INTRODUCTION

In a system of Criminal trial, it is the entitlement duty of the State to prosecute

a person accused of an offense. The criminal law considers an accused as innocent
until his guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt. So the State must prove the case
beyond reasonable doubt. The defendant has the right to defend himself against the
charge and to relieve himself from the clutches of the charge leveled against him.
The evidence collected through modern scientific techniques such as forensic
techniques engages before the court a
nd are considered for the claims they provide. However, this was not the situation
until recent before, due to the lack of the scientific illiteracy of the lawyers, judges
to argue or decide the issues engaged in those cases.
Every step in the criminal process must be taken with caution to avoid
miscarriages of the justice of the accused. It is stated that either that 10 guilty men
should escape rather than letting the innocent man tolerate and suffer for the crimes
he did not commit. So, it is the responsibility of the judicial system, to be provided
with unadulterated evidence that an innocent man should not be accused and
convicted of the crimes someone else committed.
For almost 50 years, since the publication of Police and Science and Technology
(1967), there have been remarkable advancements in the growth of Forensic Science
in serving Criminal Justice system. Sophisticated scientific techniques have been
employed to examine and interpret physical clues retrieved from the crime scene.
Due to increasing Crime rates, the Forensic laboratories have multiplied almost four
fold since the 1970s. It is worth mentioning that breakthrough in the DNA testing
that uniquely determines the source of biological substances have pressurized of the
Police and courts to increased their reliance on more objective forms of evidence.
In the 1970s and 1980s, several studies looked at the effects of the physical
evidence on the outcomes of the police investigations and prosecutions.
• The Rand Corporation study (et al, 1975) was highly critical of detective
activities, determinative in predicting if a crime would be solved based on the first
class of evidence collected. The original and old investigation techniques and
physical evidence retrieving played little role in solving crimes. This study also
showed that the fingerprints and the physical evidence obtained from the crime scene
only lead to the conviction of the one percent of the offenders.
• Forst (et al., 1977) examined the outcome of cases after the arrest. They found
that the 70% of the arrests did not lead to the conviction of the person. The following
are the factors that chained down to the takedown of the suspect: location of two or
more witness, by minimization of time from crime incidence to arrest, and the
presence of “tangible evidence”.
Keeping that apart, the study did not define the role of “tangible evidence”, or if it
was examined at the crime laboratory.
• Boland (et al., 1989) study showed that on average only about half of the
police arrests resulted in the formal charging by the prosecutor, of this 70-80 %
resulted in a conviction; the vast majority (90%) was resolved through a plea and
only 10% had actually gone through trial.
• Studies of burglaries by Stanford Research Institute (Greenberg et al., 1973)
and the Police Executive Research Forum (Eck 1979) identified the key variables,
including usable fingerprints, predicted the case outcome in 85% of cases.
• A British Study (Ramsay, et al., 1987) found that forensic laboratories
provided “helpful information” to the police in about three-quarters of the cases,
where the suspects have been identified. It is also been found that less than 40%
cases were without suspects.

DEFINITION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

An introduction to Forensic Science defines it as “The application of science to
those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by the police agencies in a criminal
justice system”. Forensic Science deals with the application of the knowledge and
methodology of various disciplines of science to legal matters. It involves the use of
multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, computer science and
engineering for evidence analysis. For instance, physics is used to understand the
pattern of a blood spatter, biology to establish the source of an unidentified suspect
and chemistry to determine the composition of drugs. Thus, the role of forensic
science in criminal justice and the legal system is highly critical but is often
underrated. 1
Forensic science is the use of science in the service of law. Forensic sciences
include any principles that aid in the collection of samples, then preservation of those
samples, and analysis of evidence by using Chemistry (for examination and
identification of chemical explosives), Engineering (for examining structural
designs), and Biology (for Finger printing, DNA analysis) techniques.

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 A forensic scientist is an expert in any technical field and can provide an analysis
of the evidence, examination results, technical support and even training in his or
her area of expertise. Analysis of this forensic evidence is helpful in the investigation
crimes, to establish the real identity of the culprit.
Forensic evidence is also used to link crimes that are thought to be related to
each other, for example, DNA evidence can link one same offender to various other
crimes or crime scenes or even exonerate the accused. Linking crimes help law
enforcements authorities to narrow down the possible range of suspects and to
establish patterns of for crimes, which are helpful to identify and to prosecute the
suspects.
To maintain the quality, standard and highest accuracy of the forensic analysis,
forensic scientists are working on developing new techniques and procedures for
collection, and analysis of the evidence. Hence, in doing so we can use the newer
techniques and provided without impurities to not only to keep forensic scientists on
the new horizons of science and to keep high standards when dealing with the quality
and accuracy of the results.
The Forensic analysis is usually carried out by the experts working individually
or in teams to gather evidence. The more advanced techniques require laboratories
where the controlled observations can be monitored and investigated. Forensic labs
can be small or large either supported by government or private laboratories. This
forensic analysis of the evidence can be used to establish the guilt or innocence of
possible suspects during an investigation and prosecution of civil and criminal
proceedings. The different types of methods can be used in forensic science and to
increase their acceptability in the legal court system.

USE OF FORENSIC EVIDENCE

Fisher, suggested essential uses of forensic evidence to criminal investigations are
listed below.
a) To prove a crime if that has been committed by a suspect.
b) To establish key elements of a crime leading to the revelation of the suspect.
c) To place the suspect with respect to involvement with the victim or with the
crime scene.
d) To determine the identity of persons associated with the crime.
e) To exonerate the innocent, if not guilty.
f) To confirm or give support to the victim’s testimony.
g) To assist in placing the facts of what had occurred.
Many hours are devoted by the police personnel for the collection of the forensic
evidence along with the analysis of the data taken, starting with the crime scene and
continuing throughout the entire investigation process. Forensic evidence is
nowadays always preferred by the prosecutors to prove the guilt beyond any
reasonable doubt. The recent trend suggests that most of the jurors expect forensic
evidence to be presented. The failure of presentation of the forensic evidence most
often suggests and plants doubts in their minds regarding the same. So it is in Courts
best interests that they have made provided with physical evidence to make
important decisions, this limits the reliance on the statements and confessions of the
defendants, thus making the court process more smooth and fast.
DEFINITION OF EXPERTS
In a number of cases, experts have gone beyond negligence. For example, a
surprising number of expert witnesses have lied about their credentials. In one
case, an FBI serologist testified that he had a master's degree in science, "whereas
in fact he never attained a graduate degree." In another case, the death penalty was
vacated when evidence was discovered that a prosecution expert, who ''had
testified in many cases," had lied about her professional qualifications. "[S]he had
never fulfilled the educational requirements for a laboratory technician." Other
examples include a serologist who testified falsely about his academic credentials;
a psychologist who was convicted of petjury for claiming, during the Ted Bundy
trial, that he had a doctorate degree; an arson expert who testified falsely about his
academic credentials; a lab technician convicted of peijury for misrepresenting his
educational background; and a lab analyst who pleaded guilty to eight counts of
falsification for misstating his academic credentials.
Perhaps the most striking illustration is a firearms expert who took some credit for
"the development of penicillin, the 'Pap' smear, and to top it all off, the atomic
bomb." Professor Starrs, who has examined these cases in depth, has proposed
discovery as the remedy for this type of fraud.
Another type of misconduct is illustrated by the ''Maguire Case" in Great Britain.
The Maguires were accused of possessing an explosive as part of the Irish
Republican Army's terrorism campaign. The prosecution relied on scientific
evidence. Professor Starrs has provided us with the following summary:
The government built its case on the traces of [nitroglycerine] under the fingernails
of six of the defendants and on the plastic gloves belonging to Mrs. Maguire. "The
evidence was almost entirely scientific." . . . The prosecution made much of the
fact that [thin layer chromatography] will identify [nitroglycerine] to the exclusion
of other substances, explosive and nonexplosive. The tests were said to be as
conclusive and irrefutable as fingerprints. The entire underpinnings for this
assertion was proved not only to be scientifically false but also known to be so by
all concerned parties and scientists by the trial's eleventh hour discovery of an
intra-Dab] memorandum dated six months prior to the Maguires' arrest.
Another example occurred in 1970, when a federal grand jury in Chicago
investigated the deaths of Black Panther leaders in a police raid. The grand jury
report noted that the "testimony of the firearms examiner that he could not have
refused to sign what he believed was an inadequate and preliminary report on pain
of potential discharge is highly alarming. If true, it could undermine public
confidence in all scientific analysis performed by this agency.
ROLE OF FORENSIC EXPERTS IN CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
I. Forensic Biology/DNA: Apart from fingerprint analysis, DNA profiling is the
other commonly used forensic technique in criminal investigations. DNA
being as unique to an individual as fingerprints, help forensic professionals
identify or confirm an unidentified person, or to eliminate suspects from a list
of accused. The biological evidence most commonly used for DNA profiling
include blood, saliva, semen, skin, urine, and hair. However, DNA
fingerprints are usually never used as the single piece of evidence in the court
of law.
II. Forensic Odontology: Forensic odontology helps in the identification of
victims when the body is left in an unrecognizable state. This is achieved
through an examination of their teeth, the alignment, and overall structure of
the mouth. Forensic dentists or odontologists aid in the comparative
identification of a person by examining the development and anatomy of the
teeth including any restorative dental corrections such as filling. It is often
applied to criminal investigations for bite mark analysis.
III. Controlled Substances: Chemicals that are legally recognized as having the
potential for abuse are called controlled substances. This includes “street
drugs” such as ecstasy or heroin and prescription drugs such as oxycodone.
The ability to detect and identify such controlled substances plays a crucial
role in aiding law enforcement agencies in their fight against drug abuse and
drug-based violence.
IV. Impression and Pattern Evidence: Impression evidence is the evidence created
when two objects come in contact with enough force to create an
“impression”. This could involve a two-dimensional impression such as a
fingerprint or three-dimensional one such as the marks on a bullet. Pattern
evidence analysis involves identification and analysis of additional
 information within an impression. Impression and pattern evidence when used
in conjunction can help establish vital links between a suspect/tool to a crime
scene.
V. Trace Evidence: Evidence such as fibers, soil, hair, gunshot residue, wood,
and pollen are some of the many examples of trace evidence. It derives its
name from its tendency to be easily transferrable between objects, people or
the environment during a crime. Trace evidence often plays a pivotal role in
establishing a prime link between a suspect and the victim. For instance, a soil
sample obtained from the shoes of a victim can give critical clues on the
location of the crime and thus help in tracing the perpetrator.
VI. Ballistics: Ballistics is a specialized forensic science that deals with the
motion, behavior, dynamics, angular movement and effects of projectiles,
such as bullets, rockets, missiles, bombs etc. The use of ballistics in forensics
is mainly in criminal investigations. For instance, the examination of the bullet
found at a crime scene can reveal what type of gun was used to fire it and
whether it is associated with any other crime in the past. In fact, ballistic
details are documented in a large database that is accessible by law
enforcement agencies across the globe.2
ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATIONS
Forensic science is that piece without which the puzzle of a criminal investigation is
incomplete. Without the application of forensic science, criminals can never be
convicted unless an eyewitness is present. While detectives and law enforcement
agencies are involved in the collection of evidence, be it physical or digital, it is
forensic science that deals with the analysis of those evidence in order to establish
facts admissible in the court of law.
Thus in a world devoid of forensic science, murderers, thieves, drug traffickers and
rapists would be roaming scot-free.
The duties and responsibilities of a forensic scientist in a criminal investigation is
crucial as it involves the careful examination of an evidence while ensuring that it is
not tampered with. A diverse pool of forensic scientists and forensic tools go into
the investigation of a criminal act.
For instance, forensic pathologists are skilled at determining the cause of a death by
performing autopsies. An autopsy helps establish the cause and manner of death
through the examination of body fluids and tissues. Forensic Scientists analyze

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physical evidence (fingerprints, blood, hair etc.) collected from the incident scene to
identify suspects. Additionally, forensic professionals use image modification tools
to search for criminals absconding from the law for a long time. This tool enables
them to digitally age a photograph to understand how the individual would look at
aging.

CRIMINAL PROFILING – GETTING INSIDE A CRIMINAL’S

MIND
This needs no introduction as we have often encountered its use in popular television
series such as Criminal Minds, Law & Order, Profiler and the film, Silence of the
Lambs. Criminal profiling dates back to 1888 and is believed to have been originally
used and adapted by the FBI.
Criminal profiling enables forensic scientists to zero down on suspects by
determining a criminal’s patterns and personality. It is based on a psychological
evaluation of the belongings seized from an offender. This helps in drawing a
complete social and psychological assessment of the offender. Although it is often
questioned for its accuracy, effectiveness and scientific validity, its role in the
criminal investigation cannot be neglected.
The basic steps of criminal profiling include in-depth analysis of the crime scene,
analyzing the incidence and drawing comparisons with similar events in the past,
evaluation of the victim’s background and activities, considering all possible
motives and preparing a detailed description of the suspects in order to compare it
with previous cases.3
USES OF FORENSIC EVIDENCES IN THE PROSECUTION OF
MURDRERS
Several forensic authorities have developed typologies for forensic evidence.
They include and cover a wide variety of forensic evidence collected at crime scenes:
Fingerprints, impression evidence (like tire tracks or shoe prints); hair and fibers,
tissue samples handwriting (graphology) evidence, firearms, knives, glass
fragments, biological evidence (saliva, semen), drug evidence, trace evidence and
entomological evidence.
Biological evidence:

3
Supra 2
Blood and saliva are the two of the most important biological evidence in forensics.
Blood evidence can be retrieved from the or during the autopsy (WET BLOOD) or
the blood obtained from the Blood stains from the crime scenes like in the form of
SWABS.
Saliva evidence is prepared or produced from the buccal swabs, usually from the
victim or the suspect.
Seminal stains, urine, and perspiration are the other types of biological evidence
The main aim in any of this biological evidence is to go through a process called
DNA profiling. DNA is a double stranded polymer that is involved the genetic
inheritance factor. The uniqueness of the DNA in each individual helps in
determining the culprit. One DNA will belong to only one person, hence DNA
profiling of the biological evidence is utmost important.

Weapons evidence:
-Firearms like handguns, rifles, assault weapons etc.
-Ammunition, for example, spent casings, fired projectiles, fragments of the bullet,
and also including unfired bullets.
-Gunshot residue (GSR) tests serving the purpose of determining whether an
individual was close enough when the firearm was discharged
- Knives left at the crime scene.
This will help to raise the obliterated serial numbers in firearms, which are recorded
in an attempt to find the registered owner of the weapon. This also allows in dusting
off fingerprints, blood stains, tissues, gunshot residues from the weapon.
Fingerprint evidence:
Fingerprints are available for both hands and palms as in the case of fingerprinting
a victim or suspect. This type is said to complete 10-prints.
Latent prints are so called only if when partial prints of one or more fingers are
available.
Finger prints are obtained through powdering technique. This is done on the physical
evidence such as weapons, vehicle, doorknobs, glass wares etc. Like DNA, the
fingerprints on each and every individual is different. It is also worth mentioning
that even the both hands do not have same prints. Similarly, identical twins also do
not have same fingerprints or no same DNA homology.
Experts in the field analyze the fingerprints obtained from the crime scene based on
the friction ridges left behind.
Drug evidence:
-Drugs like marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine (meth), lysergic acid (LSD), and
other hallucinogens.
-Drug paraphernalia (pipes, spoons, etc.) found at a scene, are packed and sent to
the drug analysis and results are interpreted for the accused. The drug type and its
mental effects are analyzed and detail drafts are made.
Impressions evidence:
Include Shoe print impressions, tire tracks, and tool marks.
Trace evidence:
Trace evidence refers to small, sometimes microscopic, material or elements.
Include fibers, hairs, building materials (such as asbestos, paint, etc.), cigarette butts,
glass pieces, and others. These are sent for chemical analysis and DNA profiling if
possible
Natural/Synthetic Materials:
Include clothing, bed and bath material, carpets, metal objects, plastic, and
paper. These objects may contain various degrees of incriminating material evidence
to prove guilt or innocence of the accused.
Electronic/Printed Data:
Electronic data includes computers, cell phones etc., confiscated for the
analogous memory of data. They represent the soft copy, can be analyzed with and
through computer experts, cyber cell. Printed data represents the hard copy, which
can contain the data in relation to the crime.
Handwriting evidence:
Handwriting is considered as the brain wave signal, which forms the writing
changes based on the emotions of the person. The study of handwriting is called
graphology. The handwriting analysis is established on the basis that no two
individual cannot have same handwriting, but its variation. In the case of suicide
notes, it can be compared with the normal notes and the pikes in the handwriting.
Other Items:
All the other things that do not fall under any of above category. 4

CASE STUDIES:

Rival Gangs Homicide

This case resulted from a confrontation near a popular night club between two rival
gangs in which shots were fired between gang members. A member of one of the
gangs was shot in the stomach and subsequently died at the hospital. Police officers
patrolling near the scene heard shots and immediately responded to the area. They
noticed a man running from the scene with a handgun. As police officers pursued
the suspect on foot, he threw the handgun over a security fence into a construction
site. Officers eventually caught and arrested the suspect, and were able to retrieve
the handgun from the construction site. Police found a second handgun in the area
where the shooting took place.
Accounts by witnesses varied considerably on what had occurred at the scene. One
witness stated that he did not get a good look at the suspect but knew that he had not
been in the club because he was not wearing ―club clothes.‖ Another witness, who
stated he saw the shooting, was unable to identify the shooter in a curbside lineup,
and another witness stated that he observed a man fire a gun twice before running
away but could not provide a detailed description. Police interviewed several others
at the scene but none was able to identify the shooter.
Firearms analysis played a key role in the subsequent investigation. Crime lab
personnel were able to show that a copper jacketed projectile and two lead fragments
recovered during autopsy were fired by the handgun thrown into the construction
site by the suspect. Further, a forensic specialist had administered a gunshot residue
(GSR) kit on his hands after his arrest on the evening of the shooting. Analysis of a
gunshot residue (GSR) kit found one particle unique to gunshot residue from his
hands. Finally, DNA analysis concluded that he was a contributor to a mixture of
DNA material found on the handgun from the construction site.
Faced with the results of the forensic analysis, the suspect pled guilty to voluntary
manslaughter and possession of a firearm by a felon. He was sentenced to 21 years
in prison.

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Serial Sexual Assaults
The suspect arrested for the assaults in this case had been previously convicted and
sentenced to prison for two sexual assaults on children in the 1980s. He was paroled
in December 2004 after serving his entire sentence without treatment. Immediately
upon release he traveled to Denver and started reoffending by going on a rampage
of six sexual assaults at four locations within a one week period.
In the first case, on a Friday afternoon, he broke into a pet food and supply store
where he robbed and raped the store clerk, a woman in her twenties. He was armed
with a knife and cut the victim‘s hand in the course of the assault. That same
afternoon, while still carrying a knife, he raped a woman after breaking into her
house and also stole her wallet. On the next evening around 7:30 p.m., the suspect
broke into a large home where a grandmother was watching three children whose
parents were traveling out of the country. He took the grandmother to the basement,
tied her up and raped her, and then brought two of the children (eleven year old twin
girls) downstairs and raped each of them in a location where the grandmother could
hear but not see the assaults. She was able to untie herself and run outside to the
adjacent park for help.
On the following Tuesday, the police department crime lab put a team on 24 hour
detail to develop a DNA profile from evidence collected at the crime scenes. The
team developed a profile the next day, which matched two cases in the state CODIS
database—a rape of a woman and a sexual assault on a young boy in a neighboring
county. In that case, investigators had actually interviewed the suspect but let him
go after the interview. The police chief and district attorney appealed for help in
apprehending the suspect.
Two days later, in the same general location as the earlier assaults, a woman was
found wandering outside of an apartment building with a severe head injury. She
was the manager of the apartment building and in the course of checking on an
abandoned apartment, she had walked in on the suspect who was sexually assaulting
a woman he had kidnapped earlier and had been holding there all day. He beat the
apartment manager with a two by four piece of wood and then fled with the sexual
assault victim in the apartment manager‘s car. Since her cell phone was in the car,
police were able to track the car using global positioning technology, and the suspect
was apprehended by local police in a mountain town 150 miles away.
In interviews with investigators, he confessed to all the crimes and supplied
detectives with detailed information about how he committed them, items he had
stolen and where he had discarded them, as well as the location of the discarded
weapons used in each crime. This information led detectives to many items of
evidence, including a knife and a victim‘s wallet,which were located exactly where
he had directed them.
DNA evidence was collected from all the victims except two—the woman who was
assaulted with a piece of wood and one of the twin girls. Six cases were connected
through DNA evidence. Over 80 criminal counts were filed against the suspect,
including sexual assault, sexual assault on a child, kidnapping, and attempted
murder. He pled guilty to all counts and received the maximum sentences,
consecutive when possible, which totaled more than 1,319 years. He also pled guilty
to all charges in the two cases in neighboring Arapahoe County, where he was
sentenced to an additional 200 years.
In conclusion, forensic evidence was responsible for the suspect‘s arrest and also led
to his guilty plea to all the charges against him. This case also had far reaching
implications for investigative procedures and protocols in Denver.
Burglary and Sexual Assault
The suspect in this case removed the window screen from the victim‘s apartment
and retrieved a knife from the kitchen. The victim woke up as the suspect got into
bed with her. When she started to scream, he put his hand over her mouth and told
her to be quite or he would kill her. During the ensuing struggle, she bit his finger
causing him to flee the house. Crime scene investigators found his blood on the
kitchen stove and kitchen floor. Forensic analysts developed a DNA profile from the
blood and stored it in the department‘s local CODIS database (LDIS). No matches
were made through the SDIS and NDIS systems.
Approximately ten months, investigators made an arrest on a warrant from Ithaca,
New York, where the arrestee was wanted for a series of residential burglaries and
sexual assaults.18 Because of the nature of the arrest, police obtained a saliva sample
and crime lab personnel developed a DNA profile from the sample. Upon entering
the profile into the LDIS database, a hit was made against the profile from the blood
found in the victim‘s kitchen. The suspect subsequently admitted to entering the
victim‘s apartment and, in fact, he stated that he had tried unsuccessfully to enter
other apartments in the area.
He entered into a plea bargain in which the prosecutor charged him with intent to
commita felony and burglary. He was sentenced to six years in prison and also faced
charges for crimesin New York.
This case illustrates the value of LDIS databases maintained by crime labs in police
departments. The suspect did not have a criminal history that required submission of
a DNA sample for entry into CODIS. Therefore, the DNA profile from blood in the
victim‘s kitchen did not result in a match when uploaded into CODIS. However, the
profile was stored in the department‘s LDIS database. The arrest on the outstanding
warrant from New York resulted in a sample from the suspect that matched the
profile in the LDIS database.5

CONCLUSION
Forensic evidence crucially plays an important role in helping courts of law to
arrive at a logical conclusion. Expert witness plays a major role in the modern age
to look onto the outcome of the case. So if good experts do not fill in the court
attendance, the lesser professional would fill in this gap, this might ultimately affect
the justice itself. As quoted before, “It is stated that either that 10 guilty men should
escape rather than letting the innocent man tolerate and suffer for the crimes he did
not commit”, a good forensic or medical expert can almost out rule the fate of the
accused.
In conclusion, let me make two points. First, despite my criticisms today about
how scientific evidence often is misused in the courtroom, I am a strong proponent
of scientific proof. It is often better than eyewitness testimqny and credibility
battles-the ''he said, she said" testimony often encountered in rape trials. Moreover,
an innocent person may · be exonerated because of scientific evidence. Second,
problems with experts are not new. In 1843, an English judge wrote that "skilled
witnesses come with such a bias in their minds to support the case in which they
are embarked that hardly any weight should be given to their evidence." In 1899,
the Minnesota Supreme Court observed that "there is hardly anything, not palpably
absurd on its face, that cannot now be proved by some so-called 'expert.”

5
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236474.pdf
SUBMISSION FOR PARTIAL FULILMENT OF 9TH SEMESTER
PROJECT TO BE SUBMITTED FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

ROLE OF FORENSIC EXPERT IN

PROSECUTION OF MURDERERS
Concerned Subject: Forensic Science

Submitted to: Mrs. Namita Malik

(Faculty of Forensic Science)

Submitted by: Neha Saifi

15GSOL103085
(BBA LLB SEC.B)
 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEFINITION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
3. DEFINITION OF EXPERTS
4. ROLE OF FORENSIC EXPERTS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATON
5. ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
6. CRIMINAL PROFILING – GETTING INSIDE A CRIMINAL’S MIND
7. USES OF FORENSIC EVIDENCES IN THE PROSECUTION OF
MURDRERS
8. CASE STUDIES
9. CONCLUSION