SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC.

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A Quantitative Study of D.I.Y Portable Electromagnetic Generator to Test its

Electrical Efficiency in Charging Smartphones Compared

to the Direct Lined Outlets.

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Senior High School Department

San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Performance Task

in Practical Research 2

MAGALONG, LEVI
MARTIN, JESSICA
BARIN, JERVEE JAY
DELA PAZ, CYRILLE
DIMAALA, JOHN RENIEL S.
KAMENZA, KILLIAN
MACASILJIG, MILLEN
SAN DIEGO BABY ANN D.

January 7, 2019
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

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Review of Literature

A. Dynamo

Dynamo is a device that makes direct current electric power using

electromagnetism. It is also known as a generator, however the term generator

normally refers to an "alternator" which creates alternating current power. The

electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert

mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law

of induction ( is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic

field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force

(EMF)—a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction).

A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator,

which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called

the armature which turn within that field. Due to Faraday's law of induction the

motion of the wire within the magnetic field creates an electromotive force which

pushes on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On

small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or

more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field
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provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils

Figure 2.1 Electromagnetism inside the dynamo producing electrical current

B. Electrical Current

Electric current, any movement of electric charge carriers, such

as subatomic charged particles (e.g., electrons having negative

charge, protons having positive charge), ions (atoms that have lost or gained one

or more electrons), or holes (electron deficiencies that may be thought of as

positive particles). Electric current in a wire, where the charge carriers are

electrons, is a measure of the quantity of charge passing any point of the wire

per unit of time. In alternating current the motion of the electric charges is

periodically reversed; in direct current it is not. In many contexts the direction of

the current in electric circuits is taken as the direction of positive charge flow, the
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direction opposite to the actual electron drift. When so defined the current is

called conventional current.

Current is usually denoted by the symbol I. Ohm’s law relates the

current flowing through a conductor to the voltage V and resistance R; that

is, V = IR. An alternative statement of Ohm’s law is I = V/R.

Figure 3.2 Diagram of electrical current in copper wires as R is the resistance and V
as voltage and I as ampere.

The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow

of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.

Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.

Electric currents cause Joule heating, which creates light in incandescent

light bulbs. They also create magnetic fields, which are used in motors, inductors

and generators.

The moving charged particles in an electric current are called charge

carriers. In metals, one or more electrons from each atom are loosely bound to
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the atom, and can move freely about within the metal. These conduction

electrons are the charge carriers in metal conductors.

Figure 3.2 An image of interaction between magnetism and electricity forming

electrical current

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

The research process and manipulating of variables to construct and

develop a portable electromagnetic generator is presented in figure 4.1.

The figure presents the conceptual framework of the study. The factors

affecting the charging process to the output of its performance. All key variables

were based on the review of literature of the study.

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1. Dynamo
> Voltage

2. Electrical Current
> Ampere
Analysis of data through
observational materials (criteria
3. Portable Appliances
guides),
>Mah (milliampere) capability
measuring tools, and statistical
treatment
4. Performance
> Time
> Battery Percentage
> Percentage Efficiency

Performance of portable
The Invention or Development of
electromagnetic generator will
be Portable Electromagnetic
generator as a new
assessed based on the data
renewable and portable energy
collected

Figure 4.1 Research Paradigm of the Study

Only one portable electromagnetic generator will be tested on experiment

with three different brands of cellphones naming cellphone A, B, and C. All

cellphones will undergo with the same procedures with three trials and four sets

of battery percentage over time recorded and collected to become the basis of its

performance.
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Statement of the Problem

The fundamental problem of this study is to develop alternative way

creating a protable energy source for charging a smartphone, to test the portable

energy source in a certain situations, and to compare the electrical efficiency of

electromagnetic generator to direct lined outlets. This study is to be conducted

during second semester of AY 2018-2019. This study will be guided by the

scientific laws particularly in Physics. The study will be supported by the following

questions to answer:

1. What is the percentage efficiency of the portable electromagnetic

generator in terms of the quality of electricity that it can generates?

2. How fast does the portable electromagnetic generator can fully charge a

smartphone? Compared to the direct lined outlets which among them are

faster?

3. How much electrical current does it requires from the dynamo motor to

produce an electricity in the portable electromagnetic generator?

4. Does it have a tendency to generate enough electricity in some portable

appliances ?
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Scope and Limitation

This pre-test design, experimental type of research focused on efficiency

of portable electromagnetic generator to charge a phone measured by time and

battery percentage will be tested. However, the efficiency to charge a phone

depends on how many amperes it can provide by a dynamo motor.

Only one portable electromagnetic generator will be tested from the

experimental variables. The study was composed of three set of trials with eight

set of different time (for every 15 mins) in total of 2 hours exposing to mechanical

experiment. The experiment is only capable to conduct in smartphones and

portable appliances due to capabilities to provide a certain amount of electricity

by the dynamo motor. However the portable electromagnetic generator may not

be compatible for other gadgets to charge efficiently but it may change if a

dynamo motor is capable to generate certain amount of electrical charge.

Significance of the Study

Science and technology community. The importance of this study to the

field of science and technology to continue this study for more greater purposes

and improvements applying the results of this study leading to a new innovations

and discoveries.

SJDEFI community. The significance to the SJDEFI community will

benefit for a new technological invention to give way for the community to
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creating a new renewable source of energy applied with technology and also

helping each individuals of community minimizing the electrical expenditures.

Future researchers. The significance to the future researchers so that

they will be guided some informations and data needed to improve this

developmental study for technological advancement and scientific discoveries.

Provincial Communities. The significance to the provincial community

will benefit them to consume a cheap and renewable source of energy helping

them in times of certain situations of survival especially provinces near coast,

rivers, or at the middle of the oceans.

Environment. The significance to the environment will benefit both for

humans and nature since the turbine is a renewable and non toxic source of

energy efficient to charge the cellphone without harm.

Definition of Terms

1. Electric Current- is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this

charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried

by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an

ionised gas (plasma).

2. Direct Current (DC)- is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct

current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through

semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or

ion beams.
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3. Alternating Current (AC)- an electric current that reverses its direction

many times a second at regular intervals, typically used in power supplies.

4. Potential Energy- is the energy possessed by an object because of its

position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge,

or other factors.

5. Kinetic Energy- is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is

defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from

rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its

acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed

changes.

6. Mechanical Energy- is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. It

is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object

7. Dynamo- is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical

energy. In a dynamo, the mechanical energy of rotation is converted into

electrical energy in the form of a current in the armature

8. Electromagnetism- is a branch of physics involving the study of the

electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between

electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits

electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light,

and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces)

in nature.
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9. Induction- the act or process by which an electric or magnetic effect is

produced in an electrical conductor or magnetisable body when it is

exposed to the influence or variation of a field of force.

10. Velocity- is the speed at which something moves in a particular direction.

11. Magnetic field- is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of

electrical currents and magnetized materials.

12. Permanent magnets- are materials where the magnetic field is generated

by the internal structure of the material itself. ... Permanent magnets are

limited by the structure of the material.

13. Electron- fundamental particle with negative electric charge that is found

arranged in quantum mechanical orbits about neutral atoms

14. Incompressible- refers to a flow in which the material density is constant

within a fluid parcel an infinitesimal volume that moves with the flow

velocity.

15. Electromotive force- is a measurement of the energy that causes current

to flow through a circuit.

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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

The study will be conducted through experimental and developmental

research using pre-test design to determine the efficiency of portable hydro

turbine to charge a cell phones depending on time it takes. The study only uses

one sample in overall expermientation but in charging the researcher uses some

basic chargable appliances to test its capability to charge efficiently.The time will

be its first variable to identify significant deviation on the results of the

experiment. The researcher uses three different brand of cellphones.

Cell phone Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

25 (5*5)% 25 (5*5)% 25 (5*5)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

50 (5*10)% 50 (5*10)% 50 (5*10)% Ave.=

A (T1+T2+T3)/ 3

75 (5*15)% 75 (5*15)% 75 (5*15)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

100 (5*20)% 100 (5*20)% 100 (5*20)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

Cell phone Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

25 (5*5)% 25 (5*5)% 25 (5*5)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

50 (5*10)% 50 (5*10)% 50 (5*10)% Ave.=

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B (T1+T2+T3)/ 3

75 (5*15)% 75 (5*15)% 75 (5*15)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

100 (5*20)% 100 (5*20)% 100 (5*20)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

Cell phone Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

25 (5*5)% 25 (5*5)% 25 (5*5)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

50 (5*10)% 50 (5*10)% 50 (5*10)% Ave.=

C (T1+T2+T3)/ 3

75 (5*15)% 75 (5*15)% 75 (5*15)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

100 (5*20)% 100 (5*20)% 100 (5*20)% Ave.=

(T1+T2+T3)/ 3

Figure 5.1 Table of measured datas

The exposure of portable electromagnetic generator will last

approximately less than two hours and post examination will be used after the

experiment using the fig. 5.1 as the measured differences on charging data. The

experiment will be done and presented by statistical analysis and observational

study while using a measuring tool and observational guide.

Measures
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Battery Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Percentage (Time it (Time it (Time it

(For takes in takes in takes in

celphone A, mins.) mins.) mins.)

B,C )

25%

50%

75%

100%

Figure 6.1 The observational guide

In conducting this experiment effectively, the researchers used a tool and

questionaire to get the exact data/measurements of variables used in the study.

In measuring the efficiency of portable electromagnetic generator, the

researcher used the table 6.1 in terms of time it takes to fully charge. The

researcher used a multi-tester to measure the electrical current in terms of ( I or

ampere ). The dynamo is being measured in terms of volts it produces.

Research Procedure
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The procedure has two main parts Constructing the portable turbine

(Phase 1), Making an artificial water current (Phase 2), & Experimental

procedure and data collection (Phase 2). The materials used in the study

are all made of recycled materials and only a d.i.y.

Phase 1

Constructing the Portable Hydroturbine

1. Creating a housing case

The researcher uses a housing case of portable fan removing all parts

inside the fan. The blade of a fan will remain.

2. Removing the blade and attaching a bearing

The researcher attaches a bearing inside the blades for smoother and

faster spin of blades.

3. Attaching a gears in the rotator to dynamo motor

The researcher attaches a gears in the rotator to dynamo for mechanical

spin converting into electrical energy by the electromagnetism created

inside the dynamo.

4. Attaching rubber bands to the gears

The researcher attaches rubber bands to the gears for motion of the

mechanical part connecting each other to convert mechanical energy to

electrical energy.

5. Connecting the electrical lines

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The researcher now connects the lines of a usb cables to the dynamo

motor connecting L1 (line 1) and L2 (line 2) to T1 (terminal 1) and T2

(terminal 2) using the soldering iron.

6. Turbine body and final assembly

The researcher now finally assemble the main parts of the turbine and

sealing up the openings to avoid the water comes into the turbine using

water proof glue.

Phase 2

Making an artificial water current

1. The two water container

The researcher cuts two holes for each container one in the upper part

and one for the lower part.

2. The two pipes

The researcher connects the pipe by the holes in the container in the

lower part the pipe the first point must have a wide diameter and to the

end point will be narrower.

3. The DC Propeller Motor

The researcher now puts a DC propeller in the wider hole at the lower part

of the container so that there will be a motion of water within the lower part

of the pipe and at the end of it or in the narrow part of the pipe will now

create an artificial water current.

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Phase 3

Experimental procedure and Data Collection

The researcher will place the portable turbine in an area where water

current flows (narrow part of the container). The usb cable will be connected to

the cellphone and records all datas and questions answered based on research

materials used in the study. Cellphone A, B, and C with different brands and

specs will be exposed to the experiment using the portable hydroturbine given by

set of three trials recorded in terms of percent battery over time. The data will be

collected by the researchers during the actual experiment by observations and

measures.

Data Analysis

Statistical treatments and analysis of data will be done to show a clear

and valid results. The performance efficiency of the turbine will be statistically

presented through frequency and percentage distribution. In comparison of the

speed of charging between the turbine and direct line outlets will be presented by

mean and standard deviation.

To determine the capabilities of the turbine to work in a certain amount of

water current, mean and standard deviation will be utilized to asnwer the

statement of the problem. In measuring the data in tendency to generate

electricity in some basic appliances will be presented by statistical analysis of

variance with post hoc Turkey’s test. A 0.05 level of significance will be

considered in this study.