NAME: KRITIKA AGGARWAL

ROLL:101806082
GROUP D1
CONCISE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(BY Prof. Dawei Han)

WATER SUPPLY
“water water everywhere, but nowhere to drink”-the phrase which everyone recognises
but no one knows about it. human beings are progressing with the speed of light, and so is the
demand of water also rising. But do we have enough waste to fulfil our requirements? if we
go like this only, do we have enough water to meet all our increasing demands? just
0.024%of water is available a in form of fresh water…Do u really think that answer would be
yes? Around 1.3million people die every year because of unavailability of safe drinking
water.200 million- time women spend to find water for collection every day. Water
demand is exceeding the supplies. All this shows that water has become an issue that needs
very immediate attention.in this summary I have tried to discuss about water demand, its
availability, treatment, distribution and of course the waste water.
water demand: Everyone knows that scarcity occurs when demands are greater than the
supplies. Estimates water requirements is about 20 to 40 litres per capita per day. taking these
minimum requirements into account, records show that half of the world population cannot
meet the water demands. Compared to the total amount of water withdrawn from the
groundwater and surface water reservoirs, the water use of the private household sector is
only of minor importance, but there are large differences between countries and regions. The
world-wide water demand of private households grows due to an increase in world
population and the ongoing processes of urbanisation in the developing countries. if we now
look at industrial demand of water then About 20 per cent of the world-wide water withdrawn
is used in the commercial and industrial sector. Industrial water requirements depend from
industry to industry. thermal power plants, sugarcane industry etc use the maximum amount
of water. These increased demands of water are due to increased urbanisation,
industrialisation, agricultural activities, and poor rainfall. Till now we looked at the demand
of water. Next thing is that do we have enough to fulfil our demands?
water availability: 99.9% of human body is made up of water.no organism on this planet can
live without water. Water is amongst the three basic necessities without which survival on
earth is impossible. Our planet’s 71% of surface is covered with water out of which 68% is in
glaciers and swamps, 30% is ground water and 0.3% is in other freshwater lakes. Ground
water contains lots of dissolved solids, which is difficult to clean up (if polluted). Surface
water i.e. 1.2% contains suspended solids, but it is comparatively easy to purify. If we talk
about sea water then obviously, it is available only after desalination. Desalination is a very
costly and time-consuming process. The last alternative which I think is treatment of waste
water and reusing it. This water can be used for irrigation, industries, and ground level
recharging etc.
But how is waste water treated? What is the process of treating waste water? Treating waste
water means making it potable and palatable and meeting the basic standards of hygienic
drinking water. They should meet the standards set by WHO.EPA has established NPDWRs
for setting water quality standards. If contaminants are present in water above the set
standards then there are some changes in physical appearance (i.e. colour, odour, taste
changes). Due to these changes a lot of people stop using water from public systems. These
contaminants cause asthetic, technical, and cosmetic effects on humans.

Asthetic effects: include odour and taste as indicators for determining the type of treatment.
Odour can be noticed even if the contaminants are present in small amounts. Colour
determines amount of disinfectant and organic material and inadequate treatment. Not only
organic, even inorganic contaminants can also be determined with colour appearance in
water. Even, foaming due to detergents observed also give asthetic effects.

cosmetic effects: Skin discoloration is related to cosmetic effect. This effect does not hamper
body functioning. Some problems related to it are tooth discolouration etc.

Technical effects: Corrosivity has significant economic implications. Some problems related
to corrosivity lead to corrosion of copper and iron, which leads to objectionable taste of
utensils. Also, Corrosion of distribution pipes reduce water flow. Standards related to this are
Total Dissolved Solids, Zinc etc. Water’s potability and palatability depends on its various
physical, biological and chemical characteristics. Physical characteristics include
temperature, colour, odour, particle size, turbidity etc. Chemical properties determine the
appropriate chemical ratio, that potable water must contain.eg chloride, fluoride, calcium,
sulphur, arsenic, nitrate contents in water. Biological characteristics determine pathogenic
organisms in water. These pathogens cause sickness when one intake unclean water. Several
indicators are used to determine whether the water contains harmful bacteria, pathogens,
viruses or not. Treatment of water process involves following steps: screen, storage reservoir,
adsorption, coagulation and flocculation, hardness removal, sedimentation and filtration, and
disinfection. Large solid particles are first removed from water. This is called as screen.
Screening is followed by raw water settling pond. It allows debris to naturally settle down
before water reaches the tank. Then comes the pre sedimentation building. It is the place
where true treatment starts. 5 major processes take place here. Chemical coagulation: chlorine
dioxide is the first chemical which is added as it acts as an oxidant which breaks matter.
Aluminium sulphate is used as primary coagulant. The coagulants cause very fine particles to
join together into larger particles and these larger particles can then be removed settling, or
filtering. Then comes flocculation.in this water is stirred slowly so that floc and particulates
could interact with other. The flocculated water then moves for sedimentation process.
Sedimentation involves removing suspended particles. Velocity of water is decreased which
allows gravitational forces to remove suspended particles. When water becomes stable all
solid particles settle at the bottom. Almost 90%of water is cleaned during sedimentation.
Then water is sent for disinfection process. Chlorine is added so as to start with disinfection
process. During this process pathogens, harmful bacteria etc are killed. This prevents
waterborne diseases like diarrhoea etc. then this water is sent for filtration. In filtration water
is passed through sand, coal bed to remove impurities. Filters are made such that first layer is
made of anthracite, followed by a layer of sand and below these layers there is a tank to
collect filtered water. Filters are cleaned via “back washing”. After few processes this back
wash water is returned to settling pond for re use. The water collected in lower tank is safe
for drinking. This potable water is chlorinated again so as to avoid any impurity till it reaches
all distribution systems. Since, the has been made potable and palatable, now it has to be
distributed to different regions. Let us see how is this done?

Water distribution: potable water so formed is distributed using networks of pipes. These
networks can be subdivided as trunk mains and distribution mains. Trunk mains is used to
supply water to treatment tanks and reservoirs. Pressure requirements are different for
different distribution systems. A good distribution system has following properties:

It should be capable of distributing water to distant places with optimum pressure levels.
Proper distance must be maintained between these pipes and sewer pipes. Minimum leakages
must be there in pipes. generally, high pressures lead to increased leakages.so, it is very
important to maintain appropriate and necessary pressure levels. For example: residential area
must have a pressure around 60psi.Most distribution networks use fire department motor
pumpers to maintain pressure. Few use dual systems. EPANET - used to model distribution
systems is invented to check water movements and distribution of water analysis. It is also
used to design new water treatments cells and modernise tanks and filters. It is used to
interrogate water related problems, improve distribution levels, prepare for future
emergencies, backups for disasters and what not. With this technology, engineers come to
know about pressure levels, leakages, chemical composition, pipe networks which include:
faucets, valves, tanks, water flow, it is stagnant or not, etc. pipe network modelling under
EPANET includes hydraulic modelling, water quality modelling, water quality modelling
water security and Resilience Modelling.

Hydraulic Modelling: highly featured and perfect hydraulic modelling is very important for
doing effective water quality modelling. EPANET contains hydraulic analysis engine which
includes the following: size limit cannot be analysed, can be used to compute friction head
loss, control speed of pumps, models faucets, valves, flow control etc.

Water Quality Modelling: along with hydraulic modelling, EPANET also provides water
quality modelling properties. This includes: flexibility in designs of storage tanks, free
movement of tracer material within network, for how much time water sustains in network,
how much mass of water is transferred through network and its limitations, reaction rate
coefficients, determines wall roughness, movement of reactive material, reactions at pipe
wall, allowing time varying concentration etc. EPANET has various applications. EPANET
helps to maintain water quality distributed across the globe. It can be used for designing
sample programs, studying by product formations, innovating new ideas, using minimum
energy resources, improve water system performance, changing tank filling properties, using
booster disinfection stations and a lot many more things. Different types of networks are
radial, dead end and grid iron system. Dead end system has its usage in those regions which
have indefinite road arrangements (unplanned cities and towns). This system is not suitable as
it may lead to stagnant water in pipes. in Iron grid system pipes and branches are laid in
rectangular format. The advantage of this system is that water reaches even in remote areas of
the region.in ring system, combination of dead end and grid iron pattern used. In radial
system, calculation of pipe size is very easy and region is divided in different sub parts.
Financial aspect: the cost of supplying system depends on the demand of water in a particular
region. Rates per cubic metre are different for developed and developing countries.

WASTEWATER: water that is contaminated by human activities such as in industries,

agriculture, household chores, is defined as waste water. Industrial waste water includes
waste water from coolants, filters, pH industry, thermal power plants, toxic waste from metal
plating and cyanide industry, water from oil and gas production etc. Household activities
produce water from kitchen, human excreta, washing machines, rainfall collected from roofs
etc. Waste water pollutants can be physical, chemical or biological. Physical and chemical
pollutants include meals (mercury, lead, chromium etc), carbon dioxide, methane, sand, grit,
metal, faeces, hairs, humus, dead animals, pesticides, herbicides etc. Biological pollutants
include protozoa, viruses, bacteria helminths, insects, arthropods etc. Both BOD (for
biodegradable pollutants) and COD (for oxidizable pollutants) determine decreased oxygen
levels. Energy in waste water is ten times more than that used to treat it. Then why don’t we
use this energy? Do you know that 1 in 9 people lack access to safe water? Water would be
distributed only if it is available. So, it’s very important to understand the importance of
preserving water along with distributing it. Everyone knows that no survival exists without
water but no one understands it by heart. We say it’s never too late but here it’s really very
very late. Situation is going out of from our hands. Lack of proper water facilities lead to
health crises, women crises, sanitation crises, etc. etc. women empowerment can be
supported with proper water facilities. Indian women have to travel very large distance to
bring water from nearest available water supply point. They deserve a lot more than just
collecting water from far away places. Water supply systems play a vital role in making
survival possible on this earth. What if we have water to drink but not a supply system to
make it reach every corner of the world. Good water supply systems are a necessity and not a
demand. Agencies like EPANET are making water transportation so easy and efficient. We
need such more software to use water very judicially and make it possible to reach every
corner of our mother Earth. Every 2 minutes, a child dies of a water disease. Who will
answer this? Let us ensure that no one dies because of unavailability of water. No one cries
to get a single drop of water. All this is possible only if we all come together and join our
hands and pledge to save, preserve each and every drop of water so that it could be available
to one and all biotic organism on this planet. After all every drop counts. Still if you don’t
believe me, then keep a bucket below the leaking tap at your home and see that very next
morning. You will get the answer. I am not saying this is as a delegate of an institution or just
for the sake of completing my assignment in a given time. I am saying this as a concerned
citizen who is feeling desperate to help those underprivileged people out there who have to
wander around for even a single drop of water. We have done enough damage to our mother
earth. Now earth’s patience has came up to brim. If we don’t stop our exploiting habit, soon
this planet will boycott us. This is the time for everyone to come up and show universal
brotherhood. Remember!! This is the high time. We have this one in three million chances.
We have to save this planet and all those who are dying every second, every minute, every
hour and ultimately millions every year. After this probably we won’t have time to undo our
mistake. Lets wake up from this sleep and restore all the havoc created on this planet no
matter WHATEVER IT TAKES.