SSEC/DEPT.OF.

EEE

SRI SAI RAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 600 044

An NBA Accredited & ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK
BATCH: 2017 - 2021
YEAR / SEMESTER: II / III

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SRI SAI RAM ENGINEERING COLLEGER, WEST TAMBARAM, CHENNAI.

SRI SAI RAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 600 044

An NBA Accredited & ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Institution

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2018 – 2019 (ODD SEMESTER)

SUB CODE: EE8301

SUB NAME: ELECTRICAL MACHINES - I

YEAR/SEMESTER: II / III

PREPARED BY

Ms.S.Deepa Rohini, AP/EEE

Ms.N.Anitha, AP/EEE

Mr.D.Arulselvam, AP/EEE

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SYLLABUS

UNIT I MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 6+6

Magnetic circuits –Laws governing magnetic circuits - Flux linkage, Inductance and energy –
Statically and Dynamically induced EMF - Torque – Properties of magnetic materials,
Hysteresis and Eddy Current losses - AC excitation, introduction to permanent magnets-
Transformer as a magnetically coupled circuit.
UNIT II TRANSFORMERS 6+6
Construction – principle of operation – equivalent circuit parameters – phasor diagrams,
losses – testing – efficiency and voltage regulation-all day efficiency-Sumpner’s test, per unit
representation – inrush current - three phase transformers-connections – Scott Connection –
Phasing of transformer– parallel operation of three phase transformers-auto transformer – tap
changing transformers- tertiary winding.
UNIT III ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND 6+6
CONCEPTS IN ROTATING MACHINES
Energy in magnetic system – Field energy and co energy-force and torque equations – singly
and multiply excited magnetic field systems-mmf of distributed windings – Winding
Inductances-, magnetic fields in rotating machines – rotating mmf waves – magnetic
saturation and leakage fluxes.
UNIT IV DC GENERATORS 6+6
Construction and components of DC Machine – Principle of operation - Lap and wave
windings-EMF equations– circuit model – armature reaction –methods of excitation-
commutation - interpoles compensating winding –characteristics of DC generators.
UNIT V DC MOTORS 6+6
Principle and operations - types of DC Motors – Speed Torque Characteristics of DC Motors-
starting and speed control of DC motors –Plugging, dynamic and regenerative braking-
testing and efficiency – Retardation test- Swinburne’s test and Hopkinson’s test - Permanent
Magnet DC (PMDC)motors-applications of DCMotor
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Stephen J. Chapman, ‘Electric Machinery Fundamentals’4th edition, McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd, 2010.
2. P.C. Sen‘Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics’ John Wiley & Sons;
3rd Edition 2013.
3. Nagrath, I.J. and Kothari.D.P., Electric Machines’, McGraw-Hill Education, 2004
REFERENCES
1. Theodore Wildi, “Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems”, Pearson
Education., (5th Edition), 2002.
2. B.R. Gupta ,’Fundamental of Electric Machines’ New age International Publishers,3rd
Edition ,Reprint 2015.
3. S.K. Bhattacharya, ‘Electrical Machines’ McGraw - Hill Education, New Delhi, 3rd
Edition,2009.
4. Vincent Del Toro, ‘Basic Electric Machines’ Pearson India Education, 2016.
5. Surinder Pal Bali, ‘Electrical Technology Machines & Measurements, Vol.II,
Pearson, 2013.
6. Fitzgerald. A.E., Charles Kingsely Jr, Stephen D.Umans, ‘Electric Machinery’, Sixth
edition, McGraw Hill Books Company, 2003.
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UNIT – I

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS

PART – A

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is magnetic circuit?

The closed path followed by magnetic flux is called magnetic circuit

2. Define magnetic flux?

The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet is called magnetic flux it is denoted
as Ф and its unit is Weber

3. Define magnetic flux density?

It is the flux per unit area at right angles to the flux it is denoted by B and unit is
Weber/m2.

4. Define magneto motive force?

MMF is the cause for producing flux in a magnetic circuit. the amount of flux setup in
the core decent upon current(I)and number of turns(N).the product of NI is called MMF
and it determine the amount of flux setup in the magnetic circuit
MMF=NI ampere turns (AT)

5. Define reluctance?
The opposition that the magnetic circuit offers to flux is called reluctance. It is defined as
the ratio of MMF to flux. It is denoted by S and its unit is AT/m

6. What is retentivity?
The property of magnetic material by which it can retain the magnetism even after the
removal of inducing source is called retentivity

7. Define permeance?
It is the reciprocal of reluctance and is a measure of the cause the ease with which flux
can pass through the material its unit is wb/AT

8. Define magnetic flux intensity?

It is defined as the mmf per unit length of the magnetic flux path. it is denoted as H and
its unit is AT/m H=NI/L

9. Define permeability?
Permeability of a material means its conductivity for magnetic flux. Greater the
permeability of material, the greaters its conductivity for magnetic flux and vice versa

10. Define relative permeability?

It is equal to the ratio of flux density produced in that material to the flux density
produced in air by the same magnetizing force μr=μ/μ0.

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11. What is mean by leakage flux?

The flux does not follow desired path in a magnetic circuit is called leakage flux.

12. What is leakage coefficient?

Leakage coefficient=total flux/useful flux.

13. State faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

Whenever a flux linking in the coil changes emf always induced in the conductor the
magnitude of induced emf is proportional to rate of change flux linkage e = NdФ/dt.

14. State Lenz law?

The law states that induced emf always opposite to applied voltage source.

15. Define self inductance?

The property of a coil that opposes any change in the amount of current flowing through it is
called self inductance.

16. Define mutual inductance?

The property of a coil to produce emf in a coil due to change in the value of current or
flux in it is called mutual inductance.

17. Define coefficient coupling?

It is defined as the fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil that
links the other coil.

18. Give the expression for hysteresis loss and eddy current loss?
Hysteresis loss=kh b max 1.62fv watts
Eddy current loss=kebmax 2f2t2v watts/unit volume

19. What is dynamically induced emf?

An induced emf is produced by the movement of the conductor in a magnetic field. this
emf is called dynamically induced emf. The dynamically induced emf e =Blvsinϴ.

20. What is fringing effect?

It is seen that the useful flux passing across the air gap tends to buldge outwords, there
by increasing the effective area of the air gap and reducing the flux density in the gap is
called fringing effect .

21. State ohms law for magnetic circuits?

Ohms law for magnetic circuits mmf=flux X reluctance.
22. What is statically induced emf?
Conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving or changing the induced emf is
called stationary induced emf.

23. How eddy current losses are minimized?

By laminating the core.

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24. State types of electrical machines?

1.DC machines
2.AC machines
3.Special machines

25. What is mean by stacking factor?

Magnetic cores are made up of thin, lightly insulated laminations to reduce the eddy current
loss. As a result, the net cross sectional area of the core occupied by the magnetic material is
less than its gross cross section; their ratio being is called the stacking factor. The stacking
value is normally less than one .its value vary from 0.5 to 0.95 .the stacking factor value is
also reaches to one as the lamination thickness increases.

26. What are the magnetic losses?

1. Eddy current loss
2. Hysteresis loss

27. Types of induced emf?

1. Dynamically induced emf
2. Statically induced emf.

28. State Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit.

It states that the magneto motive force across the magnetic element is equal to the
product of the magnetic flux through the magnetic element and the reluctance of the
magnetic material. It is given by MMF = Flux X Reluctance.

29. Mention some magnetic materials

Alnicos, chromium steels, copper–nickel alloy, nickel, cobalt, tungsten and aluminium.

30. What is magnetostriction?

When ferromagnetic materials are subjected to magnetizing mmf, these may undergo
small changes in dimension; this phenomenon is known as magnetostriction.

31.Define coercivity.
It is the measure of mmf which, when applied to the magnetic circuit would reduce its flux
density to zero, i.e., it demagnetizes the magnetic circuit.

32. What is magnetically coupled circuit?

When two loops with or without contacts between them affect each other through the magnetic
field generated by one of them, they are said to be magnetically coupled.

33. What is a transformer?

The transformer is an electrical device designed on the basis of the concept of magnetic coupling.
It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

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34.What are quasi-static fields?

The time invariant fields are called static fields.The quasi-static field theory is applicable at low
frequencies when the dimensions of the region of interest are small compared to the wavelength of the
electromagnetic field that permeates it.

The field which is slowly varying i.e., the time required by electromagnetic field wave needs to
propagate through a typical dimension of the system of interest is small compared with the time scale
of field evolution of the system then the field is called quasi-static field.

PART B- QUESTIONS

1. Compare the various magnetic materials?

2. Derive the expression of the flux, reluctance of the magnetic material with air gap.

3. Derive the inductance, energy and power of a magnetic circuit with two windings.

4. Differentiate between electric and magnetic circuits.

5. Explain with a neat diagram the B-H curve.

6. Explain AC operation of magnetic circuits and derive the energy stored in magnetic
field .

7. Explain the core losses that occurs in magnetic circuits in detail.

8. Explain (a)leakage flux( b)stacking factor (c) air gap.

9. Explain about the magnetization curve of Ferro –magnetic material.

10. Derive the relation between mutual inductance and self inductances of two
Magnetically coupled coils .

11. Explain AC operation of magnetic circuits.

12. Write in detail about magnetically induced emf &force. and derive the relevant
Expression.

13. An electromagnetic relay has an exciting coil of 800 turns. The coil has a cross
section of 5 cm x 5cm . find 1. coil inductance if the air gap length is 0.5 cm.2. field
energy stored for a coil current of 1.25 A 3. Permeance at air gap .

14. An iron rod 1.8 cm diameter is bent to form a ring of mean diameter 25cm and wound
with 250 turns of wire . a gap of 1mm exists in between the end faces. Calculate the
current required to produce a flux of 0.6mWb. take relative permeability of iron as
1200 .
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15. In a rectangular electromagnetic relay, the exciting coil has 1200 turns.Cross sectional
area of the core is A = 6 cm × 6 cm. neglect the reluctance of the magnetic circuit and
fringing effects. With coil current kept constant at 2A, derive expression for force on
armature as a function of air gap of length x. Find the work done by the magnetic field
when x decreases from 1 cm to 0.5 cm by integrating the force.

16. Compare statically induced emf and dynamically induced emf?

17. A straight conductor of 2 m length carries a current of 20A. It is lying at right angles
to a uniform magnetic flux density of 0.8 T. Find: (1) the force developed on the
conductor
(2) the power required to drive the conductor at a uniform speed of 25 m/s and (3)
the emf induced in the conductor.

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UNIT – II

TRANSFORMER

PART – A

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is transformer?

Transformer is an ac machine that (i) transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
(ii) does so without a change in frequency (iii) does so by the principle of electro-magnetic
induction and (iv) has electric circuits that are linked by a common magnetic circuit.

2. Define step up transformer.

When the secondary voltage is greater than primary voltage it is said to be step up
transformer. K (Transformation ratio) > 1, V2 > V1 and I2 < I1.

3. Define step down transformer.

When the secondary voltage is less than primary voltage it is said to be step down
transformer. K (Transformation ratio) <1 , V2 < V1 and I2 > I1.

4. What is ideal transformer?

No winding resistance, no magnetic leakage, no iron loss and zero-magnetizing current. A

transformer having these ideal properties is referred as ideal transformer.

5. Why DC is never applied to a transformer?

A transformer cannot operate on dc supply and never be connected to a dc source. If a rated

dc voltage is applied to the primary of a transformer, the flux produced in the transformer
core will not vary but remains constant in magnitude and therefore no emf will be induced in
the secondary winding except at the moment of switching on. Thus the transformer is not
capable of raising or lowering the dc voltage.

Also there will be no self induced emf in the primary winding, which is only possible with
varying flux linkage to oppose the applied voltage and since the resistance of primary
winding is quite low, therefore a heavy current will flow through the primary winding which
may result in the burning out of the primary windings. This is reason that dc is never applied
to a transformer.

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6. What is meant by h.v and l.v winding?

Step up transformer Step down transformer

l.v primary Secondary
h.v secondary primary

The winding connected to higher voltage circuit is called the high voltage (h.v) winding
while connected to the lower voltage circuit is called as low voltage (l.v) winding.

7. What is meant by primary and secondary winding?

The winding connected to the supply is called the primary and the winding connected to the
load circuit is called as secondary.

8. Why transformer is rated in KVA?

Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss depends on voltage.
Hence total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere(VA) and not on phase angle
between voltage and current ie, it is independent of load power factor . That is why
rating of transformer is in KVA & not in KW.

9. Why transformer efficiency is high when compared to other machine?

Since its basic construction requires no moving parts , so often is called the static
transformer and it is very rugged machine requiring the minimum amount of repair and
maintenance. Owing to the lack of rotating parts there are no friction or windage losses.
Further the other losses are relatively low, so that the efficiency of a transformer is high.

10. Write the emf equation of transformer.

RMS value of emf induced in primary, E1 = 4.44fN1Фmax

RMS value of emf induced in secondary, E2 = 4.44fN2Фmax

N1 = number of turns in primary

N2 = number of turns in secondary
Фmax = maximum value of flux in weber.

11. Define transformation ratio?

In any transformer the secondary and primary induced emfs are related to each other by the
ratio of the number of secondary and primary turns. Thus
(V2/V1)= (E2/E1)= (N2/N1)= K

The constant K is called voltage transformation ratio.

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12. What are the applications of step-up & step-down transformer?

Step-up transformers are used in generating stations. Normally the generated voltage will
be either 11kV. This voltage(11kV) is stepped up to 110kV or 220kV or 400kV snd
transmitted through transmission lines(simply called as sending end voltage). Step-down
transformers are used in receiving stations. The voltage are stepped down to 11kV or
22kV are stepped down to 3phase 400V by means of a distribution transformer and made
available.

13. What is the principle of operation of transformer?

It works under the principle of mutual induction. The action of a transformer is based on the
principle that energy may be efficiently transferred by induction from one set of coils to
another by means of a varying magnetic flux, provided that both the sets of coils are on a
common magnetic circuit.

14. How transformer is classified based on construction?

Based on core, it is classified as i) core type transformer and ii) shell type transformer.

15.What is the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer?

To reduce the eddy current loss in the core of the transformer.

16. What is the function of transformer oil?

It provides additional insulation, protects the insulation from dirt and moisture and it carries
away the heat generated in the cores and coils.

17. Give the difference between core type and shell type transformer.

CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE

The winding encircles the core
The cylindrical type of coils are used
The coils can be easily removed from
maintenance point of view.
It has single magnetic circuit
The core encircles the winding
Multilayer disc type or sandwich coils are
used
For removing any winding for the
maintenance large number of laminations are
required to be removed. This is difficult.
It has double magnetic circuit.

18. Define leakage flux?

Part of the flux ФL1 set up by the primary winding links only the primary turns and some of
the flux ФL2 set up by the secondary winding links only the secondary turns are known as
leakage flux. i.e that flux which leaks out of the core and does not link both windings.

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19.Define mutual flux?

The flux which does pass completely through the core and links both the windings is known
as mutual flux.

20.What is the necessity of equivalent circuit of transformer?

The equivalent circuit of any device can be quite helpful in predermination of the behavior of
the device under various conditions of operation and it can be drawn if the equations
describing its behavior are known. If any electrical device is to be analyzed and investigated
further for suitable modifications, it’s appropriate equivalent circuit is necessary.

21. Define voltage regulation?

Percentage regulation= (terminal voltage on no load- terminal voltage on load)* 100/

terminal voltage on no load.

%R= (I2 R02 cos Ф+ I2 X02 sin Ф)*100/E2 --- lagging power factor
%R= (I2 R02 cos Ф - I2 X02 sin Ф)*100/E2 ---- leading power factor.
%R= (I2 R02 * 100)/ E2------ unity power factor
%R= (E2-V2)*100/E2

22. What is the condition for maximum regulation?

Tan Ф= X02/R02

Maximum regulation occurs at lagging power factor

23. What are the losses in transformer?

1. Iron loss or core loss or constant loss

a. Hysteresis loss b. eddy current loss
2. Copper loss or variable loss
3. Stray load loss
4. Dielectric loss

24. Define efficiency?

Transformer efficiency η= (output/ input) *100

Efficiency= η=[output/(output +losses)] * 100

Iron loss P i= Hysteresis loss and Eddy Current loss

Copper loss P c= I12 R1 + I22 R2= I12 R01 =I22 R02

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25. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?

The maximum efficiency occurs when iron loss = copper loss.

i.e constant loss= variable loss , x2 Pi = Pc.,
x= fraction of load
d η/dx=0

26.Define all day efficiency?

All day efficiency =Output in Kwh/ Input in Kwh

The all day efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy(Kwh) output over 24 hours to the
energy input over the same speed.

27.Comparison between conventional and auto transformer.

Auto transformer can handle high VA rating, Conductor material requirement is less, core
size is reduced, cost is less, losses are reduced, efficiency is high, leakage impedance is
reduced and voltage regulation is better.

28.Write the application of auto transformer.

i) Boosters to raise the voltage in ac feeder’

ii) Electrical testing laboratories
iii) As furnace transformers for getting a convenient supply to suit the furnace winding from
normal 230 V ac supply
iv) It have the biggest sphere of usefulness as regulating transformers.

29. In auto transformer how much amount of power is transferred by induction and
conduction?
Power conducted directly= KV2 I2
Power transferred by induction= (1-K) V2 I2

31. Give the types of tap changing in transformer.

i. No-Load tap changer

ii. On-load tap changer.
iii. Off circuit tap changing
iv. Parallel winding tap changer
v. Single winding tap changer

32. What are the various types of three phase transformer connections?

i. Star-Star connection
ii. Star-delta connection
iii. Delta -delta connection
iv. Delta-star connection
v. Open delta or V connection
vi. Scott connection or T-T connection
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33. What is Tertiary Winding? What is Three Winding Transformer?

In some high rating transformer, one winding in addition to its primary and secondary
winding is used. This additional winding, apart from primary and secondary windings, is
known as Tertiary winding of transformer. Because of this third winding, the transformer is
called three winding transformer.

34. Give the advantages of Using Tertiary Winding in transformer.

Tertiary winding is provided in electrical power transformer to meet one or more of the following
requirements-

1. It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to unbalancing in three phase load.
2. It redistributes the flow of fault current.
3. Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load in different voltage level in addition to its
main secondary load. This secondary load can be taken from tertiary winding of three
winding transformer.
4. As the tertiary winding is connected in delta formation in 3 winding transformer, it assists in
limitation of fault current in the event of a short circuit from line to neutral.

35. How do you reduce leakage flux in a transformer?

To reduce leakage flux, each limb of transformer core should carry one half of primary and
one half of secondary winding. Tight coupling may reduce leakage flux.

PART B- QUESTIONS

1. Explain the construction of single phase transformer?

2. Discuss the working principle of transformer?
3. Derive the emf equation of transformer?
4. Draw the approximate equivalent circuit of single phase transformer and identify the
various parameters?
5. What are the losses in transformer? Derive the condition of maximum efficiency?
6. Explain the construction and working of auto transformer?
7. Derive the amount of power transferred by induction and conduction in auto transformer?
8. Compare two winding transformer and auto transformer?
9. Explain the phasor diagram of transformer on no load?
10. Explain the phasor diagram of transformer on load?
11. A 600KVA single phase transformer has an efficiency of 94% both at full load and half
load at unity power factor. Determine the efficiency at 75% of full load at 0.9 power
factor.
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12. A single phase transformer with a ratio of 6.5KV/415V takes a no load current of 0.75 A
at 0.22 pf. Calculate the total current of 120A at 0.8pf. Calculate the total current taken by
the primary.
13. The required no load ratio in a single phase 50 HZ core type transformer is 6600/260V.
Find the number of turns in each winding if the flux is to be about 0.06Wb.

14. The primary and secondary windings of a 30KVA, 6.6KV/240 V transformer have
resistance of 10 ohms and 0.013 ohms respectively. The leakage reactance of the winding
is 17 ohms and 0.022 ohms. Estimate the percentage voltage regulation of the transformer
when it is delivering full load at 0.8 pf lagging at the rated voltage.
15. Derive an expression for the saving in copper effected by using an auto transformer
instead of two winding transformer.
16. In a 25KVA, 2000/200V, single phase transformer, the iron and full load copper losses
are 350 and 400 W respectively. Calculate the efficiency at unity power factor on (i) full
load and (ii) half full load.
17. The emf per turn of a single phase transformer 2200/220V, 50 HZ is approximately 12V.
Calculate (i) the number of primary and secondary turns and (ii) the net cross sectional
area of core for a maximum flux density of 0.054 Wb/m2
18. The primary and secondary windings of a 40KVA 6600/250V single phase transformer
have resistance of 10 ohms and 0.02 ohms respectively. The total leakage reactance is 35
ohms as referred to the primary winding. Find full load voltage regulation at a pf of 0.8
lagging.
19. A 100KVA, 6.6KV/415V single phase transformer has an effective impedance of (3+j8)
ohms referred to the HV side. Estimate the full load voltage regulation at (i) 0.8 pf
lagging and (ii) 0.8 pf leading.

20. A 15KVA , 2000/200V transformer has an iron loss of 250W and full load copper loss
250W. During the day it is loaded as follows:
No of hours Load Power factor
9 ¼ load 0.6
7 Full load 0.8
6 ¾ load 1.0
2 No load -

21. Explain the open delta connection to carry out 3-phase operation with the help of two
transformers. State the disadvantage also.

22. With the help of circuit diagrams, explain any two types of three phase transformer connections.

23. What is meant by three-phase transformer groups? What is the significance of these groups?

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UNIT-3

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND CONCEPTS IN ROTATING

MACHINES

1. State the principle of electromechanical energy conversion?

The mechanical energy is converted in to electrical energy which takes place through either by
magnetic field or electric field

2. Give example for single and multiple excited systems?

Single excited system-reluctance motor, single phase transformer, relay coil

Multiply excited system-alternator, electro mechanical transducer

3. Why do all practical energy conversion devices make use of the magnetic field as a
coupling medium rather than electric field?

Electromechanical energy conversion takes place via the medium of a magnetic or electric field -
the magnetic field being most suited for practical conversion devices. Because of the inertia
associated with mechanically moving members, the fields must necessarily be slowly varying, i.e.
quasi-static in nature. The conversion process is basically a reversible one though practical
devices may be designed and constructed to particularly suit one mode of conversion or the other.

4. Define field energy and co-energy?

In i-𝜆 curve, the area between the λ axis and linear i-𝜆 curve is said to be field energy. the area
between i-𝜆 curve and i axis is called co- energy.

𝜆
Wf’ = ∫0 𝜆𝑑𝑖 = Area of co-energy.
𝜆
Wf = ∫0 𝑖𝑑𝜆 = Area of field-energy.

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5. State three types of electromechanical energy conversion devices with practical

examples.
a. The various transducers such as microphones, loudspeakers, strain guage, thermocouples
etc. These devices handle low energy signals. These devices mostly operate on vibrating
motion.
b. The devices which produce the mechanical force or torque based on translatory motion
such as electromagnets, relays, solenoids, actuators etc. These devices handle large
energy signals than the transducers.
c. The devices used for continuous energy conversion using rotational motion such as
generators, motors etc. These devices handle very large energy signals.

6. Write the applications of singly excited and doubly excited magnetic system.

Singly excited magnetic system – EM Relays, Reluctance motor, MI instruments, Hysteresis

motor.
Double excited magnetic system – Alternator, Synchronous motor, loud speakers, tachometers,
DC machines.

7. State the necessary conditions for the production of steady torque the interaction of
stator and rotor fields in an electric machine.

(i) The stator and rotor fields must have the same number of poles
(ii) The stator and rotor fields should not have any relative velocity or speed between each other.
(iii) Airgap between stator and rotor should be minimum.
(iv) Reluctance of the iron path should be negligible.
(v) Mutual flux linkage should exist between stator and rotor winding.

8. What is the significance of co-energy?

When electric energy is fed to a coil not the whole energy is stored as magnetic energy. The co-
energy gives the measure of other energy conversions which takes place in a coil than magnetic
energy storage.

9. Define pole pitch?

It is the centre to centre distance between any two consecutive poles in a rotating machine,
measured in terms of slots per pole. It is 180° electrical.
n= slots/pole = S/P

10. Define slot angle?

The phase difference contributed by one slot in degrees electrical is called as slot angle β.
β= 180°/ n where n= pole pitch.

11. What is the advantage of short pitch when compared to full pitch.

a) The length required for the end connections of coils is less. so less copper is required, so
economical.
b) Short pitching eliminates high frequency harmonics which distort the sinusoidal nature of
e.m.f. Hence waveform of an induced e.m.f is more sinusoidal due to short pitching.

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c) As high frequency get eliminated, eddy current and hysteresis losses which depends on
frequency also gets minimized. This increases efficiency.

12. Define chording angle?

The angle by which coils are short pitched is called angle of chording.

α= β* number of slots by which coils are short pitched.

α= 180° - actual coil span of the coils.

13. Define pitch factor?

It is defined as the ration of resultant e.m.f. when coils is short pitched to the resultant e.m.f.
when coil is full pitched. Kc < 1. pitch factor or coil span factor Kc.
𝐸𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒 α
Kc = = 𝐶𝑂𝑆
𝐸𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 2

14. Define distribution factor or breadth factor?

It is defined as the ratio of the resultant e.m.f when coils are distributed to the resultant e.m.f.
when coils are concentrated. Kd < 1.
𝑚β
𝐸𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 sin( )
2
Kd = 𝐸𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚 sin(β/2)

15. An armature of a three phase alternators has 120 slots. The alternators have 8
poles. Calculate its distribution factor.
n = slots /pole = 120/8 = 15
m= slots /pole/phase = n/3 = 15/3 = 5
β = 180 / n = 180 / 15 = 12
𝑚β
sin( )
2
degrees. Kd = 𝑚 sin(β/2)

=
= 0.957

16. In a 4 pole, three phase alternator, armature has 36 slots. It is using an armature
winding which is short pitched by one slot. Calculate its coil span factor.
n = slots / ole = 36 / 4 = 9.
β = 180 / n = 180 / 9 = 20 degrees
Now coil is shorted by 1 slot by 20 degrees to full pitch distance.
α = angle of short pitch = 20 degrees.

Kc = cos ( α / 2) = cos (10) = 0.9848.

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17. What do you mean by single layer and double layer winding? (Nov 2011)
In single layer winding, there is only one coil side per slot and number of coil is half of
the number of slots. But in double layer winding, there are two coil sides per slot and
number of coil is equal to number of slots.

18. What is the speed of a 4 pole, 50 Hz synchronous

machine?
N = 120 f / p

19. Define winding factor.

The winding factor Kw is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emf induced in all
the coils belonging to each phase winding of their arithmetic addition.
20. What is the relation between electrical degree and mechanical degree?
Electrical degree θe and mechanical degree are related to one another by the number of
poles P, the electrical machine has, as given by the following equation.
θe = (P/2) θm

21. What are the types of armature windings?

i. Single layer and double layer winding
ii. Full pitch and short pitch winding
iii. Concentrated and distributed winding

22. State the torque equation for round rotor machine.

Where P = No. pole

D = Average diameter of air gap
l= Axial length if air gap
μo = Permeability of free space = 4_ x 10-7 H/m
g = air gap length
F1 = Peak value of sinusoidal mmf stator wave
F2 = peak value of sinusoidal mmf rotor wave

23. Define rotating magnetic field.

When a balanced three phase winding with phase distributed in space so that the relative
space angle is 120is fed with balanced 3 phase current, resultant mmf rotates in air gap
at speed.
120 𝑓
Ns= ( 𝑝
)

f= frequency, p= no of poles
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PART B- QUESTIONS

1. Derive the expression for the r.m.s value of emf induced in a.c. machines
2. Prove that mmf wave of a single phase ac winding is pulsating or standing.
3. Prove that the resultant mmf wave of three phase ac winding is rotating in space with
speed but its magnitude is constant

4. Derive an expression for torque developed in a round rotor machine and state the
assumptions made.
5. Explain the various concepts of magnetic fields in rotating machines
6. Explain with neat diagram the concept of mmf space wave of a single coil.
7. Write in detail about mmf space wave of three phase distributed winding.
8. Derive the expression for field energy produced in a doubly excited magnetic field
system?
9. The magnetic flux density on the surface of an iron face is 1.6 T which is a typical
saturation level value for ferromagnetic material. Find the force density on the iron face.
10. Find an expression for the force per unit area between the plates of a parallel plate
condenser in terms of the electric field intensity. Use both the energy and coenergy
methods. Find the value of the force per unit area when E = 3 x 10 6 V/m, the
breakdownstrength of air.
11. Explain i - characteristics of a magnetic system. Also derive the expression for co-
energy density. Assume i - relationship of the magnetic circuit is linear.
12. Explain the concept of singly – excited machines and derive the expression for the
electromagnetic torque.
13. Explain pitch factor and distribution factor?
14. A 3phase, 50Hz, 4 pole, 50KW induction motor has a winding (ac) designed for delta
connections. The winding has 24 conductors per slot arranged in 60 slots. The rms value
of the line current is 48A. Find the fundamental of the mmf wave of phase-A. When the
current is passing through its maximum value. What is the speed and peak value of the
resultant mmf/pole?
15. Determine the breadth and pitch factors for a 4 pole, 3 phase winding with 2
slots/pole/phase coil span is 5 slot pitches.
16. Calculate the fundamental, third and fifth harmonic breadth factors for a stator with 36
slots for 3 phase, 4 poles.

17. A 3 phase , 16 pole synchronous generator has a star connected winding with 144 slots
and 10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.04Wb (sinusoidally distributed) and the
speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency and phase and line induced emf. The total turns /
phase may be assumed to be series connected.
18. A 3- phase, 50 Hz, star connected alternator with 2 layer winding is running at 600rpm. It
has 12 turns / coil, 4 slots / pole/ phase and a coil pitch of 10 slots. If the flux/pole is
0.035 Wb sinusoidally distributed, find the phase and line emf induced. Assume that the
total turns/phase are series connected.
19. A 2 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 2300V synchronous machine has 42 slots. Each slot has two
conductors in a double layer winding. The coil pitch is 17 slots. Each phase winding has
two parallel paths. calculate the flux/pole required to generate a phase voltage 0f 2300√3
V.

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20. Two coupled coils have self and mutual inductance of L11=2+1/(2x); L22=1+1/(2x):
L12= L21=1/(2x). Over a certain range of linear displacement x. The first coil is
excited by a constant current of 20A and the second by a constant current of -10A.
(i) Mechanical work done if x changes from 0.5to1m
(ii) Energy supplied by each electrical source in part 1
(iii) Change in field energy in part1
Hence verify that the energy supplied by the sources is equal to the increase in field
energy plus the mechanical work done .
21. Two coupled coils have self and mutual inductance of L11 = 3+0.5 x ;L22 = 2+0.5x ;
L12= L21=0.3x . Over a certain range of linear displacement x. The first coil is
excited by a constant current of 15A and the second by a constant current of -
8A.(i)Mechanical work done if x changes from 0.6 to1m (ii)Energy supplied by each
electrical source in part 1
22. In the electromagnetic relay, which is excited from a voltage source, the current and
flux linkages are related as i=  xx<1
Find the force on the armature as a function of 
23. L11=2+1/(2x); L22=1+1/(2x); L12= L21=1/(2x).
Two coupled coils have self and mutual inductances as above. Find the expression for
the time average force of field origin at x=0.5m if:
a) both coils are connected in parallel across a voltage source of 100cos314t V.
b) both coils are connected in series across a voltage source of 100cos314t V.
c) coil 2 is shorted and coil 1 is connected to a voltage source of 100cos314t V
d) both coils are connected in series and carry a current of 0.5cos314t A.

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UNIT-4

DC GENERATORS

1. What is self excited DC machine?

A DC generator whose field winding is excited by the current supplied by the generator itself
is called a self excited generator. In such machines the field coils are inter-connected with the
armature winding. The field coils may be connected both in series with the armature, in
parallel with the armature or partly in series and partially in parallel with the armature. Due to
residual magnetism, some flux is always present in the poles of such machines.

2. What are the conditions to be fulfilled for the self- excitation of a DC shunt
generator?

a) There must be some residual magnetism in the generator poles.

b) For the given direction of rotation, the shunt field coils should be correctly connected to
the armature. i.e they should be so connected that the induced current reinforces the e.m.f
produced initially due to residual magnetism.

c) If excited on open circuit, its shunt field resistance should be less than the critical
tesistance.

d) If excited on load, then its shunt field resistance should be more than a certain minimum
value of resistance which is given by internal characteristics.

3. What is separately excited DC generator?

A DC generator whose field winding is excited from an independent external dc source, such
as a battery, the generator is called a separately excited generator.

4. What is the function of DC generator?

DC generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The term
generator denotes that it generates electrical energy.

5. Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction in DC machine.

SHUNT FIELD COIL SERIES FIELD COIL

1. Shunt field winding is designed with
relatively large number of turns of thin wire.
2. The resistance of the shunt field winding is
high.
3. The current in shunt field winding is less.
1. Series field winding is designed with a
fewer turns of thick wire.
2. The resistance of the series field winding
is low.
3. The current is series field winding is more.

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9. What is the application of DC generator.

TYPE OF GENERATOR APPLICATION

Separately excited dc generator.
Series generator
Shunt generator
Cumulative compound generator
Differntial compound generator
Used in Ward-Leonard system
Regenerative braking in dc locomotives,
series booster
Shunt generator with field regulators are used
for light and power supply purposes and also
used for charging of batteries.
lighting and power services
Arc welding generator.

10. What are the essential parts of DC machine?

Yoke, pole core, pole shoe, field winding, armature, armature winding, commutator, brush
and brush holder.

11. List the difference between lap and wave winding?

LAP WINDING WAVE WINDING

Number of parallel path= poles. A=P
Number of brush sets required is equal to
number of poles.
Preferable for high current , low voltage
capacity generators
Normally used for generators of capacity
more than 500A
Number of parallel path =2, A=2
Number of brush sets required is always
equal to 2
Preferable for high voltage , low current
capacity generators
Preferred for generators of capacity less than
500A

13. Write the classification of DC generator.

a) Separately excited Dc generator

b) Self Excited Dc generator

i) series ii) shunt iii) compound generator iii a) long shunt compound generator
iii b) short shunt compound generator.

14. What is cumulative and differential compound DC generators?

If the flux set up by the series field aids the shunt field flux then the compound
motor is called cumulative compound motors. If the flux setup by the series field
opposes the shunt field flux then the compound motor is called differential
compound motors.

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15. What are the various losses in DC Machines?

a) Copper loss-----> armature copper loss and field copper loss

b) Iron loss--- Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
c) Mechanical Loss--- Friction and windage loss

16. Define critical field resistance in DC shunt generator?

Critical field resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit which will cause the
shunt generator to just build up its emf at specified speed.

17. What is the function of interpoles?

Interpole winding is connected in series with the armature circuit and it is excited by the
armature current. Their function is to provide additional emf in the coil undergoing
commutation to neutralizes reactance emf.

18. Why the armature core in DC machine is constructed with laminated steel sheets?

Lamination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steel sheets provide low reluctance path
to magnetic field.

19. What is the function of carbon brush in DC machine?

The function of the carbon brush is to collect the current from the commutator and delivers
to external load circuit.

21. State faradays law of electromagnetic induction?

Whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced in the
circuit. The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkages.

22. State Fleming’ s left hand thumb rule.

Stretch the fore finger, middle finger and the thumb of the left hand mutually
perpendicular to one another. If the fore finger points in the direction of the magnetic
field and the middle finger points the direction of current in the conductor, then the
thumb will point the direction of motion of the conductor.

23. State Fleming’s right hand thumb rule.

Stretch the thumb, fore finger and the middle finger of the right hand mutually
perpendicular to each other . If the fore finger points in the direction of field, thumb
in the direction of motion of the conductor , the middle finger will point in the
direction of the induced emf.

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24. What is Commutation?

The process of converting alternating emf into unidirectional emf is called commutation.
The purpose of using commutator is to
 Conduct electricity between rotating armature and fixed brushes.
 Convert alternating emf into unidirectional emf and vice-versa.

25. Define critical speed in shunt generator?

Critical speed is defined as the speed at which the generator is to be driven to cause self
excited generator to build-up its emf for the given field circuit resistance.

26. What are the effects of armature reaction?

Cross magnetization – reduces the generated emf
Demagnetization- causes sparking at brushes.

27. Define armature reaction?

The effects of distribution of armature flux on main flux are called armature reaction.

28. Write down the emf equation of generator?

Ф𝑍𝑁𝑃
E= ( 60𝐴 )
Ф= flux per pole in Wb.
Z= no of conductors in armature.
N= Speed in rpm.
P= No of poles.
A= No of parallel path.
A=2 for wave winding; A=P for lap winding.

29. How does D.C. motor differ from D.C. generator in construction?

Generators are normally placed in closed room and accessed by skilled operators only.
Therefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large opening in the
frame.
Motors have to be installed right in the place of use which may have dust, dampness,
inflammable gases, chemicals….etc. to protect the motors against these elements, the motor
frames are made either partially closed or totally closed or flame proof.

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PART B- QUESTIONS

1. Derive the emf equation of DC machine.

2. Explain with neat sketches the principle of operation of DC generator.
3. Describe with neat sketches the constructional features of DC machine?
4. Explain the various types of DC generators with suitable diagrams showing the
connection of field coil to armature?
5. Explain the types of excitation of DC generator?
6. Draw the characteristics of DC generator and explain the shape of each curve?
7. Explain the voltage build up of DC shunt generator?
8. A separately excited DC generator running at 1000 rpm supplied 110A at 220V to a
resistive load. If the load resistance remains constant, what will the load current if the
speed is reduced to 800 rpm. Armature resistance is 0.02 ohms. Field current is unaltered.
Assume a voltage drop of 1V per brush. Ignore the effect of armature reaction.
9. A 4 pole generator with wave wound armature has 51 slots each having 24 conductors.
The flux per pole is 0.01 wb. At what speed must the armature rotate to give an induced
emf of 250V. What will be the voltage developed, if the winding is lap connected and the
armature rotates at the same speed.
10. A six pole lap connected generator has a useful flux per pole of 0.045wb. If the no load
voltage at 400 rpm is 300V. Find the conductors on the armature periphery.
11. A 25KW, 250V, DC shunt generator has armature and field resistance of 0.006 ohms and
100 ohms respectively. Determine the total armature power developed when working (i)
as a generator delivering 25KW output and (ii) as a motor taking 25KW input
12. A 4 pole lap wound DC machine has 728 armature conductors. Its field winding is
excited from a DC source to create an air gap flux of 32mWb/pole. The machine
(generator) is driven by a prime mover at 1600 rpm. Its supplies a current of 100A to an
electric load (i) calculate the electromagnetic power developed. (ii) What is the torque
provided by the prime mover?
13. Describe the process of commutation in a DC generator. Explain the methods adopted for
obtaining satisfactory commutation.
14. What is an armature reaction? Discuss a method to modify the effects of armature
reaction.
15. Explain in detail the purpose of interpoles and commutating winding.
16. Derive a condition to obtain maximum efficiency of DC machine.
17. A 4 pole lap wound d.c shunt generator has a useful flux/pole of 0.6 Wb. The armature
winding consists of 200 turns, each turn having a resistance of 0.003Ω, Calculate the
terminal voltage when running at 1000 rpm if armature current is 45A.
18. A separately excited DC generator, when running at 1000 rpm supplied 200A at 125 V.
What will be the load current when speed drops to 800 rpm, if If is unchanged? Given that
the armature resistance=0.4 Ω and brush drop=2V.

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UNIT-5

DC MOTORS

1. What is back emf referred to DC motor?

When the motor armature continues to rotate due to motor action, the armature conductors
cut the magnetic flux and therefore, emfs are induced in them. The direction of this induced
emf, known as back emf, is such that it opposes the applied voltage.
Back emf Eb= ΦZNP/ 60A

2. Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction in DC machine.

SHUNT FIELD COIL SERIES FIELD COIL

1. Shunt field winding is designed with
relatively large number of turns of thin wire.
2. The resistance of the shunt field winding is
high.
3. The current in shunt field winding is less.
1. Series field winding is designed with a
fewer turns of thick wire.
2. The resistance of the series field winding
is low.
3. The current is series field winding is more.

3. What is the significance of back emf?

The presence of back emf makes the DC motor a self regulating machine. i.e it makes the dc
motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the required load
torque. When the motor is loaded , the driving torque is less than retarding torque, which
reduces the motor speed, hence armature back emf falls. The reduced back emf allows a
larger current to flow in armature, this results in higher electromagnetic driving torque. The
reverse phenomenon occurs when mechanical load on the motor falls.

4. What is the application of DC motor?

TYPE OF MOTOR APPLICATIONS

Separately excited DC motor
Series motor
Shunt motor
Cumulative compound wound DC motor
Differential compound wound DC motor
Paper machine, diesel-electric propulsion of
ships, in steel rolling mills
Hoists, cranes, trolley cars, conveyors,
electric locomotives.
Lathes, centrifugal pumps, fans, blowers,
reciprocating pumps, fans, blowers,
conveyors, wood working machine, machine
tools, printing presses, spinning and weaving
machines.
Shears, conveyors, crushers, bending rolls,
punch presses, hoists, elevators, heavy
planers, ice making machines, air
compressors, rolling mills, printing presses.
For experimental and research work,

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5. What are the essential parts of DC machine?

Yoke, pole core, pole shoe, field winding, armature, armature winding, commutator, brush
and brush holder.

6. List the difference between lap and wave winding?

LAP WINDING WAVE WINDING

Number of parallel path= poles. A=P
Number of brush sets required is equal to
number of poles.
Preferable for high current , low voltage
capacity generators
Normally used for generators of capacity
more than 500A
Number of parallel path =2, A=2
Number of brush sets required is always
equal to 2
Preferable for high voltage , low current
capacity generators
Preferred for generators of capacity less than
500A

7. What are the speed control methods of DC motor?

A) Flux control method

b) Armature control method

c) Supply voltage control method

8. Write the classification of DC motor.

a) Separately excited Dc motor

b) Self Excited Dc motor

i) series ii) shunt iii) compound motor iii a) long shunt compound motor iii b)
short shunt compound motor.

9. What is cumulative and differential compound DC motors?

If the flux set up by the series field aids the shunt field flux then the compound
motor is called cumulative compound motors.If the flux setup by the series field
opposes the shunt field flux then the compound motor is called differential
compound motors.

10. What are the various losses in DC Machines?

a)Copper loss-----> armature copper loss and field copper loss

b)Iron loss--- Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
c)Mechanical Loss--- Friction and windage loss

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11. Name Different types of starters.

1. Three point starter- used for shunt motor
2. Four point starter- used for compound motor
3. two point starter- used for series motor.

12. Name the Protective devices in a starter.

1. No volt release
2. Overload Release.

13. Name the different methods of electrical breaking of dc motors.

(i) Dynamic braking
(ii) Regenerating braking
(iii) Counter current braking or plugging

14. List the different methods of speed control employed for dc series motor.
· Field diverter method
· Regrouping of field coils
· Tapped field control
· Armature resistance control
· Armature voltage control for single motor
· Series parallel control for multiple identical motors

15. What is the function of a no-voltage release coil provided in a dc motor starter?

As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the NVR coil
produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter handle in the ON position
against spring force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a prescribed value
the electromagnet may not have enough force and the handle will come back to OFF position
due to spring force automatically. Thus a no-voltage or under voltage protections given to the
motor.

16. How will you change the direction of rotation of a d.c motor?
Either the direction of the main field or the direction of current through the armature
conductors is to be reserved.

17. What is the principle of operation of motor?

Whenever current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force or
torque.

18. Enumerate the factors on which speed of a DC motor depends?

N= (V- IaRa)/Ф ---- speed equation
Speed depends on supply voltage, armature current, armature resistance and flux.

19. What is the purpose of yoke in d.c machine?

1. It acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine and provides mechanical support
for the poles.
2. It carries magnetic flux produced by the poles
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20. What is eddy current loss?

When a magnetic core carries a time varying flux, voltages are induced in all possible path
enclosing flux. Resulting is the production of circulating flux in core. These circulating current do
no useful work are known as eddy current and have power loss as eddy current loss.

21. What is core loss? What is its significance in electric machines?

When a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magnetization, two kinds of power losses occur on it.
Hysteresis and eddy current losses are called as core loss. It is important in determining heating,
temperature rise, rating & efficiency of transformers, machines & other A.C run magnetic
devices.

22. What are the factors on which hysteresis loss depends?

It depends on magnetic flux density, frequency & volume of the material.

23. What is prime mover?

The basic source of mechanical power which drives the armature of the generator is called prime
mover.

24. How hysteresis and eddy current losses are minimized?

Hysteresis loss can be minimized by selecting materials for core such as silicon steel & steel
alloys with low hysteresis co-efficient and electrical resistivity. Eddy current losses are
minimized by laminating the core.

25. Write the torque equation of DC motor?

𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝑷𝒁Ф𝑰𝒂
T= 𝑨

p= No of poles.
Z= No of conductors.
Ф= flux per pole in Wb
Ia= Armature current in A.
A= No of parallel path

26. What is the function of over load release?

The current through the motor is taken through the OLR, an electromagnet. Under overload
condition, high current is drawn by the motor from the supply which passes through OLR.
Below this magnet there is an arm due to over load condition it is pulled upwards the
triangular piece touches to the two points which are connected to the NVC. This shorts the
NVC and losses its magnetism, under spring balance handle comes back to the OFF position,
disconnecting the motor from the supply. Thus motor gets saved from the overload release.

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27. Comparison of three point and four point starter?

THREE POINT STARTER FOUR POINT STARTER

The NVC and field winding of motor is The NVC and field winding of motor is
connected in series. connected in parallel.

Only three terminals are present. L,F,A Four terminals are present. L, L1, F, A
It is used for DC shunt motor I t is used for DC compound motor

28. What is the disadvantage of three point starter when compared to four point starter?

In 3 point starter, The NVC and the field winding are in series. So while controlling the speed
of the motor above rated, field current is reduced by adding an extra resistance in series with
the field winding. Due to this, the current through NVC also reduces. Due to this, magnetism
produced by NVC also reduces. This may release the handle from RUN position switching
off the motor. To avoid the dependency of NVC and the field winding, four point starter is
used, in which NVC and the field winding is connected in parallel.

29. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?

Iron loss= Copper loss.(i.e) Constant loss= Variable loss.

30. What is the advantage of Swinburne’s test?

a. It is convenient and economical method of testing dc machines, since power required
to test a large machine is very small.
b. The efficiency of the machine can be pre-determined at any load, since stray power
losses are known

31. What is the advantage of Swinburne’s test?

a. No account is taken for change in iron losses from no load to full load on account of
distribution of flux due to armature reaction. On full load the flux distribution is very much
affected due to armature reaction and in some cases to an extent that iron losses becomes
1.5 times of iron losses at no load.
b. As the test is performed on no load, therefore it is impossible to know whether at full load
communication would be satisfactory and the temperature rise would be within specified
limits or not.
c. This test cannot be performed with dc series motor, since no load series motor would attain
such a high speed that it will get damaged and secondly this test is only applicable to those
machines in which flux and speed remain constant. Hence this test can be applied only to
shunt and level compound machines.

32. What is the advantage of Hopkinson’s test?

a. It is economical since power required is small as compared to the full load power of
the two machines.
b. Since the machines can be tested under full-load conditions for long duration,
therefore the performance of the machines regarding commutation and temperature rise
etc. can be conveniently studied.

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c. The efficiency is being determined under load conditions so that the stray load loss is
being taken into account.

33. What is the disadvantage of Hopkinson’s test?

The main disadvantages of this test is the necessary of two practically identical machines
to be available.

34. What is the advantage of Ward leonard system?

a. Very fine speed control over the whole range from zero to normal speed in both
directions can be obtained.
b. Uniform acceleration can be obtained.
c. Speed regulation is good.

35. What is the disadvantage of Ward leonard system?

a. Two extra machines are required so arrangement is costly.

b. Lower overall efficiency of the system, especially at light loads.

36. What is the application of Ward leonard system?

This system of speed control is best suited where almost unlimited speed control in
either direction of rotation is required such as in steel rolling mills, paper machines,
elevators, cranes, mine hoists, diesel-electric propulsion of ships.

37. Draw the torque characteristics of shunt motor?

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38. Draw the torque characteristics of series motor?

39. Why DC series motor should not be operated on no load condition?

The motor armature current is decided by the load. On light load or no load, the armature
current drawn by the motor is very small. In case of DC series motor, 𝜙 𝛼 Ia and no load
as Ia is small hence flux produced is also very small.
According to speed equation, N 𝛼 (1/ 𝜙) as Eb is almost constant. So on very light
load or no load as flux is very small, the motor tries to run at dangerously high
speed which may damage the motor mechanically. This can be seen from the speed
armature current and the speed-torque characteristics that on low armature
current and low torque condition motor shows a tendency to rotate with
dangerously high speed.

PART B- QUESTIONS

1. Explain with neat sketches the principle of operation of DC motor?

2. Describe with neat sketches the constructional features of DC machine?
3. Explain the various types of DC motors with suitable diagrams showing the connection of
field coil to armature?
4. Explain the types of excitation of DC motors?
5. Derive the torque equation of DC motor?
6. Draw the characteristics of DC motor and explain the shape of each curve?
7. What is meant by speed control of DC motor? Explain various methods in detail?
8. Explain the braking of DC motor.
9. A 440V DcC shunt motor takes 5A at no load. Its armature resistance( including brushes)
is 0.5 ohms and shunt field resistance is 200 ohms. Estimate the efficiency when the
motor takes 50A on full load.
10. A 4 pole, 220V shunt motor has 540 lap wound conductors. It takes 32A from the supply
mains and develops output power 0f 5.595KW. The field winding takes 1A. The armature
resistance is 0.9 ohms. And the flux per pole is 30mWb. Calculate the speed in rpm and
the torque developed in Nm.
11. A 110 V , DC series motor when taking %) A, runs at 300 rpm. The armature resistance
is 0.1 ohms and there are four field coils, each 0.01 ohms, in series in it. Find the speed if
the load torque be doubled and the field coils arranged in series parallel (2 in series, 2 sets
in parallel)
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12. A 75KW, 500V DC shunt motor has 4 pole and wave connected armature winding with
492 conductors. The flux per pole is 0.04WD and full load efficiency is 91%. The
armature and commutating pole winding have a total resistance of 0.08 ohms and the
shunt field resistance is 200 ohms, calculate for full load (i) speed (ii) useful torque
developed to the load and (iii) the torque developed.
13. A 4 pole lap wound DC machine has 728 armature conductors. Its field winding is
excited from a DC source to create an air gap flux of 32mWb/pole. The machine
(generator) is driven by a prime mover at 1600 rpm. Its supplies a current of 100A to an
electric load (i) calculate the electromagnetic power developed. (ii) What is the torque
provided by the prime mover?
14. Explain Ward-Leonard system of speed control of a dc motor.
15. Explain Swinburne’s test for finding efficiency of a dc machine.
16. Describe Hopkinson’s test in detail with its advantages and disadvantages.
17. Describe retardation test in detail with its advantages and disadvantages.
18. Explain the construction and working of PMDC.
19. Explain the operation of three point starter?
20. Explain the operation of four point starter?
21. Explain the operation of two point starter?
22. Explain the operation of no volt release (NVR) and over load coil (OVC)?
23. Explain the various losses which take place in a DC machine.
24. A retardation test is conducted on a DC motor, with its field normally excited the speed
falls from 1600rpm to 1400rpm in 35seconds with an average load of 1200W supplied by
the armature, the same speed drop occurred in 30 sec. Find out the moment of inertia of
the rotating parts in kg-m2
25. The Hopkinson’s test on two similar machines gave the following data:

Line voltage=110V, Line current= 48A, Motor armature current=230A, Field current are 3A
and 3.5A, and 3.5A, Armature resistance of each is 0.035Ω. Calculate the efficiency of each
machines assuming a brush contact drop of 1Volt per brush.

26. A 500V, shunt motor takes a total current of 5A when running unloaded. The resistance
of armature circuit is 0.25Ω and the field resistance is 125Ω. Calculate the efficiency and
output when the motor is loaded and taking a current of 100A. Also find the percentage
change in speed from no load to full load.
27. The armature winding of 200V, 4 pole series motor is lap connected. There are 280 slots
and each slot has 4 conductors the current is 45A and the flux per pole is 18mWb. The
field resistance is 0.3Ω, the armature resistance is 0.5Ω and the iron and friction losses
are 800W. Calculate the useful torque and efficiency of the motor.
28. A 50KW, 230V, DC shunt motor has armature resistance is 0.1Ω and field resistance
=200Ω at no load, it runs at 1400rpm, drawing a current of 10A from the mains.
Calculate the speed at which it will run and the torque developed when the line current is
200A. Assume that the armature reaction weakens the flux by 4%.

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29. A Dc series motor I running with a speed of 800rpm while taking a current of 20A from
the supply of 250V. If the load is changed such that the current drawn by the motor is
increased to 50A, calculate the speed of the motor on new load. The armature and series
field winding resistances are 0.2Ω and 0.3Ω respectively. Assume flux produced is
proportional to the current.
30. Determine developed torque and shaft torque of 220V, 4 pole series motor with 800
conductors wave connected supplying a load of 8.2 KW by taking 45A from the mains.
The flux per pole is 25mWb and its armature circuit resistance is 0.6Ω.

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