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NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 3: Nationalism in India

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NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 3: Nationalism in India
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Understanding who they were, their identity, and belongingness
New symbols, icons, songs and ideas, redefining boundaries
Nationalism is connected to anti-colonialism & shared bonds between different groups
Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge groups within one movement – but conflicts
arose
1st WW – economic and political situation, huge defence expenditure, war loans, increased
taxes, custom duties and income tax, doubling of prices
In villages – failed crops, forced recruitment in army & influenza epidemics. 12-13 million
people perished due to famines and epidemics
Gandhi returned to India in Jan 1915 from South Africa (workers from Newcastle to
Transvaal against racist laws) – started satyagraha (power of truth and search for truth) &
dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians
1916 – Champaran, Bihar against oppressive plantation
1917 – Kheda, Gujarat – crop failure and plague – relaxation on revenue collection
1918 – Organize Ahmedabad textile mill workers
Rowlatt Act
Rowlatt Act (1919) – Nationwide protest against it. Passed by Imperial Legislative Council
despite united opposition. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political
activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Gandhi called for hartal on 6th April, rallies organized, local leaders were picked from
Amritsar and Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. Martial law imposed and General Dyer
took the command. Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place – some against oppressive
government policy and others to attend Baisakhi fair
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Dyer wanted to create a moral effect in mind of satyagarhis for feeling of terror
Humiliation of people: satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the
streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around
Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed.
Movement was called off. It was mainly based in cities and towns
Khilafat Issue –
1st WW witnessed defeat of Ottoman Empire – harsh treaty on Khalifa (Ottoman emperor).
To defend Khalifa, Khilafat Committee formed in March 1919 – Muhammad Ali and Shaukat
Ali discussed issue with Gandhi
Calcutta Session of Congress in Sept 1920 – start non-cooperation with Khalifat. Gandhi’s
book Hind Swaraj explained British rule survived in India only because of cooperation of
Indians
Surrender of titles, boycott of civil services, army, police, court, legislative council, schools
and foreign goods
Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-
Cooperation program was adopted.
Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in Jan. 1921 – call of Swaraj
Council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party
(party of non-Brahmans), felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power
Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed. Import of foreign cloth halved between
1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore.
Khadi was more expensive than mill produced cloth and poor could not afford to buy.
Establish Indian institutions but these were slow to come so people started joining back work
in government courts
Countryside developments – Awadh (Baba Ramchandra – sanyasi who earlier had been to
Fiji as indentured labourer) – against talukdars and landlords who were demanding high
rents, begar (forced laborer without payment) – demand for reduction of revenue, abolition
of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords
Nai –dobhi bandhs were organized by panchayat. Oudh Kisan Sabha was formed with JL
Nehru and Baba Ramchandra – 300 branches were set up around region
Effort of Congress was to integrate Awadh peasant struggle into wider struggle - houses of
talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken
over. Local leaders told peasants that no taxes were to paid and land to be redistributed
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Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh – militant guerilla movement started in 1920s – against
colonial govt. that closed large forest area, prevented people from entering forest and
collecting fuelwood – felt that their traditional rights were denied – led by Alluri Sitaram
Raju (make astrological predictions, heal people and could survive bullet shot). He was an
incarnation of God – persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. Raju was
captured and executed in 1924 but became a folk hero.
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission – workers
started to leave considering Gandhi Raj has come and everyone would be given the land in
their own villages.
Gandhi raised slogan “Swatantra Bharat” – emotionally relating to all India agitation
After Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur – Gandhi called off Non Cooperation movement
Feb 1922 – Non Cooperation movement was withdrawn as it was turning violent & some
leaders wanted to participate in elections to provincial councils set up by Government of
India Act, 1919 – need to oppose British Council
CR Das & Motilal Nehru formed Swaraj Party – to argue for return to council politics
JL Nehru & SC Bose – pressed for radical mass agitation and full independence
Factors affecting Indian Politics late 1920s
Effect of worldwide economic depression, agricultural prices fell from 1926 & collapsed after
1930. Peasants found hard to sell harvest and pay revenue
Tory government in Britain constituted Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon –
functioning of constitutional system & no single Indian in the commission – in 1928 was
greeted with “Go Back Simon”
Irwin in 1929 announced dominion status for India and Round Table conference to discuss
constitution.
Radicals became assertive and liberals lost influence
In Dec 1929 – Lahore Congress formalized demand for “Purna Swaraj” or full independence &
declared 26 Jan 1930 as Independence Day
Salt March & Civil Disobedience Movement

1928 – Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was founded with Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and
Ajay Ghosh as the leaders.
1929 - Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly & also
attempt to blow the train in which Irwin was travelling – idea was “Inquilab Zindabad”
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31 Jan 1930 – Letter to Irwin with 11 demands – bringing all classes under united campaign
– demand to abolish salt tax (monopoly over salt production by Britisher was most
oppressive face of British rule)
If demands are not fulfilled, Congress would launch
Civil Disobedience Movement

Salt March – with 78 volunteers for 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi – 24 days and
walked 10 miles a day
Not only refuse cooperation but also break laws – started manufacturing salt, peasants
refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, officials resigned & forest people violated forest
laws (going to reserved forest to collect wood and graze cattle)
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930 in
Peshwar – huge demonstrations
Gandhi was arrested and industrial workers in Sholapur were attacked – around 1 lakh
people were arrested
Movement called off and Gandhi entered Irwin pact on March 1931 & Gandhi consented to
participate in 2nd Round Table Conference in London (returned disappointed) & government
agreed to release political prisoners
Back in India, Ghaffar Khan and JL Nehru were in jail, congress declared illegal and
measures were imposed to prevent demonstrations. Civil disobedience movement was re-
launched but lost its momentum by 1934
Patidars in Gujarat & Jats in UP – were active; rich peasants; producers of commercial crops;
cash income disappeared & found it impossible to pay government revenue demand. Refusal
of government to reduce revenue demand led to resentment. Fight was struggle against high
revenue. Movement called off in 1931 with revision of revenue rates and was restarted in 1932
but many refused to participate
Peasants joined radical movements led by Socialist and Communists
In 1st WW – Indian merchants & industrialists made great profits and got powerful –
demanded protection against import of foreign goods & rupee- sterling foreign exchange
ratio would discourage imports - they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial
Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
(FICCI) in 1927 led by Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla – gave financial assistance
and refused to buy and sell imported goods – they were apprehensive of militant activities
and worried about prolonged disruption of business
Strikes of railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932. In 1930 – Chottanagpur tin
workers wore Gandhi caps and protested.
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Large scale women participation was seen – protest march, manufactured salt, picketed
foreign cloth and liquor shops. Women were from high caste families in urban area & in rural
from rich peasant households
Gandhi – duty to women to look after home, be good mother and good wives
Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority
Limits of Civil Disobedience

Untouchables or Dalits or oppressed were not moved by abstract ideas of swaraj
Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending sanatanis, the conservative high-caste
Hindus
Gandhi believed that swaraj would not come for 100 years if untouchability was not
eliminated – called them harijans (son of god). He himself cleaned toilets to dignify role of
bhangi & persuaded upper caste to change their heart and give up “sin of untouchability”
Demand rose for separate electorate & reserved seats in educational institutions for
untouchables
Dalit participation in Civil Disobedience movement was limited in Maharashtra and Nagpur
(as organization was very strong)
BR Ambedkar – organized dalits into Depressed Classes Association in 1930 – clashed with
Gandhi at 2nd Round Table Conference for a separate electorate for dalits.
Gandhi believed separate electorate would slowdown the growth. Ambedkar accepted
Gandhi’s position and led to Poona Pact of Sept. 1932 - It gave Depressed Classes reserved
seats in provincial and central legislative council but they were to be voted in general
elections
Muslims felt alienated and from mid-1920s Congress came to be openly associated with
Hindus like Hindu Mahasabha – led to worsened relations between Hindus and Muslims –
provoked communal riots
Muslim League and Congress tried to renegotiate an alliance and in 1927 it appeared that
such unity could be forged – differences were over representation in future assemblies that
were to be elected
Jinnah (leader of Muslim League) - willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if
Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in
proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
Hope to resolve issue disappeared when MR Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha opposed to

compromise
Many expressed concern about minority status of Muslims in India
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Spread of Nationalism
By history, fiction, folklore. Songs, popular prints and symbols
Nation symbolized as figure or image – identity of India as Bharat Mata (image 1st by Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay – he later wrote Vande Mataram & novel Anandmath)
Abindranath Tagore painted Bharatmata as calm, composed, divine and spiritual
Folk tales talked about traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside
forces
In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The
Folklore of Southern India.
During Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon,
representing Hindus and Muslims.
By 1921, Gandhi had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolor (red, green and white)
and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
Reinterpretation of history – British believed Indians as backward and primitive and

incapable of doing something. Indian talked about the glorious past – developments in
science, math, religion, culture, craft and trade
Bring together Indians for a common ground for struggle to channelize people’s grievances
into organized movement
Idea was to resolve difference and ensure demand of one group did not alienate another
-Manishika
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5/12/2019----NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 3: Nationalism in India YouTube Lecture Handouts- Translation in Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi,

Punjabi, Sindhi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telgu - Examrace----Downloaded from examrace.com

NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 3: Nationalism in India

Understanding who they were, their identity, and belongingness

New symbols, icons, songs and ideas, redefining boundaries

Nationalism is connected to anti-colonialism & shared bonds between different groups

1916 – Champaran, Bihar against oppressive plantation

1918 – Organize Ahmedabad textile mill workers

Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in Jan. 1921 – call of Swaraj

Factors affecting Indian Politics late 1920s

Radicals became assertive and liberals lost influence

Salt March & Civil Disobedience Movement

If demands are not fulfilled, Congress would launch

Civil Disobedience Movement

Peasants joined radical movements led by Socialist and Communists

Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority

Limits of Civil Disobedience

Hope to resolve issue disappeared when MR Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha opposed to

Many expressed concern about minority status of Muslims in India

Abindranath Tagore painted Bharatmata as calm, composed, divine and spiritual

Reinterpretation of history – British believed Indians as backward and primitive and

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