establish a firm grip

The lift

• Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift

• Keep the back upright
• Keep the load close to the body
• Avoid twisting, over-reaching, jerking

Setting down
 • Use the same principles as lifting
• Maintain good balance
• Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight

Unit IGC 2
Element 3.3

Manually Operated Load Handling Equipment

Q10-Identify the hazards associated to manual operated load handling equipment and give
control measures for it

Hazards:

• Manual handling risks

• Instability of the load
• Moving up, down or across slopes
• Poor parking
• Other pedestrians may be struck
• Trapped feet

Control measures:

• Trained workers only

• Follow manufacturer’s recommendations
• Avoid uneven ground and slopes
• Use ramps over steps
• Safe working load
• Secure Load
• Use the brakes (if fitted)
• Care when moving or lowering the load
• Safe parking and storage
• Routine inspection and maintenance
• Safety shoes or boots

Unit IGC 2
Element 3.4

Mechanically Operated Load Handling Equipment

Q11-Identify the hazards and control measures for:

Diesel operated FLT

Risks:

• Dermatitis from the diesel

• Slip hazard – diesel spills
• Environmental pollution from large spills
• Toxic exhaust fumes
• Bulk storage of diesel

Precautions:
 • Use in well-ventilated areas
• Spill kits
• Use gloves when handling diesel

Battery operated FLT

Risks:

• Explosion from hydrogen gas whilst charging

• Corrosive acid
• Manual handling
• Arcing, shock, burns or fire
• Environmental - battery disposal
• Silent running
• Battery leads can short

Precautions:

• Charge batteries:
o in well-ventilated areas
o no ignition sources
• Use PPE when handling acid
• Mechanize battery handling
• Electrical safety
o insulated tools
o gloves

LPG operated FLT

Risks:

• Explosion risk from Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

• Toxic exhaust fumes
• Manual handling
• Storage of LPG cylinders or bulk

Precautions:

• Use in well-ventilated areas

• Mechanize LPG cylinder handling
• Store spare cylinders in a:
o secure
o safe
o well-ventilated location

Q12-Identify the hazards and control measures of

Lift and hoist

Hazards:

• Falling objects
• Being struck by the load
 • Entanglement in moving parts
• Falls from height
• Being struck while riding on the platform of the lift by:
o landing levels
o parts of any enclosure
o other projections

Precautions:

• Suitable for its intended use

• Preventing people getting:
o underneath the lift platform
o access to an unprotected landing edge
o struck by landing and obstructions when
being carried on the platform
• Observe maximum safe working load
• Safety devices, e.g. brakes working
• Competent operators
• Information, instruction and training
• Routine maintenance
• Routine inspection and thorough examination

Conveyors

Hazards:

• Falling objects
• Entanglement
• Contact with moving parts

Precautions:

• Warnings to alert prior to moving

• Guards on moving parts
• Emergency stops
• Guards beneath overhead conveyors to catch falling objects
• Barriers to exclude people
• Information, instruction and training
• No loose clothing/long hair/jewellery
• Inspection and maintenance
• Defect reporting system

Mobile crane

Hazards

• The crane collapsing or toppling over

• The arm (jib or boom) striking structures
• Falling load
• The load striking objects or people
• Contact with live overhead cables

Precautions:

• Use within the safe lifting capacity

 • Careful siting
• Maintenance and examination
• Trained and competent operators
• Lift to be planned and supervised
• Banksman (signaler)
• Safety devices
• Check weather
• Use outriggers correctly
• Never lift the load over a person
• PPE

Element 4

Unit IGC 2
Element 4.1

General Principles for Selection, Use and Maintenance of Work Equipment

Q1-Identify the different types of work equipment

 Hand held tools

 Hand held power tools
 Single machines
 Machine assembly
 Mobile work equipment

Q2-Identify the different types of maintenance activity that can be carried out on the work
equipment

Maintenance Conditions

 Planned preventive maintenance (PPM)

o e.g. oil change
o scheduled at regular intervals
 Condition-based maintenance
o e.g. vehicle break pads
o following routine inspection
 Breakdown maintenance
o emergency repairs

Q3-List the specific risk associated with the maintenance operation of the equipment

 Guards and enclosures removed have to removed to allow access

 Safety devices removed or disabled
 Equipment has to be partially or completely dismantled
 Power sources exposed (electrical
  Stored power released accidentally, e.g. (compressed spring)
 Access awkward (space constraint or WAH)
 Manual handling heavy parts
 Additional hazards, e.g. power tools

Q4-Identify the precautionary measures that can be taken to reduce the risk from
maintenance operation of work equipment.

 Maintenance should be carried out by competent staff

 Power sources should be isolated and physically secured
 Stored power should be released or secured to prevent accidental discharge
 Where power cannot be Isolated additional precautions should be taken
o Cover the live part with the Insulating material
o Use additional PPE such as insulating rubber gloves
 If dangerous moving parts have to be accessed additional precautions required
o Run at very slow speed rather than normal speed
o Fit maintenance guard that are specially design
 Precautions should be taken to allow safe access, especially WAH
 Handling aids and equipment to reduce Manual handling.

Q5-Identify the different duties that an operator is entitled to while operating work
equipment

 Only operate equipment authorized to use

 Follow instruction and training
 Only use equipment for its intended purpose
 Carry out safety checks before use
 Not use equipment if it is unsafe
 Report defects immediately
 Not use equipment under the influence of drugs or alcohol
 Keep equipment clean and in safe order

Unit IGC 2
Element 4.2

Hazards and Controls for Hand-Held Tools

Q6- Identify the hazards and control measures for hand –held tools

Hazards

 Tool may shatter throwing off sharp metal particles (while using Hammer and
Chisel
 Handle may come loose (while using an Axe, Axe head may comes off)
 Tool may be blunt requiring excessive force that can cause Loss of control (Blunt
Knife)
 Human error, e.g. hits thumb with hammer
 Misuse, e.g. wrong tool for job, Using Screw driver as a Crow bar
Precautions

 Tools suitable for the task (non sparking tool for a flammable atmosphere)
 Information, instruction and training
 Visual inspection of tools
 Substandard tools maintained or discarded
 Maintenance of tools (blades sharpening and keeping the handles firmly
attached)
 Supervision to ensure the safe working practices are being followed and no
misuses are taking place

Q7-List the different types of hand-held tools

 Chisel
 Hammer
 Screwdriver
 Axe
 Crow bar
 Knife

Q8-Identify the hazard and control measures for powered hand tools

Higher risk because:

 Forces are greater, meaning - potential for severe injury

 Hazards associated with power tools:
o Electricity - Electrocution
o Fuel – Risk of Fire
o Noise – Cause hearing loss
o Vibration – HAVS
o Dust – Lungs diseases
o ejection of materials – Puncture of skin
o trip hazards

Control measures

 Careful selection
o task
o environment
 Instructions
o manufacturer's instructions
o in-house safe working procedures
 Training and information, competence
 Supervision
 Routinely inspected
 Regular maintenance

Further controls

 Tools used for intended purpose (maximum speed should not be exceeded)
 Guards and safety devices in place
 PPE used
 Power cables controlled
  Ejected parts controlled, e.g. secured work area
 Control of:
o noise
o dust
o vibration
o petrol
o electrical equipment

Unit IGC 2
Element 4.3

Machinery Hazards

Q9-List and explain the different types of mechanical hazards

Mechanical hazards: Contact with or being caught up in moving parts.

 Crushing
 Shearing
 Cutting or severing
 Entanglement
 Drawing in or trapping
 Impact
 Stabbing or puncture
 Friction or abrasion
 High pressure fluid injection

Q10-Identify the non-mechanical hazards

Non-Mechanical hazards: From power source or things being emitted by the machine

 Electricity
 Noise
 Vibration
 Hazardous substances
 Ionising radiation
 Non-ionising radiation
 Extreme temperatures
 Ergonomics
 Slips, trips and falls
 Fire and explosion

Unit IGC 2
Element 4.4

Control Measures to Reduce the Risk from Machinery Hazards

Q11-Explain the different types of mechanical guards with examples and give its limitations
and benefits.
Outline the ways in which the risk of contact with the moving parts of machinery can be
reduced.

 Fixed guards
Benefits
o Completely prevent access to dangerous parts of machinery
o Are fixed in place
o Require a tool for removal

Limitations?

 Interlocked guards
Benefits
Guard open:
o Power to the machine is disabled and the machine will not operate until the
guard is in place
Guard closed:
o The guard is locked shut until the machine has returned to a safe condition
o The act of opening the guard stops the dangerous parts of the machinery
and disables power
Limitations
• Can bypass the system
• Person may gain access by closing the guard around them
• Needs rule to be enforced

 Adjustable/self-adjusting guards
Used when it is not possible to prevent access to dangerous parts
• Adjustable guard
– Set manually to a range of positions by the operator
• Self-adjusting guard
– Usually spring-loaded to adjust itself to the workpiece
– Requires no adjustment by the operator
Limitations?

 Trip devices
• Not a physical barrier
• Use sensors to detect presence of operator and stop the machine
• They include:
– pressure mats
– trip bars
– photo-electric devices
Limitations

 Protective Devices
o Two-handed controls
 Designed to protect the operator's hands
 controls should be more than a hand span apart
 must activate at the same time
o (within 0.5s of each other)
  releasing controls must stop the machine immediately
 Limitations??

o Protective appliances
 Designed to keep operators’ hands away from danger
 Include:
 Push-sticks
 Jigs
 Clamps

o Emergency stop controls

 Should bring the machine to a safe stop as quickly as possible
 Machine can only be restarted using the reset button
 Release of the button should not restart the machine

o Personal protective equipment

o Information, instruction, training and supervision

Q. Identify the Requirements or characterstics of guarding system?

Element 5:

Electrical Safety

Unit IGC 2
Element 5.1

Principles, Hazards and Risks Associated with The Use of Electricity in The Workplace

Q1- Identify the hazards associated with the use of electricity in the workplace.

 Electric shock
o Heart fibrillation
o Muscle Contraction
o Respiratory failure
o Cardiac arrest
 Burns
 Fire and explosion
 Arcing
 Secondary effects

Q2-Identify the factors influencing the severity of injury associated with receiving an electric
shock.

 Voltage – the higher the voltage, the greater the current

 Duration – the length of time that a person is exposed
 Frequency – of the AC current
 Current path – the route that the electricity takes through the body
 Resistance – skin condition, clothing, etc.
 Contact surface area – the more skin that is in contact, the more severe the injury
  Environmental factors – wet surfaces
 Nature of footwear and clothing.
 Presence of potential secondary hazard....

Q3-Identify the ways in which fire and explosion can be caused by the use of electrical
equipment

 Electrical equipment may be faulty and overheat

 The system may be overloaded
 Equipment may be misused (without plug)
 A flammable atmosphere may be present
 Electrical equipment may produce heat or sparks as part of its normal operation
 Poor internal connections

Q4- Identify the causes of portable electric equipment accident

Using unsuitable equipment

Using in damp conditions

* Outline examples of faults and bad practices that could contribute to electrical accidents
when using portable electrical equipment in the workplace

 Using unsuitable equipment

 Using in damp conditions
 Misuse
 Physical abuse such as driving
over cables
 Repairs carried out improperly
 Continued use of faulty, defective equipment
 Chemical/abrasion damage to the flex
 Lack of inspection testing or maintenance

Unit IGC 2
Element 5.2

Control Measures

Q5- Outline the practical measures to be taken in order to reduce the risk of injury from
electricity when using portable electric appliances on a construction site

o Use battery powered tool

o Low voltage equipment
o Use of RCD
o Location of cables should proper
o Double insulation
o Pre use checks
o Avoid using in wet condition
o Pre use check
o PPE
o IITS
Q6- Outline the different types of protective devices that can be used for electrical hazard
and give it benefits and limitations

 Fuses
o Designed to protect the equipment not the people!
o Form a weak link in a circuit
o Designed to overheat and melt if the current exceeds the fuse rating
o Rating should be above operating current required by equipment but less
than the current rating of the cable in the circuit

 Earthing
o Outer metal casing connected to earth by wire
o Provides fault current with a low resistance path to earth
o Electric shock should be minor
o Will usually blow the fuse

 Isolation of supply
o Deprives(lack of) the circuit of power
o Ensures that it cannot be re-energised by applying some form of lock
o Should be clearly labelled
o Circuit should be tested
o Often referred to as Lock-off/ Tag-out

 Reduced and low voltage systems

o For hand tools, the 110 volt centre-tapped (CTE) system is recommended
o System relies on the mid-point of the reduced voltage transformer being
earthed
o Maximum shock voltage is 55 volts, but full 110 volt supply powers the
equipment
o Systems reduced to 25 volts are often used for lighting on construction sites

 Residual Current Devices (RCD’s)

o Designed to protect people!
o Interrupt supply in event of a small leak of current
o Very sensitive: 30 mA
o Very fast: 30 ms
o Should be regularly tested

 Double insulation
o Live parts cannot be touched
o 2 layers of insulation
o Either layer sufficient to provide protection
o Eliminates need for earth protection

Q7- Identify the emergency actions to be taken in case of a person receiving an electric
shock

 Don’t touch the casualty

 Call for help
 Isolate from the power supply
 Call for ambulance
  Check for breathing
o Recovery position if breathing
o Start CPR if not breathing
 Treat burns
 Treat for physical shock
 Ensure medical help is obtained

Q8- Identify the things to be checked in a routine visual inspection of a portable electrical
appliance

 Damage to cable sheath

 Damage to plug
 Flex fully insulated – no kinks/splits
 Inadequate joints
 Body of appliance is intact
 Wet or contaminated
 Damage to casing of equipment
 Burns/scorch marks

Q9- Identify the factors that influence the frequency of inspection and testing of portable
electrical appliance

Frequency is determined by:

 Legal standards and codes of practice

 Type of equipment
 Manufacturers’ recommendations
 Initial integrity/soundness of the equipment
 Age of the equipment
 Working environment
 Frequency and duration of use
 Foreseeable abuse of the equipment
 Effects of any modifications or repairs
 Analysis of previous maintenance records

Q 10. Identify the factors to be considered when selecting an electrical equipment

• Factors to be considered include:

− Suitability for task

− Capabilities not exceeded (manufacturers guidelines)

− Environmental conditions

− Should not exceed its electrical strength and capability

− Should be able to withstand normal, overload and fault currents

− Should have good maintenance records as per standards

− Should not be any foreseeable damage.

 Unit IGC 2
Element 6.1

Fire Initiation, Classification and Spread

Q1- Define Fire :

Fire is a rapid chemical process in which oxygen combines with another substance in the
presence of a source of heat

This reaction is called combustion

During this reaction heat, flames and smoke are produced

Q2- Identify the significance of fire triangle with a suitable sketch

Q3- Give the classification of fire and the associated fuel sources with each class

 Class A: solid materials

 Class B: liquids and liquefiable solids
 Class C : gases
 Class D: metals
 Class F : high temperature fat

Q4-Explain the methods of heat transfer and how each can cause the spread of fire

* Describe the following principles of heat transfer during a fire

A- Direct burning

This method is the one in which the flame moves through the burning material… E.g.
Set fire to the corner of a piece of paper and then watch the flame spread across the
paper.

B- Convection

• This method is the one in which the hot air rises up and the cold sinks.

i. Inside the Building: The hot air from the flames hits the ceiling and forms a
layer. At a certain temperature the material in contact with this hot air will catch
fire.

ii. Outdoors: The hot air current carry ambers with it which travels along and settle
down on the ground and catches fire. E.g. Forest fires to travels and jump over
obstacles (such as roads)
C- Conduction

This method is the one in which the heat can be transmitted through solid materials.
Some metals in particulars, conduct heat very efficiently (e.g. copper). Any pipe,
wires, ducts or services running from room to room can act as a medium to transfer
heat and spread fire.

D- Radiation

This method is the one in which the heat energy can be radiated through air in the
form of infrared heat waves that travels in the straight line and can pass through the
transparent surfaces and is absorbed. If the material heats up sufficiently it can burst
into flames.

o Direct burning
o Convection
 inside
 outside
o Conduction
o Radiation

Q5- Identify common causes of fire in the workplace- different sources of ignition/heat

 Electrical equipment
 Deliberate ignition (arson)
 Hot work
 Smoking
 Cooking appliances
 Heating appliances
 Unsafe use & storage of flammable liquids and gases
 Mechanical heat
 Chemical reactions

Unit IGC 2
Element 6.2

Fire Risk Assessment

Q6- Identify the key stages of fire risk assessment

 Identify the fire hazards

 Identify the people who might be harmed
 Identify and implement the fire precautions that are required
 Record findings, plan and train
 Review and revise as necessary

Unit IGC 2
Element 6.3
 Fire Prevention and Prevention of Fire Spread

Q7- Identify the measures to be taken in order to prevent the fire in the workplace

 Control flammable substances:

 Solids, liquids, gases
 Control ignition sources:
 Systems of work, smoking, arson
 Systems of work:
 Hot processes
 Machinery
 Electrical equipment
 Good Housekeeping:
 General tidiness
 Waste control and disposal

Q8- Identify the controls that might be implemented within a building to control the spread
of fire and smoke

*Outline structural measures that can help to prevent the spread of fire and smoke

Compartmentation:

Keeping fire IN or OUT of area of building

 Creating enclosed/sealed boxes

 Fire-resistant floors and walls
 Fire-resistant doors(self-closing)
 Automatic shutters for ventilation shafts
 Intumescent sealants for gaps ('fire-stopping')

Fire Doors

 Able to withstand fire for a set time

 Fitted with self-closing devices
 Fitted with intumescent strip
 Fitted with a cold smoke seal
 Have vision panels of fire-resistant glass
 Clearly labelled

Common Building Materials

 Concrete
o usually fire resistant
 Steel
o severely affected by high temperatures
 Brick
o very resistant to fire
 Timber
o thin timbers burn, thick joists char
Surface treatment can affect fire performance, e.g.

 Encasing steel in concrete

 Intumescent paint
 Insulation
 Wall coverings

Unit IGC 2
Element 6.4

Fire Alarm and Fire Fighting Equipment

Q9-Identify the different fire detection and alarm system

The sophistication will depend on the complexity of workplace

 Simplest system
o someone shouts "Fire!"
 Simple with more noise
o hand bell, whistle or air horn
 Manually-operated fire alarm
o manual call points
 Automatic fire detection and alarm
o automatic detectors, manual call points, linked to sounders/lights

Q10-Identify the types of fire extinguisher and give the class of fire on which it can be used
on

*Outline sources of ignition that may have started fire in a small motor car repair workshop

*Identify reasons why a water fire extinguisher would be effective

*If the fire is not extinguished, describe how the transmission of heat may cause this fire to
spread to other parts of the workplace

Extinguisher Class of Fire

Water A

Carbon dioxide A and B

Foam A and B

Dry powder All

Limitation of Extinguishers
  MUST use the correct extinguisher on the fire
o Water can boil, causing burning liquids to “explode” in a fireball
o Water conducts electricity so NEVER use on electrical fires
o Powder is effective but may destroy electrical equipment

 Fire blankets
o physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens
 Hose reels
o used in large buildings for fire teams
 Sprinkler systems
o sited in buildings and warehouses
o automatically dowses the fire

Unit IGC 2
Element 6.5

Evacuation of a Workplace

Q11- Outline the general requirements to be considered when establishing the means of
escape

 Available to every person in the workplace

 No use of lifts
 Must take staff to a place of safety
 Two or more separate routes may be required
 Travel distance should be short
 Adequate width
 Clearly signed
 Appropriately lit
 Emergency lighting
 No obstructions

Q12-Identify the duties of fire marshal

• Check if alarm is "real"

• Check all areas are evacuated
• Assist disabled workers
• Ensure fire escape routes are kept clear
• Ensure windows and doors are closed
• Conduct roll call at assembly point
• Responsible to organize fire instruction, training, drills and co-ordinates the
evacuation plan at the time of fire
• To ensure all the extinguishers are proper

Q13- Identify the factors to be considered in order to ensure the safe evacuation of the
people from the building in case of emergency

• The means of raising the alarm

 • An acceptable distance to the nearest available exit
• Escape routes of the sufficient width
• Clear signage of the escape routes
• The provision of emergency lighting
• Escape routes kept clear of obstruction with the fire door closed to prevent the
spread of smoke
• The provision of fire-fighting equipment
• The appointment of Fire marshal
• Procedures for the evacuation of those with physical disability
• The need of practising the evacuation plan at regular intervals (fire drill)

Element 7: Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Risk Controls

Unit IGC 2
Element 7.1

Forms of, Classification of and Health Risks from Hazardous Substances

Q1- Identify the physical forms of chemical agent (hazardous substances) and biological
agent

 Solid (Lead ingot)

 Liquid (Sulphuric acid)
 Gas (carbon mono-oxide)
 Dust (flour dust, rock dust)
 Fume (welding)
 Mist (spray painting)
 Vapour (vapour of acetone solvent)

Q2- Identify the classification of chemical substance (hazardous substance) as per their
effects on human body.

– Toxic
o Small doses cause death or serious illness
– Harmful
o Larger doses cause death or serious illness
– Corrosive
o Destroys living tissue
– Irritant
o Inflames skin or mucous membranes
– Carcinogens
 o Cause cancer
– Respiratory sensitisers
o Cause asthma, e.g. flour dust, isocyanates
– Skin sensitisers
o Cause allergic dermatitis, e.g. epoxy resin
– Mutagens
o Causes hereditary genetic mutation
– Toxic for reproduction
o Causes sterility or is harmful to unborn child

Q3- State the acute and chronic effects of hazardous substance on human body with
examples of each.

– Acute
o High levels of exposure of the substance
o Short exposure time
o Quick effect e.g. high concentration of chlorine gas
– Chronic
o Lower levels of exposure
o Longer exposure time
o Long term effect e.g. repeated exposure to solvents

Unit IGC 2
Element 7.2

Assessment of Health Risks

Q4- Identify the main routes of entry for the substance those are hazardous to health.

– Inhalation
o inhalable dust
o respirable dust (<7microns)
– Ingestion
– Absorption through the skin
– Injection through the skin
o needle stick
o cuts and grazes
o bites

Q5- Explain the different defence mechanism of the body.

Respiratory defences

– Sneezing & coughing

– Filtration in nasal cavity
– Ciliary escalator (The mucociliary escalator is a major barrier against
infection. Microorganisms hoping to infect the respiratory tract are caught
in the sticky mucus and moved up by the mucociliary escalator. )

– Macrophages (are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular
debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does
not have the types of proteins specific of healthy body)
 – Inflammatory response

Skin Defences

• Waterproof barrier comprised of:

− Outer layer of dead cells (epidermis)

− Sebum – (an oily secretion of the sebaceous glands) biocidal
properties
− Inflammatory response

Q6- Identify the factors to be considered while carrying out risk assessment for the
hazardous substance exposure to the body.

– Hazardous nature of substance

– Potential ill-health effects
– Physical forms
– Routes of entry
– Quantity
– Concentration
– Number of people
– Frequency of exposure
– Duration of exposure
– Existing control measures

Q7- Identify the typical content of material safety data sheet (MSDS).

1. Details of substance and supplier

2. Composition of substance
3. Physical/Chemical properties
4. Hazard identification
5. First-aid measures
6. Fire-fighting measures
7. Accidental release measures
8. Handling and storage
9. Exposure controls/PPE
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal information
14. Regulatory information
15. Transport information
16. Other information

Q8- Identify the different types of hazard monitoring devices and give their advantages and
disadvantages.

Continuous Monitoring Devices

– Advantages
o Used for longer term monitoring
o Can be very accurate
 – Disadvantages
o Expensive and require training in their use
o May not record peaks and troughs
o Tampered with

Stain Tube Detector

Advantages:

– Quick
– Cheap
– No additional analysis needed

Disadvantages:

– Only good for gases and vapours

– Inaccurate
– Only for grab samples not TWA
– Fragile
– Used incorrectly

Passive Samplers(gelly)

– Advantages:
o Very Accurate
o TWA can be calculated by using this
o No need to pump air unlike stain tube detector
– Disadvantages:
o Expensive
o Requires high knowledge and skill to calculate the results
o Time consuming as it has to be send to the laboratory to analyse

Smoke Tubes/Sticks

– Simple devices
– Generate inert smoke
– Visualise air currents
– Assess effectiveness of extraction systems

Dust Monitoring Equipment

– Worn by worker whilst working

– Indicates personal exposure
– Pre-weighed filter
– Pumped air
– Filter re-weighed
– Gives average value over time

Dust Lamp (Tyndall Lamp)

– Strong beam of light

– Highlights fine particles of dust
– Used to determine efficiency of exhaust ventilation
 Unit IGC 2
Element 7.3

Workplace Exposure Limits

Q9-Define (WEL) Workplace Exposure Limits.

The maximum concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period, to

which employees may be exposed by inhalation.”

Q10- Identify the limitations of workplace exposure limits.

– Only concerned with inhalation

– No account of individual sensitivity or susceptibility
– Many developed on male physiology
– No account of synergistic or combined effects
– Invalid if normal environmental conditions change
– Organisation may not realise that controls are no longer effective and limits are
not adhered to
– Monitoring equipment may become inaccurate
– Some limits are only “guidelines”
– Non-inhalation effects, e.g. Dermatitis, aren’t considered

Unit IGC 2
Element 7.4

Control Measures

Q11- Identify the control measures that can be implemented for substance hazardous to
health.

a. Elimination or substitution
b. Process change
c. Reduce exposure times
d. Enclosure or segregation
e. Local Exhaust Ventilation
f. Dilution ventilation
g. RPE
h. PPE
i. Personal hygiene and protection
j. Health Surveillance/monitoring
Q11E- Give the reasons that would reduce the effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation.

• Poorly positioned intake hoods

• Damaged ducts
• Excessive amounts of contamination
• Ineffective fan
• Blocked filters
• Build up of contaminant in the ducts
• Sharp bends in ducts
• Unauthorised additions to the system

Q11G- Identify the different types of respiratory protective equipment and give its
advantages and disadvantages.

Two types:

– Respirators
o filter contaminated air
– Breathing apparatus (BA)
o oxygen depleted atmospheres
o provide clean source of air

Q11G2- Identify the factors to be considered while selecting the proper RPE for use by
worker.

• Concentration of the contaminant and

its hazards
• Physical form of the substance
• Level of protection offered by the RPE
• Presence or absence of oxygen
• Duration of time that it must be worn
• Compatibility with other items of PPE
• Shape of the user’s face
• Facial hair
• Physical requirements of the job
• Physical fitness of the wearer

Q12- Identify the specific control measures that can be implemented for a veterinary
hospital to prevent infection.

• Sterilisation and disinfection

• PPE, e.g. lab coats
• Restrict agents to a designated area
• Spill containment trays/spill kits
• High standards of hygiene
• Vaccinations
 Element 8: Physical and Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Controls

Unit IGC 2
Element 8.1

Noise

Q1- Identify the ill-health effect of noise on human body and ears.

Q2- Identify the different occupations at the risk of noise hazards.

Q3- Identify the control measures from noise exposure at work.

Q4- Identify the advantages and disadvantages of ear muff and ear plugs

8-2

Q5-identify the ill health effects of vibration on the human body

Q6- Identify the control measures for the exposure of vibrations to human body.

8-3

Q7- Identify the different types of ionizing radiation sources, health effect and control
measures.

Q8- - Identify the different types of Non-ionizing radiation sources, health effect and control
measures.

8-4

Q9- Identify the causes, control measures and effects of stress

Radon Sources: Decay of uranium

RADON IN THE WORKPLACE In comparison with levels in outdoor air, humans in

confined air spaces, particularly in underground work areas such as mines and
buildings, are exposed to elevated concentrations of radon and its decay products.
Exhalation of radon from ordinary rock and soils and from radon-rich water can cause
significant radon concentrations in tunnels, power stations, caves, public baths, and
spas. The average radon concentrations in houses are generally much lower than the
average radon concentrations in underground ore mines.

Workers are exposed to radon in several occupations. In countries for which data were
available, concentrations of radon decay products in underground mines are now
typically less than 1000 Bq/m3 EEC Rn (approx. 28 pCi/l). Underground uranium
miners are exposed to the highest levels of radon and its decay products. Other
 underground workers and certain mineral processing workers may also be exposed to
significant levels.

Cancer: Radon gas decays into radioactive particles that can get trapped in your
lungs when you breathe. As they break down further, these particles release small
bursts of energy. This can damage lung tissue and lead to lung cancer over the
course of your lifetime. Radon is 6 times heavy than air.