Excretory System

Human Excretory system

The human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of kidneys, a

pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and the urethra.

The kidneys are compact, bean- shaped organs on either side of the spinal cord
in the lower back.

Nephrons are the functional units of a kidney.

Ureters carry urine from the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine till it is released from the body.

Urine leaves the urinary bladder via the urethra.

Urine Formation

Urine formation involves three major processes, namely glomerular filtration,

reabsorption and secretion.

The first step in urine formation is filtration of blood, which occurs in the
glomerulus.

The amount of filtrate formed in Bowman’s capsule every minute is called the
glomerular filtration rate.

About 99 percent of the filtrate is absorbed during the process of reabsorption.

Tubular secretion maintains the ionic and acid base balance of body fluids by
secreting ions and ammonia back into the distal convoluted tubule and passing it
to the collecting duct.

Kidney Function - Regulation and Disorders

The hormonal feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamus, JGA and heart

regulate the functioning of the kidneys.

The process of disposing urine is called micturition and the mechanism

responsible for the process is known as the micturition reflex.

A urine test helps to diagnose much metabolic disorder in the body and any
malfunction in the kidneys.

Malfunctioning of the kidneys can cause diseases like uremia, renal calculi and
glomerulonephritis.

A life- saving process for uremic patients is hemodialisis, where excess urea in
the blood is removed.