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3-HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL(HIRARC)

DIFINITION:
1.Hazard:anything that have potential to cause harm (chemicals, electricity, vibration,
noise).
2.Hazard Identification: Process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its
characteristics
3.Risk:chance or likelihood of harm actually being done.
4.Risk Assessment: Overall process of estimating the magnitude of Risk and deciding
whether or not risk is tolerable.
5.Tolerable Risk: Risk that have been reduced to a level that can be accepted by the
organization.
6-Danger – relative exposure to a hazard (little danger due to control measure)

What is HIRARC?
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ; Identify hazard source or situation
RISK ASSESSMENT; Estimate level of risk and determine tolerability
RISK CONTROL; Reduce or eliminate risk
Review the steps (PDCA) – new technology, standards, legislation, ISO

The purpose of HIRARC are as follows:-

1) To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employee and others. ( the
hazards )
2) To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the
circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from
it. ( the risks )
3) To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor, preventive measures, to
ensure that the risks are sufficiently controlled at all times.

HIRARC Steps:
Step 1: Identify the hazards (HAZID)
Step 2: Risk analysis (assessment)
Step 3: Control risk
Step 4: Re- evaluate risk

Step 1: Identify the hazards (HAZID):it is highlight the critical operation of task
•To keep workplace safe and healthy. employers should make sure there are no
hazards to which employees could be exposed.
•Employers should look for hazards in advance as part of their risk management
plan to prevent potential hazards
Hazara identification tools: inspection, accident reports, feedback from employee,
audit report, job safety analysis, fault tree analysis , use of monitoring equipment
After hazard identification then:
1- Type of hazard is determined
2- Source of hazard
3- Exposed personal
4- Affected areas
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Step 2: Risk analysis (assessment):Estimate level of risk and determine tolerability

Risk assessment: Is the process of evaluating the risk to safety & health from hazards at
work

 Human factors–save life, stop workplace injures, illnesses and increase

staff morale.
 Legal factors–meet legislative requirements, OHS&W and WorkCover.
 Financial factors–decrease the risk of prosecution and fines incurred, lower
WorkCoverlevies, reduce absenteeism, increase potential for gaining
shareholders and increase productivity.
Types of risk assessment:
1- Qualitative
2- Quantitative
3- Semi-Quantitative
How To Assess Risk
1) Look for the Hazards
2) Decide who might be harmed & how
3) Evaluate the risk and check what is done to prevent it from happening
4) Record finding
5) Review assessment and revise it if necessary

Step 3: Control risk: (Hierarcy of controls)Reduce or eliminate risk

1- Eliminate the source of the hazards

2- Substitute a less hazardous equivalent.
3- Reduce the hazard at the source
4- Remove the employee from the hazard
5- Isolate the hazard
6- Dilute the hazard
7- Apply appropriate management strategies
8- Use appropriate personal protective equipment
9- Provide employee training
10- Practice good housekeeping

PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION “HIERACHY OF CONTROLS”

1. Avoidance
2. Evaluating the residual hazards
3. Combating at the source
4. Adapting the work to the individual
5. Adapting to technical progress
6. Substitution
7. Develop a coherent involving all aspects at work
8. Collective protection overridesindividual protection
9. Appropriate instructions to all employees
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EFFECTIVENESSS OF CONTROLS .Effectiveness must meet these standards;

1. It must be sufficient to prevent the hazard from causing harm

2. It must protect everyone who can be harmed from the hazard

3. It must not create new hazards, or production and quality control problems

4. It must not create a hazard to the environment or the community of the workplace
situation

hazard analysis:

1- Failure mode and effects of analysis( FMEA)

2- Hazard and operability review ( HAZOP)
3- Human error analysis ( HEA )
4- Technic of operation review (TOR)
5- Fault tree analysis (FTA)
6- Risk analysis

HAZARD ELIMINATION AND CONTROLS:

1-ENGINEERING CONTROLS “Removing the hazard from the worker”

 Designing the workplace and process.
 ensure professional installation of machine and equipment.
 (isolation, lockouts, design, monitoring and warning equipment, process and
procedural changes)
 Knowledge and Maintenance Plant and equipment
2-ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS “Removing the worker from the hazard
 Accident/Incident reporting procedures
 Effective safety policy
 Develop rules, standards and safe systems of work
 Performance measurement
 Training and education
 Good communication
 Use of job safety analysis
 Housekeeping and maintenance
 Monitor performance and follow-up short comings
 Quality assurance and safety
3-.Personal Protective Equipment “

1- Protecting the worker from the hazard

2- Insulate the worker.
3- Use only when all options are exhausted, and the hazard cannot be corrected
through substitution or design.
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Selection:
1. Where there is no immediate way to control the hazard by more effective
means.
2. When employed as a temporary measure, while more effective solutions are
being installed. Its short comings: It cannot eliminate or reduce the hazard If it
fails the worker is exposed to the full destructive effects of the hazard It may be
too cumbersome and can interfere with the worker’s ability to perform the task,
thus compound the problem

HAZARD EVALUATION – FAULT TREE

WHAT IS FAULT TREE ANALYSIS?

• Fault tree diagrams represent the logical relationship between sub-system and
component failures and how they combine to cause system failures. The TOP event
of a fault tree represents a system event of interest and is connected by logical
gates to component failures known as basic events.
• This tool is used by the professional safety and reliability community to both
prevent and resolve hazards and failures. Both qualitative and quantitative
methods are used to identify areas in a system that are most critical to safe
operation.
HAZARD EVALUATION – FAULT TREE

The procedural steps of performing a FTA are:

1) Assume (hypotheses) a system state and identify and clearly document state the top
level undesired event(s).
2) Develop the upper levels of the trees via a top down process.
3) Continue the top down process until the root causes for each branch is identified
and/or until further decomposition is not considered necessary.
4) Assign probabilities of failure to the lowest level event in each branch of the tree. This
may be through predictions, allocations, or historical data.
5) Establish a Boolean equation for the tree using Boolean logic and evaluate the
probability of the undesired top level event.
6) Compare to the system level requirement. If it the requirement is not met, implement
corrective action.
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This is a complimentary technique to FTA but defines theconsequential events which

flow from the primary ‘initiating’ event. Event trees are used to investigate the
consequences of loss-makingevents in order to find ways of mitigating, rather than
preventing,losses. They tend to start on the left with the initiating event and
progress tothe right, branching progressively. Each branching point is called anode.
Simple event trees tend to be presented at a system level,glossing over the detail.
Stages in carrying out event tree analysis:
1. Identify the primary event of concern.
2. Identify the controls that are assigned to deal with the primary event such as
automatic safety systems, alarms on operator actions.
3. Construct the event tree beginning with the initiating event and proceeding
through failures of the safety functions.
4. Establish the resulting accident sequences.
5. Identify the critical failures that need to be addressed.
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Example

The diagram shows an initiating event (e.g. fire) and the subsequentoperation or
failure of three systems (e.g. fire suppression) whichwould normally operate should
the event occur.Each system can either operate or not because of the multitude
ofcombinations of success/failure of each system, there are multiplepossible final
outcomes. The diagram also illustrates the way event trees can be quantified.
TheInitiating event is typically specified as an expected annual frequency.
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

 Fault Tree Analysis(FTA) is one of the several deductive logic model techniques,
and one of the most common hazard identification tool.
 The deduction begins with a stated top level hazardous/undesired event.
 It uses logic diagrams and Boolean Algebra to identify single events and
combinations of events that could cause the top event.
 Probabilities of occurrence values are assigned to the lowest events in the tree in
order to obtain the probability of occurrence of the top event.
Procedure for Fault Tree Analysis

1. Define TOP Event

2. Define overall structure.
3. Explore each branch in successive level of detail.
4. Solve the fault tree
5. Perform corrections if required and make decisions
Plus points of FTA:

1. Deals well with parallel, redundant or alternative fault paths.

2. Searches for possible causes of an end effect which may not have been foreseen.
3. The cut sets derived in FTA can give enormous insight into various ways top event
occurs.
4. Very useful tool for focused analysis where analysis is required for one or two
major outcomes.
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Minus points of FTA:

1. Requires a separate fault tree for each top event and makes it difficult to analyze
complex systems.
2. Fault trees developed by different individuals are usually different in structure,
producing different cut set elements and results.
3. The same event may appear in different parts of the tree, leading to some initial
confusion.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
What is the meaning of Measurement& Monitoring Environment
 The monitoring and control of environmental hazards to health entails a wide
range of actions, each tailored to the particular hazard or form of public health
concern.
 Monitoring implies use of routine measurements to detect changes in the
environment or health, and can be based on data from a wide variety of sources.
 The control of environmental hazards depends on defining acceptable levels of
exposure and hence health risk and determining the levels of control needed to
keep exposure below specified thresholds.
 Particular issues of control are discussed in relation to food and water safety,
atmospheric pollution, noise, and ionizing and electromagnetic radiation…etc
PRINCIPLES

• Approaches to monitoring and control

• For any potential environmental hazard one of the main principles for
monitoring and control is to identify the critical agents, pathways and
populations at risk.
• Such considerations will guide the methods to be used for monitoring and
surveillance.
• to specific exposed populations);
How do we Monitor the Environment?
Monitoring Techniques:
– Standard Operating Procedure (S.O.P)
– Workplace inspection is conducted
– Posted signage in workplace eg: Wear goggles, no smoking.
– Effectiveness of current control method is continuously reviewed with relevant work
personnel, specialists and managers.
– Checklist of safety measures
Different Types Of Hazards Monitoring:
 Air Hazard monitoring
 Workers monitoring
 Temperature monitoring
 Pressure monitoring
 Radiation monitoring
 Noise Hazards monitoring
 Vibration Hazards monitoring
 ….etc