Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
U3.2.3: Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins. (Oxford
Biology Course Companion page 151).
1. Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA and associated histone proteins during interphase
(chromatin).
2. Explain why chromatin DNA in interphase is said to look like “beads on a string.”
-The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome connected by sections of linker DNA
-Structure gives the appearance of "beads on a string"
-Centromere: location where the two identical DNA strands (sister chromatids) are
attached
-Replicated chromosome: identical copies attached to each other
-DNA condenses during mitosis so that it can more easily be moved to the poles of the cell
U7.1.2: Nucleosomes help to supercoil the DNA. (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 347).
2. Nucleosome
5. Unreplicated chromosome
6. Replicated chromosome
S7.1.2: Utilization of molecular visualization software to analyze the association between protein and
DNA within a nucleosome (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 348).
Nucleosomes can be identified because of the octomer core of histones and two wraps of DNA around
the core
Histones are proteins that have many positively charged amino acids (lysine and argenine). The positive
charge allows them to associate with the negatively charged DNA. Once the charge is neutralized, the
nucleosomes can tightly pack together.
U1.6.4: Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus
and cytoplasm (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 52).
-During G1, the cell is performing its specialized function, which requires extensive protein synthesis (in
nucleus and cytoplasm).
PMAT
14. Draw typical eukaryotic cells as they would appear during the interphase and the four phases of
mitosis.
15. Outline four events that occur during prophase.
-Nucleolus "disappears"
-Spindle fibers form and centrioles move towards the cell poles
16. Outline the process of metaphase, inclusive of the role of microtubules and the kinetochore.
-A protein complex called the kinetochore, located at the centromere, is connected to microtubules (a
type of spindle fiber)
-The identical chromatids (now unreplicated chromosomes) are pulled towards the poles of the cell by
motor proteins moving along the kinetochore microtubules
-Nucleolus reappears
S1.6.1: Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph (Oxford
Biology Course Companion page 52).
19. Determine the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a micrograph or with a microscope.
S1.6.2: Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph (Oxford Biology Course Companion page
55).
22. Outline the use of mitotic index calculations in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
DIAGNOSIS: the higher the M.I. relative to a tissue-specific standard M.I., the more likely a tissue is
cancerous
TREATMENT: cancer treatments work by stopping cell division, so if a cancer treatment is working fewer
cells will be in mitosis. As a result, the M.I. will decrease if a treatment is working.
U1.6.3: Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plants and animal cells (Oxford Biology
Course Companion page 55).
-Plant cells create new cell wall between the daughter cell cytoplasm
-Animal cells do not have to form cell wall, they form a cleavage furrow
26. Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.
-Ring of contractile proteins at the cell equate constrict, pulling in the cell membrane and creating a
cleavage furrow.
-Cleavage furrow continues to pinch in until the two sides are touching creating two cells
27. Describe the formation of the middle lamella and cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.
-Middle lamella cements the cell walls of two adjoining plant cells together
-Additional vesicles bring and secrete cellulose to the cell plate, forming the cell wall between the two
daughter cells