Recap....
completely absorbed at maturity, and the fleshy
Before Embryogenesis, Fertilization takes place. In
plants, there is a double fertilization (2 cells are
fertilized, thus requiring 2 sperms)
One sperm nucleus will move to ovule > zygote> seed
One sperm nucleus will move to another nuclei in ovule
> endosperm
DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS
Reproduction is followed by the growth and
development of the embryo.
EMBRYOGENESIS is the term used to describe the
formation and development of embryo. In this process,
the embryo undergoes multiple rounds of cell division,
growing in number and size within the protective wall of
seeds.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS
1. Embryonic Development
 Fertilization takes place and then
followed by the first cell division, by
which small apical cell and basal cell are
formed.
 The apical cell divides into four cells and
forms a small ball. The basal cell ligates
cell at the top.
 The apical clump of cells grows and
forms a spherical ball. The basal cell
stop growing and dividing quite soon.
This stage is called is called the globular
stage of embryo.
 The apical tissue grows sidewards , the
cotyledons are formed.
 At the same time, the tissue between
the cotyledons and the suspensor
differentiates into the growing point of
the root (or apical root meristem), the
growing point of the shoot or the apical
root meristem (F) and the connective
vascular tissue (G). The cotyledons grow
and fold out. The seed is formed.
2. Endosperm Formation
Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and
nourishes the embryo in the seeds of
angiosperms. In some seeds, the endosperm is
food-storing cotyledons nourish the embryo as
it germinates.
• The cell goes through the entire process of
mitosis but does not undergo cytokinesis, which
effectively makes the resulting endosperm. As
seed matures, the endosperm nuclei are slowly
enclosed by walls making it a solid structure.
Endosperm expands to surround embryo and
serve as its nutritive source due to rich content
of starch and oils.
3. Seed Formation
Wall of the ovule hardens and becomes the
seed coat as soon as the embryo and
endosperm firms up.
Seed Coat- function mainly to protect the
embryo from physical, temperature-related, or
water damage. It also ensures that the plant
seed remain in a state of dormancy until
conditions are right for the plant embryo to
germinate, or sprout
4. Fruit Formation
Once zygote starts to grow, the ovary begins
developing into a fruit and the ovule begin to
form seeds. Hence, fruits may bear the embryo-
containing seeds within them or it may develop
as fleshy fruits. On the other hand, the outside
wall of the ovary and pistil becomes the skin of
the fruit.
5. Seed Dispersal
Dispersal may be facilitated by wind, water, or
foraging animals that transport the seed itself
or the seed-bearing fruits into new location
6. Seed maturation and dormancy
Seed maturation is marked by the drying and
hardening of the seed coat , a feature that allow
cells to survive unfavorable environment
conditions
7. Seed germination
Germination is manifested as the sprouting of a
seeding from a seed, signaling the development
of embryo into a plant.
Triggered by uptake of water by the seed,
known as imbibition, temperature and
presence of oxygen
 Primary root and radicle (through seed coat)>
growing shoot meristem> epicotyl> cotyledons>
hypocotyl
8. Organogenesis
Growth of the plant is achieved by increasing
the number if cells through mitosis and
enlarging existing cell. Development however,
refers to the differentiation of the cell into
specific cell types and its assembly into tissue
and organs that perform specialized function
• Others, like birds and some reptiles, lay eggs.
• mammals and birds may need some more time
for further development before they can take
care of themselves.
• Some reptiles and fish give birth to young. They
are independent at birth and no parenting
needed.
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF INVERTEBRATES

• they are born in larva stage, where they need to

Embryonic Development of Vertebrates and undergo metamorphosis
Invertebrates
• octopus and squid hatch and grow into adults
without a larva or pupa stage
DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMALS
• spiders hatch from eggs and ready to take care
After fertilization, zygote begins its embryonic of themselves
development
• butterflies lay eggs that hatch into caterpillars,
Embryonic Development refers to what happens in the and spend their time eating and growing larger.
stage before an animal is born, regardless of whether they are similar to amphibians.
that animal is a vertebrate or invertebrate
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMALS
Life Cycle
1. Fertilization
refers to the changes that occur over the lifespan of an
animal 2. Cleavage

Invertebrates 3. Blastulation

 animals who do not have a backbone 4. Gastrulation

 insects, worms, mollusks, jellyfish, crustaceans, 5. Organogenesis
octopus, squid and etc.
 have four distinct stages to their life cycle:
 egg – larva – pupa - adult

Vertebrates

 animals who have a backbone

 may have similar or bilateral body composition
 mammals, birds, etc.
 have three stages to their life cycle:
 egg-baby or juvenile- adult
 few, like amphibians, undergo metamorphosis

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRATES

• the early stages of their embryonic

development, all are quite similar due to
common ancestry.

• vertebrates develop their fertilized eggs within

the female's body and giving birth to live young
Stages of Development in Animals

1. Fertilization
2. Cleavage
- rapid cell division after fertilization
- cells divide without increased size, form a
large single-cells zygote (which then divides
into smaller cells called blastomeres.

3. Blastulation
- smaller cells are called blastomeres.
- after 100 blastomeres the embryo is called a
Blastula
- Blastula then turns into a Blastocyst

4. Gastrulation

- the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a three-

layered (trilaminar) structure which is the Gastrula.

- The three germ layers are the ECTODERM,

MESODERM, ENDODERM

- Ectoderms give rise to epidermis and

tissues that will form the nervous
system.
 - Mesoderms give rise to somites. These
somites are responsible for the
formation of muscle, cartilage of ribs
and vertebrae, dermis, notochord,
blood, blood vessels, bones and
connective tissues.
- Endoderms give rise to the epithelium
of digestive and respiratory system,
liver, and pancreas.
5. Organogenesis
- three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm,
endoderm) develop into the internal organs of the
organism.
- the germ layers go through DIFFERENTIATION to
form the organs turning the less-specialized cell to a
more-specialized cell.
KEY TERMS
Amniotic cavity- closed sac between the embryo and
the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid.
Hypoblast- a tissue type that forms from the inner cell
mass. It lies between epiblast and consists of small
cuboidal cells.
Primitive streak- the faint streak which is the earliest
trace of the embryo in the fertilized ovum of a higher
vertebrate.
Neural plate- is a key developmental structure that
serves as the basis for the nervous system.
Neurolation- referes to the folding process in vertebrate
embryos, which includes the transformation of the
neural plate into neural tube.
Neural tube- a hollow structure from which the brain
and the spinal cord form.
Zona Pellucida - made up of thick glycoprotein
Morula - a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a
fertilized ovum, and from which blastula is formed.
Plasma membrane- selectively permeable and
regulates which molecules are allowed to enter and exit
the cell
Blastula- a hollow sphere of cells, referred to
blastomeres, surrounding an inner-fluid cavity called the
blastocoel/e
Embryoblast- (inner cells) form a compact assembly on
one side of the cavity
Trophoblast- (outer cells) organize themselves into a
epithelial layer
Blastocoel - the fluid cavity of a blastula
Bilaminar disc- refers to the epiblast and hypoblast from
the embryoblast
Trilaminar disc- it is an embryo which exists as three
different germ layers
Embryonic folding - the flat trilaminar disc becomes a
more cylindric embryo due to longitudinal and
transverse folding
3 STAGES OF PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT (HUMAN)
1. Germinal Period
•This happens 2 weeks after conception.
•Creation of the “Zygote” and it is attached to the
uterine wall.
•By the end of the stage, the fertilized egg becomes
blastocyst and plant itself to the wall of uterus
2. Embryonic Period
•Life support systems for the embryo develop
•Organs appear
•Heart, digestive system, backbone and spinal cord
begin to form. Heart is functioning.
•Placenta or afterbirth begins to develop.
2. Fetal Period
•Fetus is approximately 3 inches long. 3 months
•More active. Can move arms and legs, and can
open mouth, and move its head
•Genital Identification. Male or Female
•7th month, Fetus is 16 inches long, taste buds
developed, fat layers are forming, organs are
maturing, and skin is wrinkled.
•9th month, The lungs are developed and can now
live outside the mother’s body. Skin is pink and
smooth