2.3 Fire Resistance

Fire resistance
Owen Brooker
BEng CEng MICE MIStructE MCS
Technical Director
© 2019 Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 1
Indicative Design Process

Step Task Standard
1 Determine design life EN 1990
2 Assess actions EN 1991 (Parts 1 to 10)
3 Assess load arrangements EN 1992-1-1
4 Assess combinations of actions EN 1990
5 Assess durability EN 1992-1-1(BS 8500?)
6 Assess fire resistance EN 1992-1-2
7 Determine cover EN 1992-1-1
8 Analyse structure EN 1992-1-1
9 ULS checks EN 1992-1-1
10 SLS checks EN 1992-1-1
11 Detailing EN 1992-1-1
Simplified methods
Eurocode 2 has three design approaches for fire resistance:

• Tabular - covers the vast majority of cases
• Advanced – best left to fire engineering specialists
• Simplified – to be used if possible when tables are out of
scope or when a small enhancement is required.
The following flow chart gives will guide the decision making
process.
Decision making process
Actions in a fire scenario
Using EN 1991-1-2
Use the accidental combination, Exp (6.11):

Gk,j + Ad + 2,1 Qk,1 + 2,i Qk,I
2,1 is the Recommended Value
“Simplified” method for
determine actions during fire
Ed,fi = ηfi Ed
where:
Ed = design value of actions at normal temperature
η fi = reduction factor for actions in fire situation
= 0.7 conservatively
Where combination 6.10 has been used for normal
temperature design:
G k   fi Q k ,1
fi 
 G G k   Q Q k ,1
ψfi = ψ2,1 is the Recommended Value
Tabular method
Fire resistance
Tables are provided in section 5.
Axis distance, a, to centre of bar
a = c + m/2 + l
a Axis
Distance
Fire resistance - tables
• Suitable for standard fire exposure up to 4 hrs.

• Empirical - but confirmed by experience and
theoretical evaluation of tests
• Based on NWC with siliceous aggregates
• For calcareous or lightweight aggregates
minimum dimension may be reduced by 10%
• Deemed to cover shear, torsion or anchorage
• No further checks are required for spalling up to
an axis distance of 70 mm
• For HSC (> C50/60) the minimum cross section
dimension should be increased
Columns – Method A
Method A - conditions
The restrictions on the use of Method A are:

• The effective length of the braced column in the fire
condition, l0,fi should be ≤ 3 m
• The first order eccentricity under fire conditions should
satisfy the limit:
e = M0Ed,fi / NEd,fi ≤ emax
where
M0Ed,fi = first order design moment
NEd,fi = axial force under fire conditions
emax = 0.15h (or 0.15b for circular sections)
• Reinforcement outside of laps should satisfy: As ≤ 0.04Ac
Columns – Method B
Method B - conditions
The restrictions on the use of Method B are:

• The slenderness of the column under fire conditions should
be λfi = l0,fi / i ≤ 30 where i is the minimum radius of inertia.
• The first order eccentricity under fire conditions should
satisfy the limit:
e = M0Ed,fi / N0Ed,fi ≤ emax
where
emax = 100 mm
e/b ≤ 0.25
b = minimum column dimension
The load level at normal temperature conditions,
n = N0Ed,fi / [0.7(Ac fcd + As fyd)].
Walls
Beams
Slabs
Solid Ribbed
Notes omitted
Simplified methods
Annex B.3 – Braced columns
• The method described in Annex B.3 is the basis for Table

5.2b (Method B)
• Table 5.2b has a limit on slenderness and load eccentricity
(Method A. Table 5.2a has an even lower limit)
• The method is complex and therefore tables have been
provided in Annex C
Extract of Annex C table
Unbraced columns?
PD 6687-1 notes:
• at the discretion of the designer, the methods given in BS
EN 1992-1–2:2004 for columns may be used for the initial
design of unbraced structures.
• In critical cases the chosen column sizes should be verified
using Annex B.
• Historically BS 8110 (Parts 1 and 2), did not make any
distinction between braced and unbraced construction in
fire design
• The column sizes in BS EN 1992-1-2:2004 generally exceed
those that were used in BS 8110 (Parts 1 and 2)
• However, more care should be adopted where the column is
the primary means of structural stability
Simplified methods for slabs and

beams
• Annex E contains a simplified design method
• It is an extension of the tabular method
• No reduction in section size is permitted
• Axis distances may be reduced
• The verification is MEd,fi ≤ MRd,fi
Where
MEd,fi = Moment under fire conditions
MRd,fi = Moment of resistance under fire conditions
Design resistance – simply supp.
The design resistance under fire loading is determined :

MRd,fi = (γs / γs,fi ) ks(θ) MEd (As,prov /As,req )
where
γs = partial material factor for steel at ambient
γs,fi = partial material factor for steel under fire conditions
ks(θ) = strength reduction applied to steel for a given
temperature (θ) under the required fire resistance
(Use temperature profiles in Annex A)
MEd = design moment for ambient design
As,prov = cross-sectional area of tension reinforcement
provided
As,req = cross-sectional area of tension reinforcement
required
• The ratio As,prov/As,req should not be taken greater than 1.3
• As simplification, ks(θ) may be determined from figure on
next slide
Design resistance - continuous
• Moment can be redistributed from span to supports

provided:
• there is sufficient reinforcement over the support
• this reinforcement is suitably curtailed to accommodate
the bending moment envelope.
• The mid-span moment resistance = MRd,fi (from above)
• The ‘free’ bending moment for the fire situation is then
determined and ‘fitted’ to the moment of resistance of the
span:
• MRd,fi,Support = (γs / γs,fi ) MEd (As,prov /As,req ) (d – a)/d
Where
d = effective depth of the section
a = required average bottom axis distance for tabular
method
• As,prov /As,req should not be taken greater than 1.3
500 °c Isotherm method
• Concrete at a temperature above 500°C is neglected.

• Concrete at or below 500°C is assumed to retain its full,
ambient temperature strength
• The section must meet the minimum cross-sectional width
Fire resistance R60 R90 R120 R180 R240
Minimum width of cross‐section (mm) 90 120 160 200 280
• A reduced section size (bfi dfi) is used where the concrete
retains its original properties
• Temperature profiles for a number of typical member types
and cross-sections are given in Annex A
• The rounded corners of the residual section reflect the real
profile of the isotherm and may be approximated to a
rectangle
Example temperature profile
Reduced cross-section
500 °C Isotherm method
• The temperature of each reinforcing bar is found using

temperature profiles
• The reduced strength of the reinforcement due to
temperature may be determined in accordance with Figure
4.2
• The reinforcement may fall outside of the residual cross-
section. In such cases, these bars may still be counted when
determining the section capacity.
Decrease in strength of
reinforcement
Bending resistance
bfi = width of reduced cross-section

dfi = effective depth of the reduced cross-section
z = lever arm between the tension reinforcement and
concrete
z’ = lever arm between the tension and compression rebar
As = area of tension reinforcement
As1 = part of tension reinforcement in equilibrium with the
concrete compression block
As2 = part of tension reinforcement in equilibrium with the
compression reinforcement
As’ = area of compression reinforcement

fcd,fi(20) = design value of compression strength concrete in
the fire situation at normal temperature
= fck/γc,fi = fck
fsd,fi(θm) = design value of the tension reinforcement strength
in the fire situation at mean temperature θm in that
layer
fscd,fi(θm) = design value of the compression reinforcement
strength in the fire situation at mean temperature
θm in that layer
Fs = total force in compression reinforcement in the
fire situation
Bending resistance calculation
The bending moment calculation is illustrated as follows:

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
Mu1= As1 fsd,fi(θm)z
Mu2=As2 fscd,fi(θm)z’
Where
As = total tension reinforcement area
fsd,fi = design tensile strength of reinforcement
fscd,fi = design strength for compressive reinforcement
bfi = width of the fire exposed cross-section
dfi = efficient height of the fire exposed cross-section
500 °c Isotherm method
Zone method
• More accurate than 500 °c Isotherm method

• More laborious than 500 °c Isotherm method
• Determine fire damaged zone, az
• Divide the section into a number of parallel zones
• Determine the temperature profile
• Calculate the resistance of each zone
• Sum the resistances to give overall resistance
Reduced section
Width, w, to use
w, is assessed as:
• The thickness of a slab,
• The thickness of a one sided exposed wall or column,
• Half the thickness of the web of a beam,
• Half the thickness of a two sided exposed wall or column or
• Half the smallest dimension of a four sided exposed column.
Determining az
Division into zones
Determine strength reduction

coefficient
Shear and torsion
• For the tabular method no checks beyond those carried out

for ambient design are required
• Annex D can be used for other cases
• For typical sections, shear failure due to fire loading is
uncommon
• A reasonable approach is to use a reduced cross-section due
to fire and apply the principles of Part 1-1
• Where shear reinforcement is not provided, resistance must
be reduced to account for temperature effects by a factor of
kct (θ)
• Where links are provided, including for torsion, the strength
of the links are reduced due to the temperature effects and
the section resistance then determined based on the
reduced section
Reduction in concrete strength

for concrete with no shear
reinforcement

2.3 Fire Resistance

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2.3 Fire Resistance

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Fire resistance

Indicative Design Process

Eurocode 2 has three design approaches for fire resistance:

Decision making process

Use the accidental combination, Exp (6.11):

2,1 is the Recommended Value

Tables are provided in section 5.

Axis distance, a, to centre of bar

Fire resistance - tables

• Suitable for standard fire exposure up to 4 hrs.

The restrictions on the use of Method A are:

The restrictions on the use of Method B are:

• The method described in Annex B.3 is the basis for Table

Extract of Annex C table

Simplified methods for slabs and

The design resistance under fire loading is determined :

• Moment can be redistributed from span to supports

500 °c Isotherm method

• Concrete at a temperature above 500°C is neglected.

• The temperature of each reinforcing bar is found using

bfi = width of reduced cross-section

As’ = area of compression reinforcement

The bending moment calculation is illustrated as follows:

500 °c Isotherm method

• More accurate than 500 °c Isotherm method

Determine strength reduction

• For the tabular method no checks beyond those carried out

Reduction in concrete strength

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