CHAPTER 6

SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Prepared by:
ENGR. FRANCIS M. MULIMBAYAN ENGINEERING SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – LOS BAÑOS
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER OUTLINE

Introduction
Thermal Reservoir
Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Perpetual Motion Machines
Reversibility
Carnot Cycle and Principles

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SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, the student should be able to:

Define the second law of thermodynamics

Differentiate heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump
Identify irreversibilities
Define reversible and irreversible processes
Solve thermodynamics problems using Carnot principles

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1
INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

THINGS TO PONDER

Water flows down a hill

Heat flows from a hot body to a
cold one
Rubber bands unwind
Fluid flows from a high-pressure
region to a low-pressure region
Iron-based alloys rust

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INTRODUCTION

We should realize that…

Experiences in life suggest that

processes have definite direction
The 1st law of thermodynamics relates
the several variables involved in
physical process but it does not…
give any information as to the direction
of the spontaneous process and,
tell anything about the maximum
possible work 6
2
Heat Engines, Heat
Pumps and Refrigerators

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Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Thermal Reservoir
A hypothetical body with relatively
large thermal energy capacity; i.e.
source and sink
Source
Supplies energy in the form of heat,
e.g. industrial furnace, solar energy
Sink
Absorbs energy in the form of heat,
e.g. atmosphere, large bodies of
water 8
Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Heat Engine

A device operating on a cycle whose

objective is to perform work
Receive heat from high-temperature
reservoir and rejects heat to low-
temperature reservoir.
From 1st Law:
=0
=
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Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Power Plant

An industrial facility used to generate

electric power with the help of one or
more generators which converts different
energy sources into electric power.

Working fluid
Fluid to and from which heat is
transferred while undergoing cycle
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Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Thermal Efficiency

Index of performance of a heat engine

A measure of how efficiently a heat
engine converts the heat that it receives
to work.

= =

= =1
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Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Refrigerator

A device operating on a cycle whose

objective is to maintain the refrigerated
space at a low temperature
By virtue of 1st Law,
, =
Refrigerant
Working fluid used in a refrigeration cycle

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Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Heat Pump

A device operating on a cycle whose

objective is to maintain heated space at
high temperature
Used in cold countries

Air Conditioner
A refrigerator whose refrigerated space
is a room or building instead of food
compartment 13
Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Most frequently used refrigeration cycle

Has four major components:

1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Evaporator
4. Expansion Valve

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Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

Coefficient of Performance
1
= = =
, 1
1
= = =
, 1
Energy Efficiency Ratio
Amount of heat removed from the cooled space in Btu’s for 1 kW-h of
electricity consumed
= 3.412
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3
Statements of the Second
Law of Thermodynamics

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Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Clausius Statement

“It is impossible to construct a device which

operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is
the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a
hotter body.”

Impossibility of transferring heat from to

spontaneously.

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Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin-Planck Statement

“It is impossible to construct a device which

operates in a cycle and produces no other
effect than the production of work and the
transfer of heat from a single body.”

Impossibility of converting Heat to Work

completely.

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Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Note for the two statements:

Both are negative statements

Neither has ever been proved
Both are expressions of experimental observations
No experimental evidence has ever been obtained that violates either of
the two
The two statements are equivalent

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Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Equivalence of the two statements:

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4
Perpetual Motion Machines

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Perpetual Motion Machines

Perpetual Motion Machines

Any device that violates either of the 1st and

2nd law of thermodynamics

Kinds
1. PMM1 – device that violates the 1st law of
thermodynamics
2. PMM2 – device that violates the 2nd law of
thermodynamics
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5
Reversibility

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Reversibility

Reversible Device
The most efficient device that can be possibly constructed
Operates with reversible processes only

Reversible Process
A quasi-equilibrium process which, having taken place, can be reversed and
in so doing, leave no change in either the system or the surroundings
Proceeds in the absence of irreversibilities
An ideal process since all real processes include some irreversibilities

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Reversibility

Irreversibilities

1. Friction
2. Unrestrained expansion of a gas
3. Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference
4. Other factors such as electric resistance, inelastic deformation of
solids, chemical reactions, combustion, and spontaneous mixing of
different gases

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Reversibility

Friction

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Reversibility

Unrestrained expansion of a gas

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Reversibility

Heat transfer across a finite

temperature difference

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6
Carnot Cycle

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Carnot Cycle

Carnot Engine
Heat engine that operates most efficiently between high-temperature
reservoir and a low-temperature reservoir
Ideal engine that uses reversible processes to form its cycle of operation
and thus, also known as reversible engine
Useful in establishing the maximum possible efficiency of any real engine
The cycle where it operates on is called “Carnot cycle”
Named after French Engineer Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

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 Carnot Cycle

Carnot Cycle

1→2 Reversible Isothermal Heat

Addition

Heat is transferred reversibly from high-

temperature reservoir at constant
temperature .
The working substance expands which
increases the volume
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 Carnot Cycle

Carnot Cycle

2→3 Reversible Adiabatic

Expansion

The cylinder is completely insulated so that

no heat transfer occurs during this
reversible process.
The volume continues to increase

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 Carnot Cycle

Carnot Cycle

3→4 Reversible Isothermal Heat

Rejection

Heat is transferred reversibly to the low-

temperature reservoir at the constant
temperature .
The working substance is compressed, with
volume decreasing.
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 Carnot Cycle

Carnot Cycle

4→1 Reversible Adiabatic

Compression

The completely insulated cylinder allows no

heat transfer during this reversible process
The volume continues to decrease until the
original volume, temperature and pressure
are reached, thereby completing the cycle.
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 Carnot Cycle

Reversible (or Carnot) Heat Engine Reversible Refrigerator or Heat Pump

Operates on a Carnot Cycle Operates on a Reversed Carnot Cycle

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 Carnot Cycle

Carnot Principles

Postulate 1 It is impossible to construct an engine, operating between two given

temperature reservoirs, that is more efficient than the Carnot
engine.
Postulate 2 The efficiency of a Carnot engine is not dependent on the working
fluid used or any particular design feature of the engine
Postulate 3 All reversible engines, operating between two given temperature
reservoirs, have the same efficiency as a Carnot engine operating
between the same two temperatures.
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 Carnot Cycle

For a reversible process, Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump

1 1
= , = & , , =
1 1
Carnot Heat Engine
Devices can be classified as:
Irreversible (Real)
=1 → , =1 Reversible (Ideal)
Impossible
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 Sample Problems

1. A heat engine produces 136 hp with a thermal efficiency of 30%.

Find the total rate of energy rejected to the ambient and the rate of
heat input, both in kW.

2. A refrigerator is maintained at 40C by removing heat from it at a rate

of 8 kW. If the required power input to the refrigerator is 2.5 KW,
determine (a) the COPR and (b) the rate of heat rejection to the room
that houses the refrigerator.
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 Sample Problems

3. Consider a Carnot cycle heat engine using the steam as the working fluid
and having a thermal efficiency 20%. Heat is transferred to the working
fluid at 250 0C and during this process the working fluid changes from
saturated liquid to saturated vapor.
a. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram including the saturated liquid and
saturated vapor lines
b. What are the qualities at the beginning and end of the isothermal heat
rejection process?
c. Find qL , qH and wnet 39
 Sample Problems

4. A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the

winter. The house is to be maintained at 210C at all times.
The house is estimated to be losing heat at a rate of 40
Watts when the outside temperature drops to -50C.
Determine the minimum power required to drive this heat
pump.

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Thank you!
Prepare for a QUIZ Next Meeting!

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