ASSIGNMENT THREE (4)

GROUP 5

MEMBERS INDEX NO.

1. Badu Emmnauel 01171228D

2. Armarboye Emmanuel 01175052D

3. Agbelesesi Augusta 01170316D

4. Ayise Joshua Kofi 01170525D

5. Atsu Reedemer Joe 01170767D

6. Muhammed Yushawu 01171320D

7. Sam Sowah Donald 01171275D

8. Iddrisu Faisal 01170150D

9. Acheampong Cornelius Baah 01171621D

 1a. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TOTAL DEMOLITION AND
PARTIAL DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS AND GIVE THREE
EXAMPLES IN EACH CASE

Total demolition is self-explanatory. It is the demolition of an entire structure, and it can be

achieved by a number of methods, as listed below.

Mechanical demolition

This type of demolition uses specialized mechanical equipment and tools. These include
hydraulic excavators equipped with specialized attachments that can break concrete and steel,
effectively “chewing” the structure apart. Smaller equipment like skid steers loaders and
demolition robots are used for smaller tasks and interior and selective demolition.

Implosion

A highly-specialized type of demolition that employs the use of explosives to bring down high
structures by undermining structural supports so that it collapses within its own footprint or
along a predetermined path. Implosion is used in less than 1% of demolition projects.

Crane and Wrecking Ball

One of the earliest methods of demolition, the wrecking ball is largely outmoded, replaced by
excavators and other mechanical means that offer better precision, efficiency, and safety. Crane
and wrecking ball

Partial demolition is selective in nature since it only removes certain parts of a building
instead of the entire structure. It often is necessary before a remodeling project can begin to
ensure that it comes to fruition properly. Careful planning is necessary for this since the
professionals will need to remove walls and other elements without negatively affecting the
support of the entire structure or ruining the integrity of plumbing, electrical and cable systems.
Selective demolitions deal with removing a single wall or a fraction of the building instead of
gutting or removing an entire structure. Professionals who perform them need to have an in-
depth knowledge of the components in the building to ensure that by removing one area that the
structural integrity does not suffer in other areas of the building. They also need to safeguard the
surrounding area to ensure than no damage happens there. Also, the plumbing, cable or electrical
systems may call for rerouting before the partial demolition can proceed without issue.
Examples of When Selective Demolitions Are Necessary (partial demolition)

If you are in a quandary about what type of demolition that you may require for your building
project, the following are some examples of when selective demolition is necessary:

• Enlarging an existing room may only need partial demolishing to occur to clear a wall that
divides two rooms. You need to remember that this is not a job for novices since certain walls are
load-bearing ones and provide the building with stability.

• Adding extensions is another reason for turning to selective demolition in order to remove an
exterior wall so that the old and new parts of the building will flow smoothly together. Roof
areas may also be included in this.

• Updating specific areas of the building is yet a third purpose for partial demolitions to be
necessary. Maybe you just need to bring one area of the building up to current codes or install the
latest in cable for a better functioning Internet connection.

• Partial or selective demolition may also be necessary to replace defective plumbing. Many
times, leaks and/or poorly made pipes are the reason for this.
1 b i. STATE FOUR REASONS FOR DEMOLITION AND GIVE
THREE EXAMPLES IN EACH CASE

b ii. AS IN (bi), EXPLAIN TWO OF THE REASONS IN EACH CASE

Owners have different reasons as to why they want their building demolished. Here are some
of them:

Increase Property Value

For instance, if the building looks old and abandoned and you can’t find any more reason to
keep it erected then you should consider having it demolished. Instead of letting the property go
to waste, tearing down an old structure and replacing it with a new one can help increase its
market value that is if you’re planning to sell it.

The Foundation is Faulty

Building owners usually have the choice of tearing the building down when they’re told that
their buildings have weak foundations. It’s important to remember that the foundation is what
keeps buildings viable. Buildings with poor planning are the best example for this. Overtime, the
foundations can become brittle, floors become uneven, and excessive moisture can develop in a
lot of areas. When these problems surface on a building, owners eventually decide to have it
taken down rather than renovate.

The Building is Old

Old buildings also tend to develop weaker foundations because of the fact that the materials used
in constructing it may have degraded to the point that it can no longer hold the structure together.
Even if that isn’t the case, most old buildings may look good on the outside but may have a lot of
underlying problems such as poor ventilation and/or problems with the plumbing. Old buildings
are also prone to moisture because of leaks which could attract mould. If you’re a business
owner who’s looking to expand to a new location with a pre-existing old building, you may need
to have it checked by a building inspector to know whether it’s worth keeping or not. If you find
out that renovating it might cost more than constructing a new building, demolishing the old
building may be a better idea.

The Building Made Up of Hazardous Materials or Insects/Animals

Asbestos, lead, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls are just some of the toxic chemicals that
can cause a negative effect on the health of a person. When these substances are found in a
building, a part of it may need to be taken down. However, the owner must hire professionals to
handle the removal of the hazardous materials and substances to ensure that the process will be
properly handled and the materials will be disposed accordingly. Moreover, abandoned buildings
and houses are also great homes for termites, bees, rats, and other critters. In this case, an
exterminator should be contacted immediately. But if the problem is severe and cannot be solved
by extermination, it may be time to call in a demolition team.
2a i. LIST FOURTEEN (14) BOARDS OR STATUTORY
AUTHORITIES IN CHARGE OF DEMOLITION
II. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF FIVE (5) OF THESE STATUTORY
AUTHORITIES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER DEMOLITION

1) Fire Service
2) The police
3) Water board
4) Gas board
5) Radio and Tv board
6) Electricity board
7) Telephone board
8) Sewage board
9) Health and Safety board
10) Urban/ feeder/ Highways Authority
11) Environmental protection Agency (EPA)
12) Insurance Agency
13) Local Authorities
14) Adjoining owner’s property

Functions of these statutory Authorities

Local Authorities-- May decide to issue a notice within six weeks on receipt of the notification to
specify conditions that need to be met which may include precautions to protect adjoining
properties and the public

Electricity board/Authority – The fire Service ensure that the electricity supply for the building
has been terminated or disconnected.

Water board/Authority—the water Authority ensures that the water supply for the building has
been terminated
3a i. DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING TERMS OF PROTECTION
BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER DEMOLITION
I. THE BUILDING (WORK)
II. THE WORKMEN
III. THE PUBLIC

Forms of protection

I. Building (work)
Protection is best afforded by the provision suitable safety clothing in the form of helmets, boots,
goggles, gloves, and jackets. When working in areas where is likely to fall, an operative should
wear a safety harness attached to a safe anchorage. Debris should be channeled down chutes or
dropped within the building envelope and removed before any structural overload occurs.
Awareness, by preliminary survey, of the structure and its contents together with any surrounding
buildings will enable a safe sequence of operations to be prepared and adhered to. It is
imperative that there is constant supervision by persons with thorough knowledge of both
demolition work and construction principles that will be able to foresee the attendant problems.

II. General public

Demolition work, like construction work, attracts interest but for its own safety, the public must
be protected, and this protection should prevent damage from items similar to those listed in (I)
above. The adage that ‘prevention is better than cure ‘ is never true than in this case , the
prevention being in the form of boarding’s ideally 2.4m high , totally enclosing the site. Where
people, vehicles, or other buildings are in close proximity, protection from falling objects is
provided by fans erected at first floor level (and alternate floor levels for higher building)

III. Workmen
Dust caused by crumbling plaster and mortar, should be controlled by periodic spraying with
water , to reduce air pollution, while favorable low—wind conditions should be awaited prior to
any controlled burning, to prevent offence from smoke. The local authority should also be
contacted to ascertain any requirements relating to smoke—control areas. Fires should be
extinguished well before workmen leave the site, to avoid problems of any possible flare up.
B. DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING TERMS OF DEMOLITION
I. BALL AND CRANE
II. HAND DEMOLITION
III. EXPLOSIVES
IV. GRAPPLE

BALL AND CRANE

Oldest demolition methods devised and are still commonly used all across the United States.
Whether it is to bring down an entire concrete structure or to demolish part of a building in
preparation for new construction, this demolition method remains fast and cost effective. In
many cases, crane and ball demolition is used when only a part of a structure is to be demolished
or when the surrounding area makes explosive demolition techniques unsafe to use. The ability
to effectively control the wrecking ball makes it easy to demolish the building one part at a time,
without endangering workers who might otherwise have to enter the structure.

Additionally, buildings that contain large amounts of asbestos are often demolished by
crane and ball techniques rather than by explosive implosion due to the danger of creating a large
amount of asbestos dust. By using a wrecking ball, it becomes possible to demolish the building
in such a way as to not release hazardous quantities of asbestos into the atmosphere.Because the
wrecking ball is connected to the crane via a chain, care must be taken when operating it to
control the direction of its swing. Missing the target can often lead to the crane being overturned
by the force of the ball’s swing. In some cases, the operator may even accidentally cause the ball
to strike the control cabin of the crane, leading to severe injury or death. For these reasons, the
area must be cleared before demolition operations begin and all crane operators must be fully
trained in how to use a wrecking ball.

Crane and ball demolition is an excellent method to demolish concrete and brick structures. In
addition to its other strengths, wrecking balls leave the rubble conveniently sized for removal
from the site. Furthermore, this method of demolition requires less site preparation than
explosive demolition and is more labor efficient than hand demolition. For these reasons, crane
and ball demolition will continue to remain popular in the United States.
HAND DEMOLITION

These methods may be used for small-scale projects, or when demolition has to be carried out in
a more sensitive manner due to site constraints such as; proximity to uncapped mineshafts,
overhead utilities, pedestrian access, adjacent structures, or structural instability.

It involves the progressive demolition of a structure by operatives using hand tools. In general,
the order of demolition is the reverse that of construction.

EXPLOSIVES

Explosives allow rapid and complete demolition where other methods may be dangerous or slow.
This requires extensive use of the police to enforce exclusion zones as well as pre- and post-
demolition structural inspections for a substantial radius (in the order of quarter or half a mile).

However, recent developments in high-reach machinery mean that buildings less than 22 storeys
are generally demolished by machine.

GRAPPLE

Is a type of demolition where grapple bucket (or flat bottom grapple) is mainly used in
demolition? The demolition grapple bucket which is made up of two hydraulic grapples is
a strong and versatile attachment for handling of construction and demolition waste.
C.DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE OF FORMING AN OPENING
IN A WALL

Tools & Materials

Tools

Brick bolster

Diamond blade

Ear muffs

Face mask

Hammer drill

Large angle grinder

Leather gloves

Marker

Mash hammer

Masonry bit

Safety glasses

Spirit level

Before cutting an opening in a brick wall, you need to install a steel lintel above where you want
the hole. This will ensure that the wall remains properly supported and won’t collapse under its
own weight. Once the lintel is installed, mark out your vertical cutting lines with a spirit level.

Cut the opening in the wall

Use an angle grinder to cut the straight vertical lines into the wall. A lot of brick dust will be
kicked up, so wear a dust mask, safety glasses and earmuffs. Remember, you get a much cleaner
cut if you don’t push too hard on the angle grinder and just let the tool do the work.

Loosen the mortar between the bricks

Use a hammer drill and masonry bit to drill holes in the mortar between the bricks you want to
remove. Mortar is a lot softer than brick so you can do this quite quickly. It makes it easier to
knock the bricks out of the wall, rather than having to use excessive force.

Knock the bricks out of the wall

Use the mash hammer and brick bolster to remove the bricks from the opening. Hit carefully
near the edges of the opening to preserve the clean edges of the bricks. You should also be
careful when removing the top bricks so that you don’t disturb the lintel.