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Principles of natural justice

In India there is no statute laying down the
minimum procedure which administrative
agencies must follow while exercising
decision-making powers. This minimum fair
procedure refers to the principles of natural
justice Natural justice is a concept of
common law and represents higher procedural principles developed by the courts, which
every judicial, quasi-judicial and administrative agency must follow while taking any
decision adversely affecting the rights of a private individual.

Natural justice implies fairness, equity and equality. In a welfare state like India, the role
and jurisdiction of administrative agencies is increasing at a rapid pace. The concept of
Rule of Law would loose its validity if the instrumentalities of the State are not charged
with the duty of discharging these functions in a fair and just manner.

In India, the principles of natural justice are firmly grounded in Article 14 & 21 of the
Constitution. With the introduction of concept of substantive and procedural due process
in Article 21, all that fairness which is included in the principles of natural justice can be
read into Art. 21. The violation of principles of natural justice results in arbitrariness;
therefore, violation of natural justice is a violation of Equality clause of Art. 14. The
principle of natural justice encompasses following two rules: - 1. Nemo judex in causa sua
- No one should be made a judge in his own cause or the rule against bias. 2. Audi
alteram partem - Hear the other party or the rule of fair hearing or the rule that no one
should be condemned unheard.

RULE AGAINST BIAS (NEMO JUDEX CAUSA SUA)

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Biasness implies an agent preference, regardless of whether cognizant or oblivious in

connection to a gathering or issue. The manage against predisposition streams from
following two standards: - a) No one ought to be a judge in his own particular reason b)
Justice ought not exclusively be done yet clearly and without a doubt be believed to be
finished. In this manner a judge ought not exclusively be fair yet ought to be in a situation
to apply his mind equitably to the question before him. The run against inclination in this
manner has two primary perspectives: - 1. The executive practicing adjudicatory forces
must not have any close to home or restrictive enthusiasm for the result of the
procedures. 2. There must be genuine probability of inclination. Genuine probability of
inclination is an abstract term, which implies either real predisposition or a sensible doubt
of predisposition. It is hard to demonstrate the perspective of a man. In this manner, what
the courts see is whether there is sensible ground for trusting that the central factor was
probably going to have been one-sided. Inclination can take numerous structures: - ¾
Personal Bias ¾ Pecuniary Bias ¾ Subject-matter predisposition ¾ Departmental
predisposition ¾

AUDI ALTERAM PARTEM OR RULE OF FAIR HEARING

The principle of audi alteram partem is the basic concept of principle of natural justice.
The expression audi alteram partem implies that a person must be given opportunity to
defend himself. This principle is sine qua non of every civilized society. This rule covers
various stages through which administrative adjudication pasees starting from notice to
final determination. Right to fair hearing thus includes:-

1. Right to notice
2. Right to present case and evidence
3. Right to rebut adverse evidence (i) Right to cross examination (ii) Right to legal
representation
4. Disclosure of evidence to party
5. Report of enquiry to be shown to the other party
6. Reasoned decisions or speaking orders.

POST DECISIONAL HEARING

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Post decisional hearing means hearing after the decision is reached. The idea of post
decisional hearing has been developed by the SC in Maneka Gandhi Vs. UOI to maintain
the balance between administrative efficiency and fairness to the individual.

REQUIREMENT OF CROSS EXAMINATION

Cross-examination is used to rebut evidence or elicit and establish truth. In administrative

adjudication, as a general rule, the courts do not insist on cross-examination unless the
circumstances are such that in the absence of it, an effective defence cannot be put up.

RIGHT OF LEGAL REPRESENTATION

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Lawful portrayal isn't considered as an imperative piece of the manage of reasonable

hearing in managerial procedures. This disavowal of lawful portrayal is supported on the
ground that –

a) the legal advisors have a tendency to muddle matters, draw out hearings and wreck
the fundamental casualness of the hearings.

b) it gives and edge to the rich over the poor who can't bear the cost of a decent attorney.
Regardless of whether lawful portrayal is permitted in regulatory procedures relies upon
the arrangements of the statute

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Production line laws don't allow legitimate portrayal, Industrial Disputes Act permits it with
the consent of the council and a few statutes like Income Tax allow portrayal as an issue
of right. The courts in India have held that in following circumstances, some expert help
must be given to the gathering to make his entitlement to safeguard himself important:

Illiterate
Matter is specialized or confused
Expert proof is on record
Question of law is included
Person is confronting prepared prosecutor

The courts have seen in few cases that it is inappropriate to deny legitimate portrayal to
the distressed individual where the State is permitted to be spoken to through a legal
counselor.

REQUIREMENT OF PASSING A SPEAKING OR REASONED ORDER

In India, except if there is particular necessity of giving reasons under the statute, it isn't
obligatory for the regulatory organizations to give explanations behind their choices.
Reasons are the connection between the request and brain of the producer. Any choice of
the managerial expert influencing the privileges of the general population without
appointing any reason tantamounts to infringement of standards of characteristic equity.
The necessity of expressing the reasons can't be under accentuated as its fills the
accompanying need: -

1. It guarantees that the authoritative specialist will apply its brain and impartially take a
gander at the actualities and confirmation of the case.

2. It guarantees that all the applicable components have been considered and that the
unessential elements have been forgotten.

3. It fulfills the bothered party as in his view focuses have been analyzed and considered
preceding achieving an end.

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4. The re-appraising experts and courts are in a superior position to think about the
interests on the topic of law.

REPORT OF ENQUIRY REPORT TO BE SHOWN TO THE OTHER PARTY

Regardless of whether a duplicate of enquiry report must be submitted to the reprobate

worker before passing the request? Until 1987, there was no point of reference or law
which made it compulsory, in all cases, for the disciplinary expert to serve a duplicate of
the enquiry give an account of the reprobate before achieving a ultimate choice. Without
precedent for 1987, full seat of CAT held that inability to supply a duplicate of the enquiry
answer to the reprobate before recording a finding against him is mandatory and inability
to do as such would vitiate the enquiry. (P,K,Sharma Vs, UOI) The SC in 1973 considered
this inquiry in Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. Versus UOI. Actualities Appellant Co. in the wake of
working together for a long time shut down. 1200 people jobless - based on commission
to enquire into the issues of the co. u/s 15 of IDRA, GOI passed a request u/s 18-A to
assume control over the factory. Tested before SC on the ground that enquiry report not
submitted Held ¾ Not conceivable to set down general standard on this Q. ¾ Answer
relies upon actualities and conditions of each case ¾ If the non-revelation of the report
makes any preference in any way the gathering, it must be uncovered, generally non-
exposure would not add up to infringement of standards of common equity. In UOI Vs.
Mohd. Ramzan Khan (1991) a seat of 3 makes a decision about held that non-outfitting of
the enquiry report would add up to refusal of the standards of characteristic equity

kirti kabra
on 25 September 2018

Published in Others Other Articles by - kirti kabra

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