Mathematics (2 Unit)

HSC Revision Programmes

September, 2011

Copyright

c 2011 Sci School. All rights reserved.
1. Equations
These lecture materials have been prepared by,
2. Trigonometry

3. Real Functions
Matthew J. Lyle
4. Linear Functions

5. Plane Geometry
BSc (Hons) Sydney, CPGS Camb
6. Sequences &
Series and reviewed by,
7. Probability

8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The
Say Kwang Lim
Parabola
BSc (Hons) Sydney
9. Differential
Calculus

10. Integration

11. Trigonometric These materials (Programme Materials) are the intellectual property of Sci School, except
Functions
where otherwise acknowledged. They have been produced for the exclusive use of students
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential attending the “HSC Revision” Programmes (the Programmes) in 2011 for the purpose of
Functions
13. Physical
private study of attendees of the Programmes only. The reproduction or distribution of the
Applications of whole or any part of this document in whatsoever form without the prior written consent of
Calculus
Sci School is prohibited. Sci School reserves its rights to take legal action to enforce its
intellectual property rights in the Programme Materials.
 Overview

1. Equations 1. Equations
2. Trigonometry
2. Trigonometry
3. Real Functions

4. Linear Functions 3. Real Functions

5. Plane Geometry

6. Sequences &
4. Linear Functions
Series

7. Probability 5. Plane Geometry

8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The 6. Sequences & Series
Parabola
9. Differential 7. Probability
Calculus

10. Integration 8. Quadratic Polynomial & The Parabola

11. Trigonometric
Functions 9. Differential Calculus
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
10. Integration
13. Physical
Applications of
11. Trigonometric Functions
Calculus
12. Logarithmic & Exponential Functions
13. Physical Applications of Calculus
1. Equations

2. Trigonometry

3. Real Functions

4. Linear Functions

5. Plane Geometry

6. Sequences &
Series
6.1 Arithmetic
Sequences
6.2 Geometric
Sequences
6. Sequences & Series
6.3 Infinite Series
6.4 HSC (2010)
6.5 Compound
Interest
6.6 Superannuation
6.7 Loan Repayments
6.8 HSC (2010)

7. Probability

8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The
Parabola
9. Differential
Calculus

10. Integration

11. Trigonometric
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.1 Arithmetic Sequences

1. Equations
An arithmetic sequence is one where the difference, d, between successive
2. Trigonometry
terms is constant. If we call the first term a, then we have
3. Real Functions

4. Linear Functions

5. Plane Geometry
{a, a + d, a + 2d, . . . , a + (n − 1)d}
6. Sequences &
Series where the nth term is given by Tn = a + (n − 1)d.
6.1 Arithmetic
Sequences
6.2 Geometric
Sequences The sum of n terms is given by
6.3 Infinite Series
6.4 HSC (2010)
6.5 Compound Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + · · · + (a + (n − 1)d)
Interest
n
6.6 Superannuation
6.7 Loan Repayments
= (2a + (n − 1)d)
6.8 HSC (2010)
2
7. Probability
For example, find T10 and S10 for the arithmetic sequence {1, 4, 7, . . . }.
8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The
Parabola 10
9. Differential a=1 =⇒ T10 =1+9×3 and S10 = (2 × 1 + 9 × 3)
Calculus 2
10. Integration d=4−1=3 = 28 = 145
11. Trigonometric
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.2 Geometric Sequences

1. Equations
A geometric sequence is one where the ratio, r, between successive terms is
2. Trigonometry
constant. If we call the first term a, then we have
3. Real Functions

{a, ar, ar 2 , . . . , ar n−1 }

4. Linear Functions

5. Plane Geometry

6. Sequences &
Series where the nth term is given by Tn = ar n−1 .
6.1 Arithmetic
Sequences
6.2 Geometric
Sequences The sum of n terms is given by
6.3 Infinite Series
6.4 HSC (2010)
6.5 Compound Sn = a + (ar) + (ar 2 ) + · · · + (ar n−1 )
Interest
6.6 Superannuation a(r n − 1)
6.7 Loan Repayments =
6.8 HSC (2010) r−1
7. Probability

8. Quadratic For example, find T10 and S10 for the geometric sequence {1, 2, 4, . . . }.
Polynomial & The
Parabola  10 
1× 2 −1
9. Differential
a=1 =⇒ T10 = 1 × 2 9
and S10 =
Calculus
2−1
10. Integration

11. Trigonometric
r = 21 = 2 = 512 = 1023
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.3 Infinite Series

1. Equations
If −1 < r < 1, then the geometric series has a limiting sum (i.e., the series
2. Trigonometry
converges to a finite number as n → ∞).
3. Real Functions

4. Linear Functions
S∞ = lim Sn
5. Plane Geometry n→∞
6. Sequences &
Series a(1 − r n )
= lim
6.1 Arithmetic
Sequences n→∞ 1−r
6.2 Geometric a a
Sequences = − lim r n
6.3 Infinite Series 1 − r 1 − r n→∞
6.4 HSC (2010)
a
6.5 Compound =
Interest
6.6 Superannuation
1−r
6.7 Loan Repayments
6.8 HSC (2010)
Sn
7. Probability

8. Quadratic 2 × 106
Polynomial & The
Parabola r = 0.5
6
9. Differential
Calculus
10
10. Integration

11. Trigonometric n
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.5 Compound Interest

1. Equations
The amount to which an initial principal of money, P , accumulates to when
2. Trigonometry
invested at r% per period for a duration of n periods is
3. Real Functions

4. Linear Functions  r n
5. Plane Geometry An = P 1 +
100
6. Sequences &
Series
6.1 Arithmetic For example, $5,000 is invested at 6% compounded monthly. How many
Sequences
6.2 Geometric years until the balance is greater than $15,000?
Sequences
6.3 Infinite Series
6.4 HSC (2010)
• Data: P = 5, 000, r = 6
12 = 0.5% (per month), An = 15, 000.
6.5 Compound
Interest  
0.5 n
6.6 Superannuation 5, 000 1 + 100 = 15, 000
(1.005)n = 3
6.7 Loan Repayments
6.8 HSC (2010)

7. Probability
n ln (1.005) = ln(3)
8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The ln(3)
Parabola n= ln(1.005)
9. Differential
Calculus = 220.27 (months)
10. Integration

11. Trigonometric
= 18.36 (years)
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.6 Superannuation

1. Equations
These problems combine our knowledge of compound interest and geometric
2. Trigonometry
series.
3. Real Functions

4. Linear Functions

5. Plane Geometry For example, $1,200 is invested at the beginning of each year into an account
6. Sequences & earning 5% p.a. compounded annually. How much is this investment worth at
Series
6.1 Arithmetic the end of 6 years?
Sequences
6.2 Geometric
Sequences
• The first $1,200 is invested for 6 years, i.e., A6 = 1, 200(1.05)6 .
6.3 Infinite Series
6.4 HSC (2010) • The second $1,200 is invested for 5 years, i.e., A5 = 1, 200(1.05)5 .
6.5 Compound ..
Interest
6.6 Superannuation
• .
6.7 Loan Repayments
6.8 HSC (2010)
• The last $1,200 is invested for 1 years, i.e., A1 = 1, 200(1.05)1 .
7. Probability
a r
8. Quadratic 
 

Polynomial & The
Parabola Total investment = 1500(1.05) +1500(1.05)2 + · · · + 1500(1.05)6


9. Differential
Calculus (1.05)6 − 1
= 1500(1.05) = $10, 713.01
10. Integration 1.05 − 1
11. Trigonometric
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.7 Loan Repayments

1. Equations
These problems are similar to superannuation problems, except we make
2. Trigonometry
payments off some owed balance. We can equate the accumulated amount
3. Real Functions

4. Linear Functions
at the end of the loan to be zero.
5. Plane Geometry

6. Sequences & For example, $2,000 is borrowed at 18% p.a. (1.5% per month) where the
Series
6.1 Arithmetic interest is compounded monthly on the balance owing. What should be the
Sequences
6.2 Geometric
monthly instalment, M , to pay the loan off in 2 years?
Sequences
6.3 Infinite Series
6.4 HSC (2010)
• The amount owing after 1 month will be the monthly accumulated
6.5 Compound amount minus the instalment, i.e., A1 = 2, 000(1.015)1 − M .
Interest
6.6 Superannuation
6.7 Loan Repayments • After 2 months,
6.8 HSC (2010)

7. Probability A2 = A1 (1.015)1 − M
8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The
= (2, 000(1.015)1 − M )(1.015)1 − M
Parabola
9. Differential = 2, 000(1.015)2 − M (1 + 1.015)
Calculus

10. Integration

11. Trigonometric
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.7 Loan Repayments

1. Equations
• After 24 months,
2. Trigonometry
 
3. Real Functions A24 = 2, 000(1.015) 24
− M 1 + 1.015 + . . . 1.01523
4. Linear Functions

5. Plane Geometry
S24
6. Sequences &
Series • Simplify the geometric series (a = 1, r = 1.015),
6.1 Arithmetic
Sequences
6.2 Geometric 
 
Sequences
1 × 1.015 − 1
24
6.3 Infinite Series
A24 = 2, 000(1.015) − M
24
6.4 HSC (2010) 1.015 − 1
6.5 Compound
Interest  
6.6 Superannuation 1.015 − 1
24
6.7 Loan Repayments = 2, 000(1.015) − M
24
6.8 HSC (2010) 0.015
7. Probability

8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The
Parabola
9. Differential
Calculus

10. Integration

11. Trigonometric
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions
 6.7 Loan Repayments

1. Equations
• Equate this to zero (i.e., we aim to pay off the loan completely after 24
2. Trigonometry
months),
3. Real Functions
 
4. Linear Functions
1.015 − 1
24
5. Plane Geometry 0 = 2, 000(1.015) − M
24

6. Sequences &   0.015

Series
1.01524 − 1
6.1 Arithmetic
Sequences M = 2, 000(1.015)24
6.2 Geometric 0.015
Sequences
6.3 Infinite Series
2, 000(1.015)24 (0.015)
M=
6.4 HSC (2010)
6.5 Compound
1.01524 − 1
Interest = $99.85
6.6 Superannuation
6.7 Loan Repayments
6.8 HSC (2010) That is, to pay off the $2,000 loan after 2 years our monthly instalments are
7. Probability
$99.85.
8. Quadratic
Polynomial & The
Parabola
9. Differential
Calculus

10. Integration

11. Trigonometric
Functions
12. Logarithmic &
Exponential
Functions