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Bullying is termed as a form of abuse that uses power and dominance to those that are

weaker and less powerful. Bullying has been taking place in various areas but it is

mostly common in schools and workplaces. It exists in various social groups, social

classes and is found all over the world. The behavior is usually repetitive and

aggressive and it is based on the sole intention of hurting the victim. Bullies carry out

the behavior to harm the other person as a way of gaining power over the other person.

It is normally a behavior that is planned and purposeful.

Bullying in schools has become very common and it has led to some very serious

consequences. It has led to physical violence in forms of fight and in some extreme

cases deaths by suicides. Cases have emerged of some forms of bullying in the schools

that have led to some of these severe consequences. Children who are victims have

had to live with short term and long term consequences of the behavior. Some of the

other effects include poor performance in their studies, depression, bedwetting, being

withdrawn, changing schools regularly and is some cases suicides among others

(Norfolk, n.d). Over 7% of children especially in the 8th grade tend to stay at home

once a month since they are bullied in schools (Banks, 1997). Reports have also shown

that about 15% of students are bullied on a regular basis with some being initiated into

the bullying practice. Direct bullying is more common among boys than with the girls.

However, physical abuse in boys tends to reduce as they progress in age. The victims

of bullying sometimes carry these effects such as depression and low self-esteem into

their adulthood.
Historical Overview

Bullying in schools has been ongoing for a long time now and is experienced in very

many areas of the school. It occurs in some specific areas in the school compound and

environment which include the School Bus Park, hallways and bathrooms and even

during recess (Banks, 1997). It normally consists of a group of bullies who like isolating

a student and bullying them by teasing and taunting the student. Some of them

pressure the student to perform various tasks that humiliate the student. Teachers and

school administrators have also been known to perpetrate bullying in the schools. They

target a particular student and humiliate or abuse the student aggressively.

The causes of bullying arise from the social setting of the bullies. The bullies usually get

the trait from the family setting or from experiences from home. Studies have shown

that most bullies emerge from families that experience physical forms of punishment

and where the families are undergoing some form of abuse. School bullies tend to lack

warmth from their parents and they then strike back through bullying other children in

order to handle their problems. They may also acquire the behavior by learning it from

friends and peers (Banks, 1997).

There are several characteristics that bullies have in common especially in the schools.

Most of the students who feel the need to bully others are usually looking to gain control

since they normally feel more powerful than their intended victims. They tend to get

satisfied once they see their victims suffering and they do not feel empathetic at all

towards the victims (Staffordshire, n.d). When defending themselves they sometimes
use the reasons that the victim provoked them to bully them. Most bullies usually have

high self-esteem and they rarely perform the bullying act since they feel bad for

themselves. They are however antisocial, defiant and badly behaved. They tend to

break rules and display a lot of arrogance and opposition in schools.

Victims of bullies, on the other hand, are usually very insecure, cautious and they suffer

from low self-esteem (Olweus, n.d). They rarely confront the bullies to defend

themselves. They are insecure and anxious and may lack social skills needed to make

friends. They tend to come from families where their parents are overprotective. The

major characteristic that is found with victims of bullying is that they are weaker than the

bullies and this makes it difficult for them to fight the bullies back.

The purpose of this paper is to advocate for laws to be passed across the U.S to ban

bullying in schools and teachers and administrators being given more authority and

responsibility to intercept and deal with bullying. This paper discusses bullying as a

problem in schools n regard to how it has evolved in the past, its effects on the victims

and how it can be stopped. The role of teachers and school administrators in the

prevention of bullying is also highlighted together with their views and those of parents

and legal sources. The various laws that have been passed by the U.S states are

discussed and how important they are in relation to the increase in suicides cases

among children and long-term psychological impacts on victims. Finally, the state of

Massachusetts’ stand on bullying laws is discussed.

Methodology
This research paper is an insight into an in-depth analysis of a review of the literature

with respect to bullying and why laws should be passed across the United States on the

same in an effort to curb this vice. Moreover, studies related to the giving of teachers

and administrators more authority and responsibility to intercept and deal with bullying

rather than ignoring it has been adequately studied. It bears noting that the focal point of

the study is mainly on books and other scholarly materials which tackle bullying from all

aspects. This is particularly bent on the fact that much as many students go through

this, some of the experiences they pass through in the process affect them adversely

later in life.

All the scholarly materials that were selected are either published books, certified

websites and prestige journals. Moreover, these cover a wide range in terms of years

because bullying is not an issue that began recently but has been there for quite some

good time. It equally bears noting that all the articles analyzed were specifically from

credible websites. Additionally, the research was limited to substantial secondary

sources in order to employ studies already carried out by others on the same topic,

primary sources were unavailable. To better analyze the whole idea, the paper was

divided into categories based on the approach used to handle the whole research.

Literature Review

Several studies have been done with regard to bullying but the main points highlighted

include the effects that come with bullying. Norfolk (n.d) puts it that children who are

victims end up performing poorly in school, being depressed and some may even

commit suicide. To back up this argument Banks (1997) points out that more than 7% of
children in the 8th grade tend to stay at home once a month due to being bullied in

school. On the same note, Staffordshire (n.d) depicts that it is more satisfying for the

bullies to see their victims suffer. Further research indicates that victims of bullies are

usually very insecure (Olweus, n.d), similarly, Wright adds to the bargain by pointing out

that the victims tend to have very low self-esteem (2003). Moreover, Digizen (n.d)

brings in a new perspective to the issues by incorporating the environment into the

technological world creating anxiety among the children where children use the same

for purposes of bullying.

The legal view of the whole issue as pointed out by Antibullying ( n.d) is that the legal

system should be efficient in weighing the matter and any cases brought forward.

Likewise, authors such as Rota (2010), GLAD (2010) and O'Dowd ( 2010) have given

specific suicide cases which are worth considering. Another noteworthy matter depicted

in the studies of Dombeck (n.d) is that the primary outcome of the whole ordeal to the

victims is to do with be loneliness being part of their life through to adulthood. It comes

with relief that “Chapter 92 of the Acts of 2010,”(2010) is a law which has made it vital

for anti-bully policies to be posted on school websites and be made available to any

student or parent if a need arises.

Bullying

Bullying is a serious problem that is affecting the academic and social lives of the school

going children. In order to understand the problem and develop an intervention plan that

can be used to stop it, it is important to identify the various forms of bullying that are

going on within the schools and the trends they are taking. It is also important to
understand how they have carried out and the effects that arise from the practice. This

will help develop a plan that will be able to establish a safe and secure environment in

the schools for all children.

Evolution of Bullying

Bullying behavior has been continuously changing over the years. Different forms of

bullying have emerged and they continue to develop and be used in the schools.

Technology has played a very big role in the evolution of the behavior. The first forms of

bullying that have existed over the years included both direct and indirect methods that

were used in the practice. The methods continue to be in use until today but have been

evolved by the use of technology.

Name calling was one of the types of bullying that were used by the bullies on the

victims (Staffordshire, n.d). The victims were given certain names that were intended to

humiliate them and lower their self-esteem. The method has since evolved and is in use

in more places rather than just in schools. Physical bullying has also evolved from the

physical injuries that were inflicted on the victims and it has included theft as a method

that is used to involve threats and lead to the violence.

Social isolation that was once used to make the victims stay alone without friends and

was experienced by children of all age groups has evolved to also include homophobic

isolation. Homophobic isolation is the type of isolation that is practiced by the bullies on

the children who are termed as gay or they are seen to be gay (Staffordshire, n.d). It

also includes those seen to be bisexual or they portray characteristics that make them
seem to be associated with the opposite sex. It is being practiced in the secondary

schools and higher levels of education. The method is normally spread through the

social websites through gossip and in other websites.

One form of bullying that has emerged in schools involves the abuse that is directed at

children who are of different races and cultures. This form of bullying has been growing

over the years with cases being reported that show the increase. The cases also show

that the bullying is also changing according to the different age groups. 25% of children

of age 8 were seen to be bullied more compared to the children who were 5 years who

only made 20% of the overall cases in that age group (Staffordshire, n.d).

Cyberbullying is the latest and most commonly used form of bullying in the schools

today. It continues to evolve with the changes in technology. It uses text messages,

emails and various posts on websites as a way of bullying. Studies show that over 20%

of young people in schools who are between the ages of 11 and 19 have been bullied

through this form of bullying (Staffordshire, n.d). The children in the schools today are

growing up in a different technological world that is very different from that of the adults.

They have experienced information and technological developments that they are now

using to evolve the bullying practice. The environment in the technological world is

becoming threatening and is creating anxiety among the children. They are misusing

the technology especially the mobile and internet to bully others. Over 22% of young

people have been reported to carry out cyber bullying (Digizen, n.d). They are able to

carry out the whole practice remaining anonymous to the victim. This form of bullying
has made it possible for the bullies to carry out the practice at any time or place

(Digizen, n.d).

Effects of Bullying

There are various consequences that are seen to arise from the practice of bullying.

Students who are seen to bully others tend to carry the practice out of school and they

tend to get involved in criminal activities and they experience a lot of legal trouble in

their adulthood. They maintain this behavior even in the workplaces negatively affecting

their ability to develop relationships that are positive. A study has proven that 60% of

the students who were bullies when they were in grade 6-9 were convicted of a crime by

the age of 24 (Banks, 1997). The bullies are also prone other problematic behaviors

such as smoking, alcohol, and drug abuse.

Victims of bullying tend to be very unhappy while in schools and they end up getting

depressed and have low self-esteem (Wright, 2003). Their school work is affected and

they may choose to remain at home instead of going to school. They tend to isolate

themselves from social activities that involve the schools and this makes them even

lonelier. The loneliness and depression may lead them to commit suicide. This is

particularly in the cases of emotional bullying where the emotions are targeted by the

bullies. The victims also have difficulties when forming relationships in the future.

The bystanders who witness the bullying also get affected by it. They are not able to

stop the bullying or help out the victim even though he or she may be their friend. Some

are usually afraid of becoming the next victim so they end up avoiding confronting the
bully. Others, on the other hand, may be of the opinion that the victim deserved the

bullying (Sampson, 2002). They may actively get involved by teasing and ostracizing

the victim and motivating the bully. They may also feel less accountable for the actions

that are going on when they are in a group. Hence they do not feel the urge to help the

victim.

Role of Teachers and School Administrators

Teachers and school administrators have a role to play in preventing bullying in the

schools and making the schools a safe haven free from any bullying activities. They

should first be aware of the existence of the problem so that they can develop measures

to intervene. The teachers can help detect the existence of the practice and encourage

the victims of bystanders to speak out. The interventions that are developed should be

able to include the whole school and not intimidate the bullies or the victims either

(Olweus, n.d).

Teachers and the school administrators can also help identify the areas that are used

by the bullies to attack the victims since they mostly do so in private and hidden areas.

They should, therefore, eliminate the existence of such areas within the school’s

compound. They can also involve the students to develop rules within the classrooms

that are against the behavior. To increase awareness of the problem to the parents, the

school administrators should develop parent teacher days to make the parents aware of

the problem’s existence and the importance of the parents to get involved in the whole

process (Sampson, 2002).

 Views on Bullying in Schools

1. Legal View

The legal system rarely deals with cases of bullying though there are some laws that

have been set up to fight against it. This is mainly because there are many cases of

bullying that are not very serious. The legal system hence allows the school to deal with

these small minor cases. Schools and the parents are given a chance to work together

to come up with strategies that help prevent and stop it. It is important for the bullying

cases to be handled quickly and efficiently before they bring more damages when they

become too serious (Antibullying, n.d). This, however, does not eliminate the chances of

legal action being used to stop the bullying.

There are circumstances that call for legal intervention as a last resort due to the

seriousness of the incident. The parents, victims and other bystanders have the

responsibility to report the incident to the police. Legal action can also be carried out if

the other methods that have been used to intervene by the parents and the teachers

have failed. It is also encouraged when there is a possibility that the bullying will reduce

once the case is reported. When the bullying also takes place outside the school

compound, the parents and teachers together with the community can cooperate with

the police to prevent and stop it. Bullying is treated as an offense that is against the law

when it becomes too serious and the consequences are very damaging. It is seen to

affect the rights of other individuals and their freedom. When it is carried out against

other students on the basis of race and cultural differences it is termed as being racism

(Antibullying, n.d).
1. Parents, Teachers, and School Administrators View

Despite the seriousness of the matter, some views exist that portray the behavior of

bullying as acceptable. Parents have been known to have views on bullying that

encourage the practice even further especially if it is their child who is bullying others.

Some parents hold the view that boys will be boys. This view tends to imply that

physical bullying is an acceptable behavior and hence they encourage the children to be

more aggressive and physically abuse other children. Research has proven that the

aggressive behavior of bully is learned and it is not a natural response (The National

ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003).

Some other views that are used by parents include the view that words cannot hurt.

This view is argued that even though the words do not leave any physical marks or

bruises on the children they are able to leave emotional scars that are more damaging

than the physical bruises and words. The words spoken tend to have long-term

consequences and effects on the victims as they affect the self-esteem and confidence.

Some bullies are able to learn this from an early age and they use this approach to

intimidate other children (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003).

Bullying by some parents is viewed as a natural part of childhood and they tend to

dismiss their children when they disclose the fact that they are being bullied in schools

(The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003). Parents normally take up this view

since the occurrence of bullying is so common hence it looks like a normal thing to

occur to children when they are in school. The truth of the matter is that the aggression
 that is both physical and emotional should not be taken to be a normal part of childhood

and action should be taken against it.

Some parents are of the view that bullying is carried out to make the children become

tougher. They hold the opinions that the more that the children are bullied the more they

are able to toughen up and become strong emotionally and physically. The truth,

however, is that bullying lowers their self-esteem and makes them more afraid. It also

lowers their self-worth and affects their academic and social life even in their adulthood.

Bullying is normally carried out with an intention to harm the victim and inflict a sense of

power among the bullies (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003).

Stopping Bullying in Schools

It is sometimes difficult to understand how schools can provide the environment for

bullying to take place yet they are very well supervised. Bullying, however, is carried out

secretly and in hidden areas and adults including parents and teachers are not able to

notice when it is going on. Other reasons that make it hard to detect is the fact that the

school staff may see it as harmless play and therefore decide not to intervene. There

may also be the lack of enough supervisory settings that could lead to detecting the

behavior in its likely occurrences (Wright, 2003).

1. Laws on Bullying

Anti-bullying legislation has been developed to help curb the rise and spread of bullying

within the school environment. The legislation provides for firm and fair enforcement of

discipline within the school and security measures that provide for a climate that does
not allow for bullying and threat-making. The laws have been developed to help the

school administrators’ deal with the issue. They require the schools to develop anti-

bullying policies and programs (Clabough, 2010). A national legislation that is against

bullying has been proposed to make it mandatory for all schools to have these

programs and policies that will help reduce the bullying incidents. The laws have been

developed to emphasise to the schools that much is not being done to deal with bullying

and that more needs to be done since bullying is an important issue that is affecting the

schools.

The laws are allowing for various legal actions to be taken up against the bullies who

are reported to have bullied a fellow student. The legal action to be taken depends on

the type of offense that has been reported (Clabough, 2010). For example where the

offense reported involved included threatening the victim, legal action can be taken for

threatening behavior and this is treated as a criminal offense. When the bullied acts

involve sexual assault towards the victim, the legal action can be taken against an

indecent assault which is also treated as a criminal offense. An offense of common

assault is charged against the bully when the victim was physically abused.

Legal action may also include applying for an injunction against the bullies to prevent

them from bullying the victim. The injunction can be used to instill fear upon the bully

and hence stopping them from bullying the victim. The legal action, however, is only

carried out if the actions of the bully are in more that two separate occasions and they

are constant and ongoing. Evidence has to be gathered to prove the harassment and it

must show that it led to severe damages to the victim (Clabough, 2010). The two
 offenses of indecent assault and common assault can also be carried out without

touching the victim.

1. Their importance

The anti-bully legislation is very important in reducing the cases of bullying in the

schools when everything has failed. The law can help sensitize the issue and teach the

parents and teachers the need and importance of stopping the bullying behavior as it

leads to severe consequences that are long-term in some cases. The teachers and staff

at the schools are taught how to identify and deal with bullying cases and establish

effective strategies that enable the children to report the cases of bullying within the

school (Antibullying, n.d).

The laws can also be used to teach and educate the children on bullying the strategies

and types of bullies that are in existence and how they can deal. The laws can also help

curb the spread of the practice to other areas like the workplaces and other

environments outside the school environment. Bullies can also be helped since most of

them end up committing other crimes in the adulthood (Dombeck, n.d). The

consequences of bullying can also be reduced especially where they are long term and

severe like in the cases of suicides and psychological impacts on the children.

1. Suicides by Children

The need for these laws has been necessitated by the increase in the number of

suicides cases that have been reported. One case, in particular, is the case of Phoebe

Prince, a 15-year student who committed suicide after she was continuously bullied by
 her new classmates for over 3 months (Rota, 2010). She had continuously been

harassed verbally and physically by nine of her classmates, six of whom have been

charged in court since the incident happened (O'Dowd, 2010). She had been a student

of South Hadley High School located in Massachusetts, and had endured a lot of cyber

bullying through popular websites like facebook, Twitter, Craigslist and Form spring and

she also received threatening messages on her cell phone (Clabough, 2010).

In school, things had been thrown at her, while her face had been scribbled in her

photographs that were hung on the school walls. The parents and the school officials

had not done enough to stop the bullying even though they knew the extent it had gone

into. They had instead turned away and assumed a mentality of kids will be kids that led

to the suicide. This was one of the cases that led to the Massachusetts anti-bully

legislation that was to curb such incidents from occurring (GLAD, 2010).

1. Long Term Psychological Impact

Bullying has been known to lead to long term effects that affect the victim’s psychology.

Some of the effects of bullying include self-esteem problems that may cause the adult to

think lowly of themselves (Dombeck, n.d). They also tend to avoid social situations due

to the interpersonal difficulties that they experience. Some of the victims of school

bullying have reduced occupational opportunities since they do not get the chance to

perform well in school. They have lingering bitterness and desires to seek revenge

against the bullies. Some tend to have a lot of difficulties trusting people and they do not

make many friends. They, therefore, tend to be lonely even in their adult life. In some
 cases, the victims of school bullying continue to be bullied even in their workplaces and

in other areas even in their adult life (Dombeck, n.d).

1. Helping the Victim Overcome

Victims of school bullying are usually very sad and deeply unhappy when they are in

school (Banks, 1997). They suffer from low self-esteem since they are usually self-

rejected by the classmates. There are various that the school can help the victims

overcome the bullying and prevent it from occurring to them again. The first step of

intervening is to ensure the victim's safety. The victims are usually weaker than the

bullies and hence they are not able to face the bullies on their own. The victims can be

monitored when they are in schools to identify the times that they are bullied (Wright,

2003).

The victim can also be encouraged to make friends with other students who will

influence him or her positively. This will help increase the self-esteem and confidence of

the victim. As the victim makes more friends they may be able to help him when they

are being bullied. They can be taught basic social skills to enable them to make more

friends. Mentors can also be allocated to the children who are bullied to be able to

monitor them and protect them from the bullies (Wright, 2003). Victims can also be

taught some skill that they can use to stand up to the bullies especially when they abuse

is verbal.

The parents of the victims can help the children to overcome the effects of bullying. The

parents can become more involved in the lives of the child to ensure that they are able
 to notice the instances of bullying. They can help the child speak out when they are

being bullied. Counseling can also help the child deal with the psychological effects of

bullying such as depression, low self-esteem, and anxiety. They can, therefore, be able

to deal with the anger that they may feel the bullies and the need to seek revenge

(Dombeck, n.d).

6. Helping Bullies

Bullying is normally carried out in a secretive manner and can be difficult to identify

within the schools (Wright, 2003). Teachers and school administrators may not be

aware of how it is carried out. They must, therefore, assess the seriousness of the

behavior and ensure that the students are aware of the seriousness of the matter. They

should also be aware of the consequences of bullying and the charges that exist for

bullies. If the bullies continue threatening the lives of the other students the teachers

and the school administrators should now come up with ways to help the bullies turn

around their behaviors.

They can confront the bullies in a firm and fair manner that will not provoke them. They

can communicate to the bullies without threatening them and give stern warnings that

their behavior will not be tolerated. More stern measures can be put up if the bullies do

not change their behavior. The confrontations should be carried out in private to ensure

that they bully does not become defiant and refuse to compliance (Wright, 2003).

To encourage them to change their behavior they can be rewarded if the cases for

bullying reduce. Parents can be involved in the process to establish the reasons that
 lead the children to bully others. Where the reasons are based on the environment at

home the parents can be involved in the process of reforming the behaviors of the

bullies. Counseling can be used to help the children deal with the issues at home and

reduce their chances of taking out their problems or anger on other students (Banks,

1997).

7. State of Massachusetts Stand

The State of Massachusetts has become the 42nd state in the U.S to develop anti-bully

laws that are to be putting up in the schools (Clabough, 2010). The anti-bully laws are

one of the strongest laws that are against the bullying behavior being carried out in

schools. The law which was developed in May of this year is very strict and requires all

the schools within the state to protect their students from bullying and they must abide

by this law (GLAD, 2010). This law applies to all the school regardless of whether they

are private or public. It clearly defines the behavior of bullying and includes any

repeated hostility that is directed to a student whether written, verbal or even if it is

technologically spread. The technological methods include mass communication form of

media that the victim can access directly or indirectly. It has taken into consideration the

use of social media like facebook that is used to bully victims by writing on their walls.

The law has made it compulsory for every school in the state with the exception of some

private schools to have an anti-bully policy that should be posted on the websites of the

schools and made available to any student or parent that may need it (“Chapter 92 of

the Acts of 2010,” 2010). The law also states that the policy should among others have

procedures that should be followed whenever a bullying case is reported by a student.

Disciplinary actions should also be stipulated in the policy clearly according to the law

together with the procedures for notifying the parents of any cases that may involve

their children bullying or being bullied. It further stipulates that the schools should offer

counseling services to the victims of the bullying as well as the bullying themselves.

According to the Massachusetts law, the teachers and the school administrators should

undergo some training to be in a position to handle the bullying cases in the schools

and also come up with ways of preventing them from happening (GLAD, 2010). The

training should also make them aware of the causes of bullying and various types of

incidences that make up cyber bullying. The law has also given the teachers the

mandate to report the cases of bullying once they notice them to the relevant

authorities. School administrators should also be in able to investigate the reports of

bullying and carry out disciplinary action on the students involved.

Students within the state are required by the law to know and understand the behavior

of bullying. The schools should be able to teach them this information and make them

understand. This includes the children who are in between the ages of kindergarten and

those that are in grade 12 (GLAD, 2010). The students should be taught how to prevent

bullying and how to handle the bullies appropriately. They should also know the

differences that exist among the children who bully them and why they bully them. The

law has been very effective in the region and cases of bullying have been seen to have

reduced significantly.

Conclusion
Bullying is a serious issue that is affecting very many children in the schools and has

been going on for a very long time now. There is the need to come up with a method

that will help eliminate its existence especially the new form of bullying that has

emerged that is the cyber bullying. Anti-bully laws can help eliminate this kind of bullying

together with the other forms of bullying that have been in practice. Cyber bullying is

hard to detect but its consequences can be very damaging as witnessed by the Phoebe

Prince Case. The existence of such anti-bully laws like the one in Massachusetts can

help deter the bullies from carrying it out due to the harsh measures that are taken

against them once they are caught.

The laws can also place more responsibility and give the teachers and school

administrators more authority to stop the behavior and deal with the bullies. Need to ban

bullying in schools, the law needed to be passed now. Parents can also be sensitized

by the need to monitor the behavior of their children especially when they are using the

internet. Many of the students have been reported to take part in some of the cyber

crimes and as more and more students join and continue to use the internet and other

technological devices, the cyberbullying may continue. It is therefore very important that

laws are established especially in the U.S to help curb the behavior before it evolves

further and becomes uncontrollable.