ANATOMI FISIOLOGI JANTUNG

cardiovascular system is a system that provides facilities for the transport of various
substances to and from the cells of the body. this system is made up of a movable organ
called the heart, and veins that supply blood to the heart.

The human heart is a hollow heart that has 2 atria and 2 ventricles. The heart is a
muscular organ that is able to push blood to various parts of the body. the human heart
forms like a cone and is about the size of a fist, located in the left chest cavity. the heart is
wrapped in a membrane called the pericardium. The heart is responsible for maintaining
blood flow with the help of a number of valves that complete it. to ensure continuity of
circulation, the heart contracts periodically. heart muscle to contract continuously without
experiencing fatigue. human heart contractions are myogenic contractions, i.e. contractions
that begin with the excitatory power of the heart muscle itself and not from the nerves.
there are several parts of the heart (anatomically) including:

a. heart shape and size.

the heart is the main organ in the cardiovascular system. the heart is formed by muscular
organs, apex and cordis bases, right and left atria and right and left ventricular. the size of
the heart is about 12 cm long, 8-9 cm wide and about 6 cm thick. the heart weighs around 7-
15 ounces or 200 to 425 grams and is slightly larger than a fist. every day the heart beats
100,000 times and in that period the heart pumps 2000 gallons of blood, equivalent to 7,571
liters of blood.

the position of the heart is located between the two lungs and is in the middle of the chest,
rests on the thoracic diaphragm and is about 5 cm above the xiphoideus processus. on the
right edge of the cranial is on the edge of the pran cartilaginis costa VI dextra cranialis, 1 cm
from the lateral edge of the sternum. the left cranial edge of the heart is on the caudal pars
cartilaginis costa II sinistra edge on the lateral edge of the sternum, the left caudal edge is in
the intercostals 5 space, about 9 cm to the left of the medioclavicularis linea. the membrane
that encloses the heart is called the pericardium which consists of a layer of fibrous and
serous, in the pericardi cavity containing 50 cc that functions as a lubricant so that there is
no friction between the pericardium and the epicardium. epicardium is the outermost layer
of the heart, the next layer is the myocardial layer where this layer is the thickest layer. The
final layer is the endocardium layer.

b. space in the heart.

there are 4 chambers in the heart where two of them are called atria and the rest are
ventricles. in the layman, the atrium is known as the porch and the ventricle is known as the
chamber. both atria are spaces with thin muscle walls due to the low pressure caused by the
atria. conversely the ventricle has a thick muscular wall especially the left ventricle which
has a layer 3 times thicker than the right ventricle.

the two atria are separated by an intertrial barrier (septum interatriorum), while the two
ventricles are separated by an inter-ventricular septum (inter-ventricular septum). the atria
and ventricles on each side of the heart are connected to each other through a link called
the atrioventricular orifice. This orifice can be opened or closed by an atrioventricular valve
(AV valve). the left AV valve is called the bicuspid valve (mitral valve) while the right AV
valve is called the tricuspid valve.

c. heart valves.

between the right atrium and the right ventricle there is a valve that separates the two,
namely the tricuspid valve, while the left atrium and the left ventricle also has a valve called
the mitral / bikuspid valve. both of these valves function as a barrier that can open and close
when blood enters the atrium into the ventricles.

1) TRIKUSPID VALVE

the tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. when the valve is
open, blood will flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. the tricuspid valve serves
to prevent the return of blood flow to the right atrium by closing during ventricular
contractions. As the name implies, the tricuspid valve consists of 3 valve leaves.

2) pulmonary valve

after the tricuspid valve is closed, blood will flow from inside the right ventricle through the
pulmonary trunk. the pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries
which will be in contact with the right and left lung tissue. at the base of the pulmonary
trunk there is a pulmonary valve consisting of 3 valves that open when the right ventricle
contracts and closes when the right ventricle relaxes, allowing blood to flow from the right
ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

3) bicuspid valve

bicuspid or mitral valves regulate blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Like
the tricuspid valve, the bicuspid valve closes during contraction of the ventricular bicuspid
valve consisting of two valve leaves.

4) aortic valve

Aortic valve consists of 3 valve leaves found at the base of the aorta. this valve will open
when the left ventricle contracts so that blood will flow throughout the body. otherwise the
valve will close when the left ventricle relaxes, thereby preventing blood from re-entering
the left ventricle.

d. component of the heart's induction system

1) sinotrial

2) atrioventricular

3) RA, LA, RV, LV

e. peace maker (heart trigger center)

the main function of the heart is pumping blood throughout the body where when pumping
the heart the heart muscles (myocardium) are moving. for this function, the heart muscle
has the ability to cause electrical stimulation.

heart contraction activity to pump blood throughout the body is always preceded by
electrical activity. This electrical activity starts in the sinoatrial node (SA node) located in the
gap between the superior vena cava and the right atrium. the SA node initiates a wave of
depolarization spontaneously resulting in an action potential that is propagated through
atrial muscle cells, atrioventricular nodes (AV nodes), His bundles, purkinje fibers and finally
throughout the ventricular muscles