D.A.V.

PUBLIC SCHOOL, NEW PANVEL

Plot No. 267, 268, Sector-10, New Panvel,
Navi Mumbai-410206 (Maharashtra).
Phone 022-27468211, 27482276, Telefax- 27451793
Email- davschoolnp@vsnl.net

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How do organism reproduce?
1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
Ans.
1) DNA is the source of information for making proteins and thereby controlling
characters.
2) If the information is changed, it leads to altered proteins and thereby altered body
design.

2. What is the importance of reproduction?

Ans.
1) Maintainance of the existence.
2) preservation of species.
3) Role in evolution due to variations.

3. DNA decides the structure of organisms through protein. Comment.

Ans.
Structure of organisms depends on body design which depends on blue print formed by
chromosome in nucleus. Chromosomes are made of DNA. DNA decides the type of
protein formed(enzymes and hormones) which decides the structure of organisms.

4. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily important for
the individual?
Ans.
In general, a population of reproducing organisms is well suited to a particular
niche(habitat). If a drastic change occurs in the niche, the population could be wiped out.
But if some variations are present in a few individuals, they may help them to adapt to the
changes. These organisms live and reproduce and maintain the existence of that
particular species.
For eg. Bacteria living in hot water would perish if the temperature increases. But few
variants of bacteria may be able to adapt to higher temperature and survive.
5. Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Ans.
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
1. Involves one parent. 1. 2 parents (male & female)
2. No formation of gametes. 2. Formation of gametes.
3. Only mitotic division involved. 3. Both mitotic and meiotic division involved.
4. variations are very rare. 4. variations are seen in every generation.
 6. What are the various kinds of vegetative reproduction?
Ans.
1. FISSION: - a) Binary fission: E.g. Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium,
b) Multiple fission: E.g. Plasmodium
2. BUDDING: - E.g. Yeast, Hydra
3. SPORE FORMATION: - E.g. Rhizopus (bread mould), fern, moss
4. FRAGMENTATION: - E.g. Spirogyra
5. REGENARATION: -Hydra, Planaria, earthworm
6. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: -
A) Natural
a) Stem cutting: rose,
bougainvillea,
b) underground stem: eg.
Potato, Ginger, turmeric,
Banana, onion etc.
c) Root: eg. Sweet potato,
beetroot, carrot, radish,
asparagus, dahlia
d) Leaf: e.g. Bryophyllum

B) Artificial
a) Cutting: e.g. Rose
b) Grafting: e.g. Mango
c) Layering: e.g. Jasmine
d) Tissue culture: e.g. Orchids,
asparagus

Q 7. State the advantages of vegetative reproduction.

Ans.
1) Seedless plants can be propagated. E.g. sugarcane
2) Cheaper, easier and rapid process.
3) Number of plants having good quality is increased within a short period.
4) No variation. Thus, the desired characteristics can be maintained.

Q 8. Explain the process of grafting, layering and tissue culture.

Ans.
GRAFTING: A cutting of a plant called SCION is attached to another rooted plant called
STOK. The grafted part is fitted tightly along with moisture retaining material like moss,
wet cotton etc. The cambium activity of scion and stock allow them to join together.
Advantage:
1. To improve variety of fruits like mango.
2. A young shoot can be made to flower.

LAYERING: A branch of the parent plant is bent and buried under soil. This part then
produces roots. It is then detached from the parent plant.
 TISSUE CULTURE / MICROPROPAGATION: (Development of plant from a mass of
tissue) - A piece of tissue is cut from a plant and is kept in a suitable medium of nutrients.
This tissue grows into a mass called Callus. The callus is transferred to another medium
having growth hormones which then results in formation of plantlets.
Advantage:
1.Quick method
2. Virus free plants are produced
3. It can overcome seed dormancy.

Q 9. What are the disadvantages of vegetative reproduction?

Ans.
1) Disease of parent plant spreads to daughter plants.
2) Vegetative organs used for propagation cannot be stored for long.
3) Adaptability of daughter plants is less because of absence of variation.
4) This method lack dispersal mechanism.

Q10. Is an offspring exactly similar to the parents? Why or Why not?

Ans.
In case of Asexual reproduction, the DNA of parent is copied without alteration. So offsprings
would look almost similar to parent. But in sexual reproduction, genetic recombination occurs
during meiosis (in gamete formation) due to which the DNA of offspring is not exactly similar
to the parents. So, these offsprings resemble parents but not exactly similar.

Q11. How do Leishmania reproduce?

Ans.
Leishmania reproduces by binary fission that occurs in a definite orientation in relation to
whip like flagella, forming two cells.

Q12. “Cell division is a type of reproduction in unicellular organisms” Justify

Ans.
Unicellular organisms like bacteria simply split into two equal halves during cell division to
produce two new individuals. Plasmodium divides into many daughter cells simultaneously.

Q13. Why plants propagated vegetatively are the exact copy of their parents?
Ans.
In vegetative propagation the new plants are formed by mitosis. There is no chance of
crossing over or genetic recombination which occurs only in meiosis in sexual reproduction.

Q14. Regeneration is not always reproduction. Comment

Ans.
Planaria and hydra when cut into number of pieces, each piece would develop into a
complete organism. This type of reproduction is called Regeneration. But a lizard
regenerating, its lost tail is not reproduction.
Q15.Show the important features of sexual reproduction by a flow chart.
Ans.
Male Parent Female Parent
(Diploid) (Diploid)

Meiosis Meiosis

Male gamete (haploid) Female gamete (haploid)

Zygote (diploid)

Mitosis

Embryo

Mitosis & differentiation

New organism

Q 16.What is fertilization? What are the 2 kinds? What development takes place
after fertilization?
Ans.
Fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization. It results in formation of diploid
zygote. The two types of fertilization:

Fertilization

External fertilization Internal Fertilization

Occurs outside the body of female parent. Occurs inside the body of the female. Eg.
Eg. Fishes & amphibians (male and birds, reptiles, mammals.
female gametes are released in water)

After fertilization zygote undergoes repeated mitotic divisions to form embryo which
differentiates to form full organism.
 Q17.Explain the parts of a flower.
Ans.
CALYX: Outermost whorls consisting of sepals. Green colored, protects the bud.
COROLLA: Colorful petals, attracts insects for pollination.
ANDROECIUM: (stamen): Consists of stalk like “Filament” and bilobed structure called
“Anther”. Anthers contains pollen grains. Each pollen grain contains 2 male gametes.
GYNOECIUM: (Pistil) Consist of 3 parts.
“Stigma”-receives pollen grains.
“Style”- Pollen tube grows through it to reach the ovary.
“Ovary”- contains ovules attached by placenta. Each ovule has one female gamete

Q18. What is pollination?

Ans.
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma. Two types of pollination
Self-pollination: Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of the same plant. If it is
the same flower it is called Auto gamy and if it is between flowers of the same plant it is
called Geitonogamy.
Cross pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of different plants.

Q19. Explain the process which occurs after pollination till seed formation.
Ans. 1. After pollination pollen grains germinate on the stigma by producing pollen tube.
2.Pollen tube grows inside the style moves towards ovary.
3.It enters the ovule through micropyle and releases the 2 male gametes.
4.One male gamete fuse with egg to form zygote called syngamy.
5.Another male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form triploid nucleus called triple
fusion.
6.Syngamy and triploid fusion constitute double fertilization.
7.Zygote develops into baby plant and triploid nucleus develops into endosperm.
(i.e. Ovule develops into seed
8.Ovary wall develops into fruit.
9. Petals, stamens, style and stigma fall off.
 Q20. What are the pubertal changes in male and females?
Ans. Pubertal changes in males:
1) Widening of shoulders.
2) Deepening of voice.
3) Growth of auxiliary and pubic hairs.
4) Appearance of beard and mustaches.
5) Growth of sex organs. (testes and penis)

Pubertal changes in females:

1) Widening of pelvis and hips.
2) High pitch in voice.
3) Growth of auxiliary and pubic hairs.
4) Initiation of menstrual cycle.
5) Growth of mammary glands.

Q 21.What are the primary and accessory sex organs?

Ans.
Sex Primary sex organs Accessory sex organs
Male Testes Vas deferens, accessory glands, penis.
Females Ovary Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Q 22. What is menstruation and ovulation?

Ans.
After maturity of sex organs in females, the ovary releases an ovum or egg cell after
every 28 days. The release of ovum is called ovulation.
Uterus prepares itself to receive the ovum. Its lining becomes thick and spongy and it is
richly supplied with blood vessels, to nourish the embryo. But if fertilization does not take
place, the lining breaks down and comes out through the vagina in the form of blood and
mucus. This process is called menstruation. It lasts for 5 days. The ovulation takes place
on 10th to 12 day. Ovum reaches the uterus on 14th day and waits for 3 to 4 days to be
fertilized and then starts degenerating. On 28th day it is expelled out in form of
menstruation.

Q 23. What is menarche and menopause?

Ans.
Menarche is the beginning of menstruation at puberty whereas Menopause is the
stoppage of menstrual flow at the age of 40 to 45 and she losses her ability to bear
children
 Q24. What are the parts of human male and female reproductive system?
Ans.

Human Male
Reproductive system

Primary sex Accessory sex

organs organs

Duct system Accessory Copulatory

glands organ

Testes
Prostate gland:- Penis:- Spongy
Secretion keeps tissue filled with
Epididymis :- blood .
stores sperms sperms active and
mobile Causes erection
of penis.

Vas deferens :-
• Produces contractions pass Seminal vesicle:- Secretion
sperms sperms into provides nourishment &
• Produces urethra during mobility to sperms.
male ejaculation
hormones

Urethra:- expels Cowper’s gland:-

semen during produces, white
ejaculation viscous, alkaline
secretion.
 Human Female
Reproductive system

Primary sex Accessory sex

organs organs

Duct system Mammary

glands
Ovary

Fallopian tubes:
Acts as a site for Produces milk.
• Produces fertilization.
estrogen and
progesterone
• Produces ova
Uterus

Nourishment of
foetus
for nine months

Contractions expel
the baby during birth

• Vagina: Acts as birth canal.

• Receives penis during
intercourse
Q25.Wheredoes fertilization of egg and sperm occur? What are the post fertilization
changes?
Ans.
In fallopian tube. (Oviduct)
After fertilization the zygote undergoes mitosis to form embryo which would then get
implanted in the wall of the uterus. The lining of uterus thickens and is richly supplied
with blood vessels. At about 7th day after fertilization a special disc like structure is formed
between the embryo and the uterus wall called placenta.
Functions of placenta-
1.It provides nutrients and oxygen to foetus.
2. It also removes urea from foetus body.

Period between fertilization and birth is called Gestation period.

Q26. What are the reasons for control of population growth?

Ans. 1) Unemployment
2) poverty
3) Shortage of food supply.
4) Unhygienic condition for survival
5) Education & housing problems
6) Pollution: - water, air, land
7) Decrease in natural resources.

Q27. What are the different methods of population control?

Ans.
1. Barrier method- In this method physical devices like condom, cervical cap and diaphragm
are used to prevent sperms to reach up to the ovum. . (This method also prevents STD-
sexually transmitted diseases)

2. Chemical method- In this method specific drugs are used by females. These drugs may
be a) oral pills. b) vaginal pills. Oral pills contain hormones and are called oral
contraceptives. They disturb the hormonal balance so that the eggs are not released and
fertilized.
(This method does not prevent STD)

3. IUCD (Intra-uterine contraceptive devices)- IUCD like copper –T is placed safely in the
uterus by a skilled doctor. IUCD prevent implantation of fertilized ovum inside the uterus. .
(This method does not prevent STD)

4.Surgical method- This method is applicable to both male and females. In males a small
portion of vas deferens and in females a part of the fallopian tube is surgically removed or
tied. It prevents fertilization of egg and sperm. (This method does not prevent STD)
Q28. Give difference between testes and ovary.
Ans.
TESTES OVARY
1. It is male gonad. 1. It is female gonad.
2. It produces sperms. 2. It produces ova (egg).
3. It is located outside the body. 3. It is located inside the body.
4. Produces large number of gametes 4. Produces 1 or 2 in a month and
throughout his life. stops after 40 to 45 years.
5. Produces hormones: - testosterone 5. Produces hormones: - estrogen
and progesterone.

Q29. Name the sexually transmitted disease (STD) and how are they prevented?
Ans. Bacterial infection: Syphilis and Gonorrhoea
Viral infection: AIDS and warts.
Prevention:
1) Extra marital relations should be avoided.
2) Use of Barrier methods like Condoms.
3) Moral education.

Q30. What do you mean by prenatal sex determination? Why is it now prohibited by
law?
Ans. Determination of sex of foetus during early months of pregnancy is called prenatal
sex determination. It has been misused by people for aborting the female foetus resulting
in decline of male female ratio. Thus, the government has now prohibited the sex
determination of foetus by law.

Q31. What is HIV- AIDS?

Ans HIV- Human immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS- acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome.
It damages the immune system of the Human body.
It spreads through body fluids by the following ways-
- Sexual contact with infected person
- Blood transfusion
- Infected mother to foetus
- Use of infected needles.

Q32. List two reasons for avoiding frequent pregnancies.

Ans i) It adversely affect the health of mother.
ii) It badly affects development of children and economy of the family.
Q33.How is binary fission different from multiple fission?

Ans. Binary fission

No protective coat or wall is formed around the cell
A mature individual cell divides to form two daughter individuals

Multiple fission
A protective coat or wall is formed around the cell
Nuclei divides many times inside the cell to form many nuclei. Each gathers
cytoplasm and forms new individuals.

Q34.How will an organism be benefitted if it reproduces through spores?

Ans. Spores are tiny spherical, asexual reproductive bodies covered by a protective wall.
This helps them to survive in unfavourable conditions. They germinate when they get
favourable conditions.

Q35.Why can’t complex organisms depend on simple methods of reproduction like

regeneration?

Organisms like planaria have a simple body design without much differentiation into organs
and organ systems. They have specialised cells which can grow into a new organism
Complex organisms like animals have a complex body design ( organs and organ systems).
Their reproduction needs special organ systems and cannot depend on simple process like
regeneration.

Q36.How is a human male gamete different from a female gamete?

Male gamete- smaller in size, has a tail and is motile, produced in large numbers by testis,
nourished by seminal vesicles and prostrate gland.
Female gamete- Bigger in size, round and non motile, produced in limited numbers by ovary.
It itself has food reserve in it.