ENGINEERING ETHICS

PART 1
1. Define Ethics?
* Study of right or wrong.
* Good and evil.
* Obligations & rights.
* Justice.
* Social & Political deals.

2. Define Engineering Ethics?

* Study of the moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and organizations engaged in engineering /
profession.
* Study of related questions about the moral ideals, character, policies and relationships of people and
corporations involved in technological activity.
* Moral standards / values and system of morals.

3. What is the need to study Ethics?

* To responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activity.
* To recognize and resolve moral dilemma.
* To achieve moral autonomy.

4. Differentiate Moral and Ethics?

MORAL: Refers only to personal behavior.
Refers to any aspect of human action.
Social conventions about right or wrong conduct.

Ethics: Involves defining, analyzing, evaluating and resolving moral problems and developing moral criteria to guide
human behavior.
Critical reflection on what one does and why one does it. Refers only to professional behavior.

5. What is the method used to solve an Ethical problem?

Recognizing a problem or its need.
Gathering information and defining the problem to be solved or goal to be
achieved.
Generating alternative solutions or methods to achieve the goal.
Evaluate benefits and costs of alternate solutions.
Decision making & optimization.
Implementing the best solution.

6. What are the Senses of Engineering Ethics?

o An activity and area of inquiry.
o Ethical problems, issues and controversies.
o Particular set of beliefs, attitudes and habits.
o Morally correct.
7. Differentiate Micro-ethics and Macro-ethics?

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Micro-ethics : Deals about some typical and everyday problems which play an important role in the field of
engineering and in the profession of an engineer.
Macro-ethics : Deals with all the societal problems which are unknown and suddenly burst out on a regional or
national level.

8. What are the three types of Inquiry?

Normative Inquiry – Based on values.
Conceptual Inquiry – Based on meaning.
Factual Inquiry – Based in facts.

9. What are the sorts of complexity and murkiness that may be involved in moral situations?
Vagueness
Conflicting reasons Disagreement

10. What are the steps in confronting Moral Dilemmas?

Identify the relevant moral factors and reasons.
Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the moral factors involved.
Rank the moral considerations in order of importance as they apply to the
situation.
Consider alternative courses of actions as ways of resolving dilemma, tracing the
full implications of each.
Get suggestions and alternative perspectives on the dilemma.
By weighing all the relevant moral factors and reasons in light of the facts, produce a reasoned judgment.

11. Define Moral Autonomy?

Self-determining
Independent
Personal Involvement
Exercised based on the moral concern for other people and recognition of good moral reasons

12. Give the importance of Lawrence Kohlberg‟s and Carol Gilligan‟s theory? Kohlberg gives greater emphasis to
recognizing rights and abstract universal
rules.
Gilligan stresses the importance of maintaining personal relationships based on
mutual caring.

13. Give the need for Authority?

Authority provides the framework in which learning can take place.

14. What are the criteria required for a Profession?

o Knowledge
o Organization
o Public Good

15. Give the general criteria to become a Professional engineer?

Attaining standards of achievement in education, job performance

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or creativity in engineering that distinguish engineers from engineering technicians and technologists.
Accepting as part of their professional obligations as least the most
basic moral responsibilities to the public as well as to their employers, clients, colleagues and subordinates.

16. Define Integrity?

Integrity is the bridge between responsibility in private and professional life.

17. Define Compromise?

In a negative sense it means to undetermined integrity by violating one‟s fundamental moral principles.
In a positive sense, however, it means to settle differences by mutual concessions or to reconcile conflicts through
adjustments in attitude and conduct.

18. Give the two aspects of Honesty?

o Truthfulness – meeting responsibilities concerning truth-telling.
o Trustworthiness – Meeting responsibilities concerning trust.

19. Differentiate Self-respect and Self-esteem?

Self-respect: It is a moral concept; refers to the virtue properly valuing oneself.
Self-esteem: It is a psychological concept; means having a positive attitude toward oneself, even if the attitude is
excessive or otherwise unwarranted.

20. What are the two forms of Self-respect?

a. Recognition self-respect
b. Appraisal self-respect

21. What are the senses of Responsibility?

a. a virtue
b. obligations
c. general moral capacities of people
d. liabilities and accountability for actions
e. blameworthiness or praiseworthiness

22. When will you tell an Act as an involuntary one?

* Act done in ignorance
* Act performed under compulsion

23. What are the types of Theories about Morality?

o Virtue ethics – Virtues and vices
o Utilitarianism – Most good for the most people
o Duty ethics – Duties to respect people
o Rights ethics – Human rights

24. Differentiate Hypothetical imperatives and Moral imperatives?

Hypothetical imperatives are based on some conditions whereas Moral imperatives wont based on some condition.

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25. State Rawl‟s principles?
(1) Each person is entitled to the most extensive amount of liberty compatible with an equal amount for others.
(2) Differences in social power and economic benefits are justified only when they are likely to benefit everyone,
including members of the most disadvantaged groups.

26. Give the various tests required to evaluate the Ethical Theories?
o Theory must be clear, and formulated with concepts that are coherent and applicable.
o It must be internally consistent in that none of its tenets contradicts any other.
o Neither the theory nor its defense can rely upon false information.
o It must be sufficiently comprehensive to provide guidance in specific situations of interests to us.
o It must be compatible with our most carefully considered moral
convictions about concrete situations.

27. Give the drawbacks of Utilitarianism?

o Sometimes what is best for the community as a whole is bad for certain individuals in the community.
o It is often impossible to know in advance which decision will lead to the
most good.

28. Give the drawback of Duty Ethics?

Duty ethics does not always lead to a solution which maximizes the public good.

29. Give the drawbacks of Rights Ethics?

How do we prioritize the rights of different individuals?
It often promotes the rights of individuals at the expense of large groups / society.

30. Differentiate Ethical Relativism and Ethical Egoism?

Ethical egoism – the view that right action consist in producing one‟s own good.
Ethical relativism – the view that right action is merely what the law and customs of one‟s society require.

31. Define Ethical Pluralism?

Ethical pluralism is the view that there may be alternative moral perspectives that are reasonable, but no one of
which must be accepted completely by all rational and morally concerned persons.

32. Define Religion?

A religion is any set of articles of faith together with the observances, attitudes, obligations and feelings tied up
therewith, which, in so far as it is influential in a person, tends to perform two functions, one social and the other
personal.

33. Give the uses of Ethical Theories?

o In understanding moral dilemmas
o Justifying professional obligations and ideals
o Relating ordinary and professional morality

34. What are the conditions required to define a valid consent? The consent was given voluntarily.

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 The consent was based on the information that rational person would want, together with any other information
requested, presented to them in understandable form.
The consenter was competent to process the information and make rational decisions.

35. What are the two main elements which are included to understand informed consent? Informed Consent is
understood as including two main elements:
i. Knowledge [Subjects should be given not only the information they request, but all the information needed
to make a reasonable decision].
ii. Voluntariness [Subjects must enter into the experiment without being subjected to force, fraud, or
deception].

36. What are the general features of morally responsible engineers?

a. Conscientiousness.
b. Comprehensive perspective.
c. Autonomy.
d. Accountability.

37. What is the purpose of various types of standards?

a. Accuracy in measurement, interchangeability, ease of handling.
b. Prevention of injury, death and loss of income or property.
c. Fair value of price.
d. Competence in carrying out tasks.
e. Sound design, ease of communications.
f. Freedom from interference.

38. Define Code?

Code is a set of standards and laws.

39. Enumerate the roles of codes?

Inspiration and Guidance Support
Deterrence and Discipline
Education and Mutual Understanding Contributing to the Profession‟s Public Image Protecting the Status Quo
Promoting Business Interests

40. Give the limitations of codes?

Codes are restricted to general and vague wording.
Codes can‟t give a solution or method for solving the internal conflicts.
Codes cannot serve as the final moral authority for professional conduct.
Codes can be reproduced in a very rapid manner.

41. What are the problems with the law in engineering?

a. Minimal compliance
b. Many laws are without enforceable sanctions.

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42. What is the need to view engineering projects as experiments?
i. Any project is carried out in partial ignorance.
ii. The final outcomes of engineering projects, like those of experiments, are generally uncertain.
iii. Effective engineering relies upon knowledge gained about products before and after they leave the factory
– knowledge needed for improving current products and
creating better ones.

43. Differentiate scientific experiments and engineering projects?

Scientific experiments are conducted to gain new knowledge, while “engineering
projects are experiments that are not necessarily designed to produce very much knowledge”.

44. What are the uncertainties occur in the model designs?

a. Model used for the design calculations.
b. Exact characteristics of the materials purchased.
c. Constancies of materials used for processing and fabrication.
d. Nature of the pressure, the finished product will encounter.

45. Define Risk?

A risk is the potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur.
Risk = Probability X Consequences.

46. Define a Disaster?

A DISASTER = A seriously disruptive event + A state of unprepared ness.

47. Give the criteria which helps to ensure a safety design?

The minimum requirement is that a design must comply with the applicable laws.
An acceptable design must meet the standard of “accepted engineering practice.”
Alternative designs that are potentially safer must be explored.
Engineer must attempt to foresee potential misuses of the product by the
consumer and must design to avoid these problems.
Once the product is designed, both the prototypes and finished devices must be rigorously tested.
48. What are the factors for safety and risk?
Voluntary and Involuntary risk
Short-term and Long-term risk
Expected probability
Reversible effects
Threshold levels to risk
Delayed or Immediate risk etc

49. What are the drawbacks in the definition of Lawrence?

Underestimation of risks
Overestimation of risks
No estimation of risks

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50. Give the categories of Risk?
Low consequence, Low probability (which can be ignored)
Low consequence, High probability
High consequence, Low probability
High consequence, High probability

51. What are the factors that affect Risk Acceptability?

Voluntarism and control
Effect of information on risk assessment
Job related pressures
Magnitude and proximity of the people facing risk

52. What is the knowledge required to assess the risk?

Data in design
Uncertainties in design
Testing for safety
Analytical testing
Risk-benefit analysis

53. What are the analytical methods?

o Scenario analysis
o Failure modes & effect analysis
o Fault tree analysis
o Event tree analysis etc.

54. What are the three conditions referred as safe exit?

Assure when a product fails it will fail safely.
Assure that the product can be abandoned safely.
Assure that the user can safely escape the product.

55. How will an engineer assess the safety?

The risks connected to a project or product must be identified.
The purposes of the project or product must be identified and ranked in importance.
Costs of reducing risks must be estimated.
The costs must be weighed against both organizational goals and degrees of acceptability
of risks to clients and the public.
The project or product must be tested and then either carried out or manufactured.

56. What are the reasons for Risk-Benefit Analysis?

i. Risk-benefit analysis is concerned with the advisability of undertaking a project.
ii. It helps in deciding which design has greater advantages.
iii. It assists the engineers to identify a particular design scores higher with that of the another one.

57. Are the engineers responsible to educate the public for safe operation of the equipment? How?

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Yes, as per the engineers are concerned with they should have their duty as to protect for the safety and well being
of the general public. Analyzing the risk and safety aspects of their designs can do this.

58. Define Safety?

In the definition stated by William W. Lawrence safety is defined, as a thing is safe if its risks are acceptable. A thing
is safe with respect to a given person or group, at a given time, if its risk is fully known, if those risks would be judged
acceptable, in light of settled value principles. In the view of objective, safety is a matter of how people would find
risks acceptable or unacceptable.

59. What is the definition of risks?

A risk is the potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur. Risk is the possibility of suffering harm or
loss. It is also defined as the probability of a specified level of hazardous consequences, being realized. Hence Risk
(R) is the product of Probability (P) and consequence(C) (i.e)
R=P*C

60. Define Acceptability of risks?

A risk is acceptable when those affected are generally no longer apprehensive about it. Doubtfulness depends mainly
on how the people take the risk or how people perceive it.

61. What are the safety measures an engineer must know before assessing a risk of any product?
The factors are:
a.Does the engineer have the right data?
b.Is he satisfied with the present design?
c.How does he test the safety of a product?
d.How does he measure and weigh the risks with benefits for a product.

62. What is the use of knowledge of risk acceptance to engineers?

Though past experience and historical data give better information about safety of products designing there are still
inadequate. The reasons are
a. The information is not freely shared among industries
b. There also new applications of old technologies that provides available data, which are less useful.
c. So, in order to access the risk of a product, the engineers must share their knowledge and information with
others in a free manner.

63.What is meant by Disaster? Give an example.

A disaster does not take place until a seriously disruptive event coincides with a state of insufficient preparation.
Example: The Titanic collision with an iceberg
constituted an emergency, which turned into a disaster because there were too few lifeboats.

64. What are the positive uncertainties in determining risks? There are three positive uncertainties. They are:
a. Purpose of designing
b. Application of the product
c. Materials and the skill used for producing the product.

65.What is the use of Risk-Analysis? What are the three factors involved here?

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Risk Analysis is used for the assessment of the hazardous associated with an industrial or commercial activity. It
involves identifying the causes of unwanted hazardous events and estimating the consequences and likelihood of
these events. Three factors involved in this are:
a. Hazard Identification
b. Consequences analysis
c. Probability estimation.

66.Define Risk-Benefit Analysis?

Risk benefit analysis is a method that helps the engineers to analyze the risk in a project and to determine whether
a project should be implemented or not. In risk benefit analysis, the risks and benefits of a product are allotted to
money amounts, and the most benefit able ratio between risks and benefits is calculated.

67. Explain the two types of Risk?

i. Personal Risk:
An individual, who is given sufficient information, will be in a position to decide whether to take part in a risky activity
or not. They are more ready to take on voluntary risks than involuntary risks.
ii. Public Risks: Risks and benefits to the public are more easily determined than to individuals, as larger number
of people is taken into account. Involuntary risks are found here.

68.What does Strict Liability mean?

Strict liability means if the sold product is defective; the manufacturer concerned is liable for any harm that results
to users. Negligible is not at all an issue based.

69. Give the reasons for the Three Mile Island disaster?
i. Inadequate training to the operators.
ii. Use of B & W reactors.

70. What is the main barrier to educational attempts?

An important barrier to educational attempt is that people belief change slow and are extraordinarily resistant to
new information.

71. What happens to the products that are not safe?

Products that are not safe incur secondary costs to the manufacturer beyond the primary costs that must also be
taken into account costs associated with warranty expenses, loss of customer will and even loss of customers and
so.

72. What does Open-mindedness refer to?

Open-mindedness refers once again not allowing a preoccupation with rules to prevent close examination of safety
problems that may not be covered by rules.

73. What was the problem in the Chernobyl reactor? The problem was that,
The output was maintained to satisfy an unexpected demand.
The control device was not properly reprogrammed to maintain power at the required level.
Instead of leaving fifteen control rods as required, the operators raised almost all control rods because at the low
power level, the fuel had become poisoned.

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76. Define Collegiality?
Collegiality is a kind of connectedness grounded in respect for professional expertise and in a commitment to the
goals and values of the profession and collegiality includes a disposition to support and cooperate with one‟s
colleagues.

77. What are the central elements of collegiality?

i. Respect
ii. Commitment
iii. Connectedness
iv. Cooperation

78. What are the two senses of Loyalty?

i. Agency Loyalty – Acting to fulfill one‟s contractual duties to an employer. It‟s a matter of actions, whatever
its motives.
ii. Identification Loyalty – Has as much as to do with attitudes, emotions, and a
sense of personal identity as it does with actions.

79. When may an Identification Loyalty be said as obligatory?

i. Employees must see some of their own important goals as met by and through a group in which they
participate.
ii. Employees must be treated fairly, each receiving his or her share of benefits and burdens.

80. What is the relationship between the Loyalty to the company and Professional responsibility to the public?
i. Acting on professional commitments to the public can be a more effective way to serve a company than a
mere willingness to follow company orders.
ii. Loyalty to companies or their current owners should not be equated with merely obeying one‟s immediate
supervisor.
iii. An engineer might have professional obligations to both an employer and to the public that reinforce rather
than contradict each other.

81. Define Institutional Authority?

Institutional Authority is acquired, exercised and defined within organizations. It may be defined as the institutional
right given to a person to exercise power based on the resources of the institution.

82. Define Expert Authority?

Expert authority is the possession of special knowledge, skill or competence to perform task or give sound advice.

83. What is the basic moral task of salaried engineers?

The basic moral task of salaried engineers is to be aware of their obligations to obey employers on one hand and to
protect and serve the public and clients of the other.

84. What are the guidelines to reach an agreement?

i. Attack problem and not people.
ii. Build trust.
iii. Start with a discussion and analysis of interests, concerns, needs. It begin with interests, not positions or
solutions.

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iv. Listen.
v. Brainstorm; suggesting an idea does not mean one aggress with it. Develop multiple options.
vi. Use objective criteria whenever possible. Agree on how something will be measured.

85. Define confidential information?

Confidential information is information deemed desirable to keep secret.

86. What are the criteria for identifying that information is “labeled” confidential at the workplace?
* Engineers shall treat information coming to them in the course of their as
confidential.
* Identify any information which if it became known would cause harm to the corporation or client.
* Confidential information is any information that the employer or client would like to have kept secret in order
to compete effectively against business rivals.

87. What are the terms associated with Confidentiality?

i. Privileged Information
ii. Proprietary Information
iii. Patents
iv. Trade secrets

88. How will you justify the obligation of confidentiality?

The obligation of confidentiality can be justified at two levels. FIRST Level : Moral Considerations
Respect for autonomy Respect for promises Regard for public well-being
SECOND Level : Major Ethical Theories
Rights Ethicists Duty Ethicists Rule-utilitarians Act-utilitarians

89. Define Conflicts of Interest?

Conflict of interests is a situation in which two or more interests are not simultaneously realizable. It is the
disagreement between public obligation and self- interest of an official.

90. Why does a conflict of interests arise?

a. Financial Investments
b. Insider Trading
c. Bribe
d. Gifts
e. Kickbacks

91. What is a Bribe?

A Bribe is a substantial amount of money or goods offered beyond a stated business contract with the aim of winning
an advantage in gaining or keeping the contract.

92. What is a Gift?

Gifts are not bribes as long as they are small gratuities offered in the normal conduct of business.

93. What is called Kickbacks?

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Prearranged payments made by contractors to companies or their representatives in exchange for contracts actually
granted are called kickbacks.

94. What are the types of Conflicts of interest?

i. Actual conflict of interest
ii. Potential conflict of interest
iii. Apparent conflict of interest

95. What are the forms of Conflicts of interest?

i. Interest in other companies
ii. Moonlighting
iii. Insider information

96. How will you solve the Conflict problems?

i. Finding the creative middle way.
ii. Employing Lower-level considerations.
iii. Making the hard choice.

97. What is called „White-collar crime‟?

Occupational crimes are illegal acts made possible through one‟s lawful employment. It is the secret violation of laws
regulating work activities. When committed by office workers of professionals, occupational crime is called „white-
collar crime‟.

98. What are the essential elements of IPR?

i. Patents
ii. Copyrights
iii. Trademarks
iv. Trade secrets

99. What are the requirements of Patents?

a) Problem of invention
b) Current report of the problems to address
c) Solution or procedure to the problem
d) Extent of novelty or inventive
e) Application or uses
f) Details of the inventor
g) Resources of funds

100. What are the types of Patents?

a. Utility patents
b. Design patents
c. Plant patents

101. What is the need for Protection to IPR?

a) Prevent plagiarism.
b) Prevent others using it.

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c) Prevent using it for financial gain.
d) Fulfill as an obligation to funding agency.
e) Support income generation strategy.

102. What is the Importance of IPR?

a. Give the inventors exclusive rights of dealing.
b. Permit avoiding pf competitors and raise entry barriers.
c. Permit entry to a technical market.
d. Generate steady income by issuing license.

103. What is a Trade secret?

A trade secret is a secret formula, pattern, or device that is used in a business and provides a commercial advantage.

104. Define Whistle Blowing?

Whistle-blowing is alerting relevant persons to some moral or legal corruption, where “relevant persons” are those
in a position to act in response, if only by registering
protest. i.e. the employee disclosure of an employer‟s illegal or illegitimate practices to persons or organizations that
may be able to take corrective actions. The conditions to be met for whistle-blowing are
a. Need
b. Proximity
c. Capability
d. Last resort

105. What are the main features of Whistle Blowing?

a. Act of disclosure
b. Topic
c. Agent
d. Recipient

106. Differentiate External Whistle Blowing and Internal Whistle Blowing? External Whistle Blowing – Information
is passed outside the organization.
Internal Whistle Blowing – Information is conveyed to someone within the organization.

107. Differentiate Open Whistle Blowing and Anonymous Whistle Blowing?

Open Whistle Blowing – Individuals openly reveal their identity as they convey

the information.
Anonymous Whistle Blowing – Involves concealing one‟s identity.

108. When are Whistle Blowing morally permitted and morally obligated?
Whistle blowing is morally permitted when
i. If the harm that will be done by the product to the public is serious and considerable.
ii. If they make their concerns known to their superiors.

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iii. If getting no satisfaction from their immediate supervisors, they exhaust the channels available within the
corporation, including going to the board of directors.
Whistle is morally obligated when
i. He or she must have documented evidence that would convince a reasonable, impartial observer that his [or
her] view of the situation is correct and the company policy wrong.
ii. There must be strong evidence that making the information public will in fact prevent the threatened serious
harm.

109. What are the two general ways to apply ethical theories to justify the basic right of professional conscience?
i. Proceed piecemeal by reiterating the justifications given for the specific professional duties.
ii. Justify the right of professional conscience, which involves grounding it more directly in the ethical theories.

110. Define Employee Rights?

Employee rights are rights, moral or legal, that involve the status of being an employee. They include some
professional rights that apply to the employer-employee relationship.

111. Define Sexual Harassment?

Sexual Harassment means continuous annoying and attacks on men or women on the basis of sexual considerations.
It also covers the harassment by female superiors on the male employees and sexual harassment of employees by
superiors of the same sex.
It includes physical and psychological attacks, coercion, misuse of authority and a variety of undesirable and indecent
actions.

112. Define Discrimination?

Discrimination means morally unjustified treatment of people on arbitrary or irrelevant grounds.

113. What are the general procedures for implementing the right to due process?
i. Written explanations should be established that is available to all employees who believe their rights have
been violated.
ii. An appeals procedure should be established that is available to all employees who believe their rights have
been violated.

114. Differentiate Human Rights and Professional Rights?

Human Rights – Possessed by virtue of being people or moral agents.

Professional Rights – Possessed by virtue of being professional having spcial moral responsibilities.

115. Differentiate Weak Preferential Treatment and Strong Preferential Treatment?

Weak preferential treatment involves giving an advantage to members of traditionally discriminated-against groups
over equally qualified applicants who are members of other groups.
Strong preferential treatment involves giving preference to minority applicants or women over better qualified
applicants from other groups.

116. What are the three versions of Relativism?

i. Ethical Relativism
ii. Descriptive Relativism

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iii. Moral Relativism

117. What are the moral dimensions of an Engineer manager?

a. Information rights and obligation
b. Property rights
c. Accountability and control
d. System quality
e. Quality of life

118. Give any ten International rights suggested by Donaldson?

I. The right to freedom of physical movement.
II. The right to ownership of property.
III. The right to freedom from torture.
IV. The right to a fair trial.
V. The right to nondiscriminatory treatment.
VI. The right to physical security.
VII. The right to freedom of speech and association.
VIII. The right to minimal education.
IX. The right to political participation.
X. The right to subsistence.

119. Give some of the Environmental issues of concern to engineers?

a. Releasing harmful substance into air and water.
b. Using toxic substance in food processing.
c. Disturbing land and water balances.

120. What are the issues in Computer ethics? Power Relationship

Job Elimination Customer Relations Biased Software Stock Trading
Unrealistic Expectations Political Power
Military Weapons Property
Embezzlement Data and Software
Privacy
Cyber crimes Computer Virus Techno stress
Cyber Scams and Frauds Internet Defamation Software Piracy
Cyber Squatting Inappropriate Access Data Bank Errors
Hackers
Legal Responses Professional Issues
Computer Failures Computer Implementation Health conditions

121. What are the problems of Defense industry?

a) Problem of waste and huge cost in implementing and maintaining a weapons system.
b) Problem of Technology creep.
c) Problems in maintaining secrecy.

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d) Every country allocates large amount of its resources to defense sector [India spent ¼ of its resource for
defense]

122. What are ways to promote an Ethical climate?

a. Ethical values in their full complexity are widely acknowledged and appreciated by managers and employees
alike.
b. The sincere use of ethical language has to be recognized as a legitimate part of corporate dialogue.
c. The top level management must establish a moral tone in words, in policies, by personal example etc.
d. The management has to establish some procedures for resolving conflicts.

123. What are the important forms of Conflicts?

o Conflicts based on schedules
o Conflicts which arises in evolving the importance of projects and the department.
o Conflicts based on the availability of personal for a project.
o Conflicts over technical matters.
o Conflicts arise due to administrative procedure.
o Conflicts of personality.
o Conflicts over cost or expenditure or money.

124. What are the Principles of Conflicts of interest?

o Separate people from the problem.
o Focus on interest and not on positions.
o Generate a variety of possibilities before deciding what to do.
o Insist that the result be based on some objective standard.

125. What are the normative models to be used to avoid conflicts?

Hired Guns
Value-neutral Analysts Value-guided Advocates

126. What are the characteristics of an engineer as expert advisers in public planning and policy making?
Honesty Competence Diligence Loyalty

127. How can Deceptive advertising be done?

o By outright lies.
o By half-truths.
o Through exaggeration.
o By making false innuendos, suggestions or implications.
o Through obfuscation created by ambiguity, vagueness or incoherence.
o Through subliminal manipulation of the unconscious.

128. Give the usage of the code of conduct?

The code of conduct will help the engineers to have a set of standards of behavior. They act as guidelines for their
behavior. It helps to create workplaces where employees are encouraged to make ethical implications.

129. Give the IEEE Code of Ethics?

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The members of the IEEE, in recognition of the importance of their technologies affecting the quality of life
throughout the world, and in accepting a personal obligation
to their profession, its members and the communities they serve, do hereby commit themselves to the highest
ethical and professional conduct and agree…
i. To accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the
public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment.
ii. To avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible and to disclose them to the affected parties
when they do exist.
iii. To be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data.
iv. To reject bribery in all its forms.
v. To improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential consequences.
vi. To maintain and improve their technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if
qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations.
vii. To seek, accept and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit
properly the contributions of others.
viii. To treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors such as religion, gender, disability, age or national origin.
ix. To avoid injuring others, their property, reputation or employment by false or malicious action.
x. To assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following this
code of ethics.

130. Enumerate the code of ethics of engineers?

Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public
in the performance of their professional duties.
Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as
faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with
others.
Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor,
integrity and dignity of the profession.
Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for
the professional development of those engineers under their supervision.

131. Enumerate the Code of Ethics by ASME?

Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by:
I. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare;
II. being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity their clients (including their employers) and the public;
and
III. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession.
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their
professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence; they shall build their professional
reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete

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unfairly with others.
3. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide
opportunities for the professional and ethical development of those engineers under their supervision.
4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents
or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest.
5. Engineers shall respect the proprietary information and intellectual property rights of others, including
charitable organizations and professional societies in the
engineering field.
6. Engineers shall associate only with reputable persons or organizations

PART 2:

1) Which among the following dichotomies is used in a discourse on ethics?

1. Empirical – Normative
2. Descriptive – Prescriptive
3. Fact – Value
4. Profit - Loss
Which of the following is correct?
a) 1 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: C

2) How does the individual come to be able to make moral decisions?

1) By understanding his motives
2) By understanding the consequences of his actions
3) By being deterred and frightened of the penalties incurred on him for his action
4) By understanding the means adopted to execute action
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1,3 and 4
c) 1,2,3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4 Correct Answer: D

3) Which of the following statements are true about Engineering Ethics?

1) Engineering Ethics is an area of practical or applied ethics
2) The aim of Engineering Ethics is to illuminate the ethical dimensions of engineering practice
3) Engineering Ethics is constituted of an eclectic contribution of all schools of ethics

4) Professional Engineering Societies are a major source of codes for engineering ethics.
Which of the following is correct?
a) Only 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: D

4) Which of the following assumption about moral behavior is reasonably justified?

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1) Most people will behave morally if the socialization process has successfully inculcated the right values
2) Some people will behave more morally than others even if they have been under the same socialization
process
3) Social situations provide the best stimulus to moral action or inaction; i.e social pressure determines moral
action/inaction.
4) Socialisation has no role in developing moral values
a) 1 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1,2,3 and 4
d) 2 and 3
Correct Answer: B

5) Which among the following are principle concerns with ‘professional ethics’
1) To study ethical dilemmas in professions by application of moral theory
2) The study of unique moral obligations created by special social roles
3) The practice and consultancy of ethics by a trained professional ethicist
4) The ethical challenges of a professional lifestyle Which of the following are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: A

6) Which of the following are true

1) Ethical dilemmas arise when it is thought that serious good and bad are bound together in the same activity
2) Ethics uses the instrument of coercion to oblige its subjects
3) Ethical behavior is dependent on the conditions and circumstances under which an action/event takes place
4) Codes of Conduct form a part of ethical training
a) 1 and 3
b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 2, 3 and 4: Correct Answer: B

7) Which of the following statements is most appropriate to describe deontological ethics?

a) The central idea is that the right or wrong consideration is what makes the act right or wrong, other things
being equal
b) The central idea is that an adherence to the codes prescribed under the duty one is employed in makes for
the right action
c) The central idea is that right and wrong are relative to time and circumstance
d) The central idea is that right and wrong are determined by humans according to their subjective conscience
Correct Answer: A

8) Consider the following statements behavior and the type of activity corresponding to them as impediments
to responsible action for an engineer
Type of Behavior
1. When group comes to agreement at the expense of critical thinking
2. When we see things at the microscopic level, we can’t see them at the general and ordinary level

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3. We tend to interpret situations from very limited perspectives
4. An engineer genuinely does not realize that a design poses a safety problem

Type of Activity
A) Microscopic Vision
B) Egocentrism
C) Groupthink
D) Ignorance
Which of the following are correct?
1) 1 – A; 2 – B; 3 – C; 4 –D
2) 1 – C; 2 –A; 3 –B; 4 –D
3) 1 –B; 2 –C; 3 –D; 4 –A
4) 1 –A; 2 – C; 3 –B; 4 –D
Correct Answer: B

9) Which of the following statements are true about ‘Morale’

1) It is a form of ‘attitude’
2) It is reflected in positive feelings about the work group
3) It instills confidence that difficult goals can be achieved easily
4) It is the knowledge of the distinction between right and wrong action
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1,2,3 and 4
c) 2 and 3
d) 2, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: A

10) Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of “practice” vis a vis professional ethics?
a) “practice” is a cooperative arrangement to pursue the goods that are internal to a structured communal life
b) “practice” is an endeavor to achieve excellence by incessant repetition
c) “practice” is the application of knowledge into real time problems
d) “practice” is symbolic of the humble admission that humans can never know and learn enough
Correct Answer: A

11) Which of the following are true with regard to safety and treatment of employees
1) It is a means of promoting worker efficiency and social order by protecting lives and promoting the well-being
of workers
2) The idea of safety and treatment of employees was conceived during the Industrial Revolution in Europe
3) By ensuring safety of workers the political society of a nation is stabilized
4) All workers have a right to expect fairness from their employer and to be treated with respect and dignity
a) 1,2,3 and 4
b) 1,3 and 4
c) 2 and 4
d) 1 and 4:Correct Answer: A

12) What among the following is a sub - specie of “normative ethics”

1) War Ethics
2) Applied ethics

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3) Virtue ethics
4) Meta ethics
Which of the following are correct?
a) 2 only
b) 1, 2 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: A

13) Which of the following are prominent examples of ‘ethical issues’ that fall under the domain of ‘applied
ethics’?
1) Euthanasia
2) Protection of human and animal subjects in research
3) Affirmative action
4) Acceptable risk in workplace Which of the following are correct?
a) 2 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 2, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: C

14) Consider the following options with regard to the ‘Anthropogenic World View’ vis a vis Environmental Ethics
1) Humanity perceives itself to be the center and ultimate goal of the Universe
2) Humanity perceives environment as a superior actor whose laws and codes are not well understood
3) Nature is viewed as a storehouse of resources
4) Many large, hierarchical business houses still base their business model on this world view
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 1 and 3
d) 1 and 4:Correct Answer: B

15) Which of the following principles is the essential principle of utilitarian school of ethics?
a) Greatest Health Principle
b) Greatest Happiness Principle
c) Greatest Wealth Principle
d) Greatest Respect Principle.:Correct Answer: B

16) Which among the following is a true about ethics of research and experimentation?
1. Research that causes harm to humans is morally wrong
2. Research that involves humans is justified only when some good can come from it
3. A person’s right to liberty is violated if he is a subject to research by coercion
4. Informed Consent plays a role in Research Ethics Which of the following is correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c) 2 and 3
d) 3 and 4:Correct Answer: B

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17) What among the following elements takes the most direct and immediate set back in a case of conflict of
interest by a public official?
a) The reputation of the officer
b) The trust that the public holds in the office
c) The legitimacy of the office
d) The constitution of India:Correct Answer: B

18) “It is commonly said that before blowing the whistle, a person has an obligation to see that all existing
avenues for change within the organization must have been explored”. Consider the following statements as
justifications for the above proposition.
1) The agent will be forced neither to breach confidentiality nor be disloyal
2) The agent (potential whistle blower) can seek remuneration from the organization for fidelity
3) The organization will not suffer embarrassment or more tangible harm
4) The organization can correct its mistakes internally by devising mechanisms to hear the issues raised by
employees
Which of the following are correct set of justifications under ethics?
a) 1, 3 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1 and 4
d) Only 1;Correct Answer: A

19) Which of the following actions can be termed as breach of ‘Professional Ethics’
1) A physician who refers patients to a specialist in return for monetary favours
2) A scientist who exaggerates the importance of his discoveries to encourage investors in his biotech company
3) A lawyer who lies to the Judge
4) The reporter who spreads fake news Which of the following is correct?
a) Only 1
b) 1 and 2
c) 1, 2 , 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4:Correct Answer: C

20) Which of the following are the functions of a code of ethics?

1) It can express a shared commitment on the part of a professional society’s members to strive to satisfy certain
ethical standards and principles.
2) It can help foster an environment in which ethical behavior is the norm
3) It can serve as a guide or reminder in specific situations
4) A code can be a valuable academic and educational legacy for an organization. Which of the following are
correct?
a) 1 and 3
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1,2,3 and 4
d) 1 and 2:Correct Answer: C

21) Which of the following is an appropriate general principle with regard for ‘Engineering Ethics’
a) The Engineer shall regard his duty to the public welfare as paramount to all other obligations.
b) The Engineer shall regard his duty to the objectives of the company as paramount

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to all other obligations
c) The Engineer shall regard his duty to the profession of engineering as paramount
to other obligations
d) The Engineer shall regard his duty to his excellence as paramount to other obligations
Correct Answer: A

22) Which of the following statements is the most correct description of the relationship between humans and
technology?
a) Technology “impacts” upon human actions and human beings
b) Human beings “act on, make, use” technology
c) Technology provides apparatus for human action
d) Technology hijacks human autonomy:Correct Answer: C

23) What are the elements necessary for an Institution to formulate a state of the art ‘code of ethics’
1. a body of public interest/relevance
2. expert scholarship
3. enormous funding
4. professional support
a) 2 and 4
b) 2,3 and 4
c) 1, 2 and 4
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: C

24) Which of the following elements (as a fundamental criterion) must always be in the mind of Engineer while
performing his duties vis a vis Ethics
1. Public Safety
2. Economy
3. Health
4. Welfare
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c) 1 and 4
d) 1, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: D

25) What among the following are the shortcomings of a code of ethics formulated by a
‘professional engineering society’?
1) These codes are not formulated with sincere scholarship or expertise and are often a hostage to economic
interests
2) Most practicing engineers do not belong to any professional engineering society, so the codes cannot
properly reach out to them
3) Such codes, at best represent the highest ethical common denominator among those to who it applies
therefore it may include provisions which may be ethically questionable
4) These codes are not exhaustive – and there are matters of ethical importance that may go unnoticed
Which of the following sets of answers are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 1, 2 3 and 4

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c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 2 and 3:Correct Answer: C

26) As an engineer you are stuck in an ethical dilemma about the execution of a certain task that you find morally
contestable. You refer to a well-known ‘code of ethics’ and other regulations but none of them specifically prohibit
that certain course of action (which is in contestation). Under what category does the ethical dilemma fall, when the
‘code of ethics’ are not able to solve it?
a) Professional Ethics
b) Personal Ethics
c) Societal Ethics
d) Business Ethics:Correct Answer: B

27) Match the following in terms of ethical issues in Information technology and their respective description
Issue Description
1) Privacy A) Data Ownership and software Usage Rights
2) Accuracy B) Responsibility of Data Collector to use accuracy
3) Property C) Collection and use of data about individuals
4) Access D)responsibility of data collectors to control access
Which of the following combination is correct?
a) 1 –A; 2 – B; 3 – C ; 4 – D
b) 1 – C; 2 – B; 3 – A; 4 – D
c) 1 – C; 2 –A; 3 –D; 4 – B
d) 1 – D ; 2 – B; 3 – C; 4 – A:Correct Answer: B

28) Which of the following statements best explains the reason for engineering ethics being a branch of applied
ethics?
1. The aim of engineering ethics is to shed light on ethical concerns related to engineering practice
2. It is applied in the sense that ethical considerations are directed to practice rather than theory
3. The first task of engineering ethics is to identify the basic concern that arise prior to practice
4. To think on the questions of engineering ethics one necessarily needs a technical engineering knowledge.
a) 1 and 4
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 2
d) 2 and 4:Correct Answer: C

29) Consider the following statements about ‘whistle blowing’

1) A whistle blower makes accusations against an Organization which call attention to alleged instances of
negligence, abuse or practices that damage the public interest or harm others.
2) The accusation mostly single out individuals or groups within the organization as responsible for the harm
being perpetrated
3) Whistle blowing instances can only occur in for profit organizations
4) If the accusations are not made public but only confided to a relative or acquaintance this would not be
termed whistle blowing
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1,2 and 4
b) 1,2 3 and 4

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c) 1 and 4
d) Only 1:Correct Answer: A

30) What values do a ‘code of ethics’ command in a court of law?

1) Code of ethics do not by themselves have the force of law
2) court of laws are bound by code of ethics
3) the code of ethics can provide upon its own power and legality
4) court of law can use the code of ethics in a non-authoritative manner to reason a judgment, by the aid of its
principles
Which one is correct?
a) 1, 3 and 4
b) 2 and 3
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 1 and 4:Correct Answer: D

31) X is a director at a PSU in India, he sits on the interview panel that is scheduled to interview B who is his
nephew, who has qualified the written examination for a job at that PSU – which of the following ethical issues apply
to X?
a) Nepotism
b) Conflict of Interest
c) Corruption
d) Embezzlement Correct Answer: B

32) Which of the following descriptions best describes the principle concerning professional ethics?
a) Professional duties must be judged by ethical standards independent of time, place and circumstance
b) Judging professional duties always involves reciprocal adjustment between ends and means
c) Professional duties must by nature be strictly deontological, i.e – the ends must not come at the cost of the
means
d) Professional duties must be judged only by what they achieve in line with the ends prescribed by the ideals
of business
Correct Answer: B

33) What are the possible ethical dilemmas that a whistle blower can be face?
1) Public Interests versus Private interests
2) Citizenship versus Employment
3) Private Benefit versus Employer’s Benefit
4) Short term view versus the long term view
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 1 and 4:Correct Answer: C

34) The principle of deontological ethics has been most succinctly laid down by Immanuelle Kant in his categorical
imperative – which states “ Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that
it becomes a universal law”- under what category of the following methods does this lie?
a) Bottom Up model

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b) Top Down model
c) Internal ethics model
d) External ethics model:Correct Answer: B

35) Which of the following is the opposite of normative ethics?

a) Micro Ethics
b) Beta Ethics
c) Meta Ethics
d) Virtue Ethics;Correct Answer: C

36) When a multinational company goes for operations abroad there is an ambiguity as to the standard of ethical
codes that must be adhered to within the company, commonly this problem is known as the problem of ethical
relativism.
Which of the following statements are true about ethical relativism?

1) Cultural difference strictly entail ethical differences

2) Cultural differences should not be equated with irresoluble moral differences
3) What appear to be cultural differences may also be differences in perspective
4) All human beings around the world agree to the same moral standards. Which of the following sets are
correct?
a) 2 and 3
b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) Only 4:Correct Answer: A

37) Which of the following statements are true?

1) The more strict and disciplined the process of socialization - the better quality of morality is formed in an
individual
2) The higher the level of moral reasoning in individuals - the more moral the behavior to be expected
3) The increase in perception of individual’s responsibility and involvement in the situation increases the
probability of moral behavior
4) The more rigorous the monitoring of behavior by a supervisory agency - the more voluntarily the individual
acts morally.

a) 1,2 and 4
b) 1,2,3 and 4
c) 2 and 3
d) 2,3 and 4:Correct Answer: C

38) Which of the following are reasonable criteria for judging whether proposed research involving human
subjects is ethically sound?
1) Risk to subject are minimized
2) Risks are reasonable related to anticipated benefits
3) Prior informed consent will be obtained from subjects
4) Subjects privacy and confidentiality will be maintained Which of the following is correct?
a) 1 and 2

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b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 1 and 3:Correct Answer: C

39) What is a more appropriate method to be employed whilst formulating a ‘code of ethics’ for engineering
practices
1. To draw broad and general principles at the start and judge each case by that principle
2. To begin with particular cases
3. To look for relevant paradigm cases for appropriate and inappropriate points that can serve as a reference
point for more complicated cases
4. To borrow codes from other professional ethics like medicine and law Which of the following set is correct?
a) 1,2,3 and 4
b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 2 and 3
d) 3 and 4:Correct Answer: C

40) Consider the following ethical dilemmas and correspond them to the type of ethics Dilemma
1) Privacy Versus Social Utility
2) Profit Versus Welfare
3) Private Gain Versus Public Trust
4) Sustainability Versus Development Type of Ethics
A) Environmental Ethics
B) Business Ethics
C) Administrative Ethics
D) Technology Ethics
Which is the correct combination? a) 1 – A; 2 –B;3 –C; 4 –D
b) 1 –D; 2 –C; 3 –B; 4 –A
c) 1 –D; 2 –B; 3 –C; 4 –A
d) 1 –D 2 –A; 3 –B; 4 –C:Correct Answer: C

41) Which of the following are included as major normative ethical theories?
1) Contractualism
2) Consequentialism
3) Deontology
4) Virtue Theory
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1,2 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 2, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: C

42) You are appointed as the Production Manager of an oil corporation, since the industry that you work for has
a lot of potential for hazard to the environment and other species, you have a mandate to think about these issues
carefully and come up with a draft policy to deal with such issues. In such a scenario you contemplate on the nature
of the relationship between man and other species around him, and try to judge how and why is man responsible
towards sustaining other species. What of the following types of ethics are you engaging in this process?

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a) Meta Ethics
b) Virtue Ethics
c) Environmental Ethics
d) Deontological Ethics:Correct Answer: A

43) Which of the following options are included in the ethics of fair treatment of workers at workplace?
1) Physical safety of employees at the workplace
2) Recreation facilities at the workplace
3) Rights of workers to fairness and dignity
4) Right of workers to have a share in company’s profit Which of the following are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 4
d) 1, 3, and 4:Correct Answer: B

44) Which among the following statements fits into a description of meta ethics?
a) X works for his ‘personal benefit’
b) X contemplates on the idea of ‘personal benefit’
c) X forms community where each individual works for his ‘personal benefit’
d) X extends the doctrine of ‘personal benefit’ to all living organisms on the planet.
Correct Answer: B

45) Consider the following options with regard to the ‘Bio centric World View’
1) It is a world view that views the planet as a living system of interdependent species
2) It works under the “do not harm” principle
3) The environment is viewed as fragile, limited in resources and vulnerable to organizational actions
4) Every act of pollution or resource depletion is not viewed as an isolated event but as a contributing factor to
a collective impact of increasingly accelerating global proportions
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1,2 and 4
b) 2 and 4
c) 2,3 and 4
d) 1,2, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: D

46) Which of the following is a description of the collective action problem?

a) When all members of a group pursue a collective interest, individuality is crushed.
b) When each member of a group pursues individual goals/self-interest the collective outcome is bad for the
group
c) When each member of a group pursues individual goals/self – interest the collective outcome is worse for
each member
d) When each member of a group pursues collective goal – the collective goal is never achieved.
Correct Answer: C

47) Which of the following descriptions best fit the ideal of cooperation
1. People cooperate when and as long as their self - interest aligns with the interests of the group

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2. People cooperate when they sacrifice their self – interests completely for the well - being of others in the
group
3. People cooperate when they forgo the pursuit of their own independent interests and follow rules or roles
assigned to them by society
4. In cooperation the collective following of rules and roles assigned by a group promotes everyone’s interests
better than would have been done by everyone pursuing their own interests independently.
Which of the following is correct?
a) 1 and 4
b) 2 and 4
c) 3 and 4
d) Only 4;Correct Answer: C

48) Which of the following descriptions is correct about the ethical theory of consequentialism?
a) The theory of consequentialism is an evaluation of an ideal type - the way world ought to be
b) The theory of consequentialism is an evaluation of outcomes or states – the way world
might be
c) The theory of consequentialism is an evaluation of motives of the person acting
d) The theory of consequentialism is an evaluation of the means that a person acts through
Correct Answer: B

49) Which of the following are the principles that need to be adopted in Economics to deal with the Environment
responsibly
1) Marketing of safe products and services
2) Curtailing the use of energy by developing economies
3) Reduction and Disposal of manufactured products
4) Environmental Directors and Managers for enterprises and corporations
a) 1, 3 and 4
b) 1, 2 and 3
c) 2 and 4
d) 1 and 3:Correct Answer: A

50) Which of the following is a correct combination?

Type of Ethics DESCRIPTION
1) Contractualism A) Social Agreement among a range of parties on ethical principles
2) Deontology B) Ethics based on the fulfillment of one’s duty
3) Consequentialism C) Ethics based upon the nature of consequences of action
4) Virtue Ethics D) Emphases on the excellence of mind and character
a) 1 – A; 2 – B; 3 – C; 4 – D
b) 1 – C; 2 – D; 3 – A; 4 – B
c) 1 – A and 2 – B
d) 3 – C and 4 – D
Correct Answer: A

51) Which among the following are most likely to be virtues of utilitarianism?
1) Moderation
2) Passion

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3) Equality
4) Civil Rights
Which of the following is correct?
a) 1 and 4
b) 1 and 3
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 1, 3 and 4:Correct Answer: B

52) “the view that there is no general moral principles and that the moral disputes therefore cannot be resolved”
– is a description of which of the following schools of ethics?
a) Ethical nihilism
b) Ethical skepticism
c) Ethical relativism
d) Ethical transcendence Correct Answer: C
53) Which of the following is an example of a trade mark?
a) “Pepsi”
b) “Ye Dil maange More”
c) A lyrical advertising composition
d) All of the above:Correct Answer: D

54) There is a concept termed ‘basic set of minimum moral standards’ – that scholars believe are to be found in
all cultures and societies in some form or the other; what among the following are its examples?
1) Torture and murder are wrong
2) One ought to respect another human being
3) Some principles of fairness are necessary for a working society
4) one ought to protect the innocent Which of the following is correct?
a) 1 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1,2,3 and 4
d) 1 and 3:Correct Answer: C

55) Which of the following statements are correct when speaking about business ethics?
1) Open and free competition without deception and fraud
2) Managers have fiduciary duties towards owners and shareholders
3) Corporations ought not to be disturbed or interfered by outside agencies like government, civil society etc
4) Law and common morality should guide the actions of corporation in a market place Which of the following
is correct?
a) 1, 3 and 4
b) 1, 2 and 4
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

56) Which among the following falls under the definition of conservation?
1. Conservation deals with how to manage natural resources
2. Conservation deals with the consequences of wasteful use of property
3. Conservation deals with logistics of production goods

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4. Conservation deals with genetically modified crops Which of the following are correct?
a) 1 and 4
b) 1 and 2
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4 Correct Answer: B

57) What is the process of converting biological materials into useful fuels and chemicals called?
a) Centrifugation
b) Biomass Conversion
c) Biological Fermentation
d) Organic Cultivation Correct Answer: B

58) ‘Role morality’ is often described as the moral obligations that arise out of the role that an individual assumes
within an organization, consider the following statements
1) The moral obligations of an individual ought to be defined by and limited to the role that individual assumes
in an organization
2) Role morality has an important but limited contribution to make in business ethics
3) Role responsibilities are not enough to describe the scope and extent of managerial
responsibilities
4) Role morality is the paramount safeguard that ensures business ethics Which of the following is correct with
regards to role morality in business ethics
a) 1 and 4
b) 2 and 3
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

59) “A is any individual or group who benefits from or is harmed by, or whose rights are affected (violated,
restricted or ignored) by an organization’s action.” What is the most appropriate insertion in the blank
a) Victim
b) Stakeholder
c) Culprit
d) Shareholder Correct Answer: B

60) Which of the following is a form/type of conflict of interest?

1) Using government Property for extra official purposes
2) Post-Employment Benefits
3) Receiving Gifts from clients
4) Holding an office of profit Which of the following are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 2 and 3
c) 1 and 2
d) 3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

61) Why are stakeholders important to a company?

1) Because a company could not exist or achieve profits without them
2) Because stakeholders are individuals or groups of individuals – human beings with rights and interest.

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Which of the following are correct?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 and 2 Correct Answer: C

62) What among the following virtues must be constituent elements of moral excellence of an individual
discharging managerial duties at a business organization?
1) Community
2) Nobility
3) Holism
4) Judgment
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c) 2 and 4
d) 1, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

63) Which among the following is an appropriate understanding of what corporate responsibility means?
a) Companies should be held accountable for social effects of their actions
b) Companies should be held accountable for political effects of their actions
c) Companies should be held accountable for economic effects of their actions
d) All of the above Correct Answer: D

64) Which of the following is correct combination?

1) Indian Penal Code A) Legal
2) National Society of Professional Engineers Code B) Administrative
3) ICC Rules of Cricket C) Ethical
4) Constitution of India D) Social and Political

a) 1 –A; 2 –B; 3 –C; 4 –D

b) 1 –A; 2 –C; 3 –B; 4 –D
c) 1 – D; 2 –C; 3 –A; 4 –B
d) 1 –C; 2 –A; 3 –B; 4 –D:Correct Answer: B

65) The ethical issues concerned with computer technology are often termed ‘unique’, what does it mean?
a) since computers are a realtively new phenomenon in history and therefore the ethical problems the pose are
unique in nature, which can’t be resolved by simple application existing theories and disciplines of ethics
b) Only unique people can handle the sophisticated functioning of computers and therefore only they need to
learn about its ethic
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a and b Correct Answer: A

66) “Humans have always exploited nature in the belief that the biosphere is so vast and enduring that people
could never inflict devastating harm”. Consider the following options
1) Events since 1980s have called this perception into question

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2) Half of the biospeheric changes caused by humans has taken place since World War II
3) The major debate in environment ethics is Business Versus Environment
4) Pro - active environmental programs are needed to meet this crisis. Which of the following are correct?
a) 1 and 4
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 2 , 3 and 4
d) 1, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: C

67) Which of the following is the most appropriate dilemma within computer/ technology ethics?
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1 and 2
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 2 and 4;Correct Answer: B

70) Which of the following parties can be considered a stakeholder in a business organization?
1) Employees
2) Suppliers
3) Communities
4) Shareholders
Which of the following is correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c) 1 and 2
d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Answer: B

71) Consider the following statement, and mark the correct one which is borrowed from NSPE code of ethics,
about IPR
a) “Engineers shall not reveal facts, data or information obtained in a professional capacity without the prior
consent of the client or employer except as authorized and required by law or this Code”
b) “Engineers shall be free to reveal facts, data or information obtained in a professional capacity without the
prior .consent of the client or employer except as prohibited by law or this Code”
c) “Engineers shall not obtain facts, data or information in a professional capacity without the prior consent of
the client or employer except as authorized and required by law or this Code”
d) “Engineers shall not gain monetary benefits from facts, data or information obtained in a professional
capacity without the prior consent of the client or employer except as authorized and required by law or this
Code”.Correct Answer: A
72) Which of the following are reasons for the rapid extinction of species?
1. Pollution
2. Habitat destruction
3. Deforestation
4. Over- exploitation
Which of the following is correct?
a) 1 and 4
b) 2 and 3
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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d) 3 and 4 Correct Answer: C

73) Which among the following are the entities that check and control conflict of interest in a Govt Department?
1) Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
2) Judiciary
3) Commissions of Inquiry
4) Ministry of Finance
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1,2, 3 and 4
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 1 and 3:Correct Answer: A

74) Which of the following are fundamental cannon of NSPE?

1) Hold, paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public
2) Perform services only in areas of their competence
3) Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner
4) Never defect from the corporation which has employed them for a considerable amount of time
Which of the following are correct? a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 2,3 and 4
d) 2 and 3 Correct Answer: B

75) Which among the following issues falls under the category of micro ethics?
1) Health and Safety
2) Product Liability
3) Bribes and Gifts
4) Sustainable Development Which of the following is correct?
a) 1. 2 and 4
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Answer: B

76) Identify the school of Ethics under which whistle blowing can be justified by the following proposition - “when
the balance of good over evil is better for all affected parties than if the whistle was not blown.”
a) Deontological
b) Ethical Realism
c) Utilitarianism
d) Ethical Relativism Correct Answer: C

77) Which of the following statements are true about ‘Values’

1) People are always aware of all their values
2) Values are the links between needs and actions
3) Moral values are the most fundamental form of values
4) Values are the basis for emotions
a) 1,2 and 3

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b) 2,3 and 4
c) 2 and 4
d) 1,2,3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

78) Which the following is true about environmental ethics?

1) Environmental ethics is a branch of applied ethics
2) Environmental ethics is most concerned with the moral grounds with the preservation and restoration of the
environment
3) It has evolved more as a series of debates concerning meta ethics rather than a straight forward application
of normative ethics
4) The principle question asked is – how can the value of nature be best described such that it is directly morally
considerable in and of itself

Which of the following is correct?

a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 2 and 3
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 2 and 4 Correct Answer: B

79) Which of the following is a correct combination?

Type of Ethics Example

1) Business Ethics A)Drafting a policy on Corporate Social Responsibility
2) Meta Ethics B)Writing a thesis on the nature of perception in moral judgments
3) Professional Ethics C)Drafting a white paper on the ethical conduct of Managers in
Banks
4) Applied Ethics D)Conceiving a formula to deal with ethical implications of road
accidents

a) 1 –A; 2 –B; 3 –C; 4 –D

b) 1 –B; 2 – C; 3 –A; 4 –D
a) 1 –A and 3 –C
b) 2 –C; 3 –B and 4 –D Correct Answer: A
80) Which among the following are principles to conserve environment as formulated by CERES
1) Protection of the Biosphere
2) Reduction and Disposal of Waste
3) Environmental Restoration
4) Informing the Public
Which among the following is correct?
a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 4
d) 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: A

83) ‘ is the genetic diversity of all forms of life on Earth, measured in terms of both number of species and
genetic variability among the species.

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a) Biodiversity
b) Biocount
c) Biolongivity
d) Biosurplus Correct Answer: A

84) What among the following question must a moral agent keep in mind while determining corporate social
responsibility?
1) Is this activity necessary in order to conduct business?
2) Is it necessary to redress harms caused by the company?
3) Is the activity within the scope of the firm’s expertise?
4) Can such an activity be carried out without interfering with the social fabric, or community, or national
security?
Which of the following are correct?
a)1, 2 and 4
b)1, 2, 3 and 4
c)2,3 and 4
d)3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

85) Which among the following are Professional Obligations as listed under NSPE?
1) Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and integrity
2) Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest
3) Engineers shall not disclose, without consent, confidential information concerning the business affair or
technical processes of any present or former client or employer, or public body on which they serve.
4) Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by conflicting interest Which of the following is
correct?
a) 1,3 and 4
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c)2, 3 and 4
d)1 and 3:Correct Answer: B

86) What are the academic ‘distinctions’ observed during the study of environmental ethics?
1. Health related concern – Non health related concern
2. Intrinsic value – Instrumental value
3. Descriptive – Prescriptive
4. Rights – Duties
Which of the following is correct?
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

87) Which among the following categories form a part of fairness towards the workers?
1) Hiring practices
2) Compensation
3) Privacy
4) Sexual Harassment

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Which of the following are correct?
a)1, 2 and 4
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c)2, 3 and 4
d)1 and 4 Correct Answer: B

88) Which among the following form a type on intellectual property?

1) Trade Secrets
2) Digital Signatures
3) Trademarks
4) Copyrights
Which of the following are correct?
a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
b)1, 3 and 4
c)3 and 4
d)2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

89) Which among the following acts fall under the category of hazard to employee’s safety and health?
1) Exposure to asbestos
2) Second hand smoke
3) Music at the workplace
4) Obsolete industrial equipment Which of the following are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 1, 2 and 3
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4 Correct Answer: D

90) Which of the following statements are true?

a) Morality can be thought of as a especially broad and pervasive form of cooperation
b) Morality can be thought of as an insignificant and obsolete left over of the pre modern societies
c) Morality can be thought of as the champion of all things good in the world
d) Morality can be thought of a hard science like physics and chemistry. Correct Answer: A

91) Which of the following is true about sexual harassment at workplace as an ethical issue?
1. Harassment is a form of discrimination
2. Harassment is an ethical issue because it unfairly focuses job advancement or retention on a factor other
than the ability to do a job
3. Workplaces in India must under law prepare guidelines to deal with cases of sexual harassment
4. Sexual Harassment is a political issue Which of the following is correct?
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c)1 and 4
d)2 and 3 Correct Answer: A

92) Which among the following are correct descriptions for “business ethics”
1) Business ethics is both normative and descriptive

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2) Business ethics describes and evaluates individual and corporate behavior and practices that managers and
corporations ought and ought not to engage in
3) Business ethics evaluates role of government, law and public policy in affecting business
4) Business ethics is a meta ethic exercise Which of the following are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) 2, 3 and 4 Correct Answer: B

93) Which among the following are likely to be norms of the scientific research community
1) Communality
2) Organized skepticism
3) Originality
4) Universal application Which of the following is correct?
a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 2, and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Answer: A

94) To which type of engineers can code of ethics conceived by professional engineering societies be of any use?
a) Engineers who are licensed professionals
b) Engineers who belong to professional engineering societies
c) Engineers who are working in a Public Sector Enterprise
d) All those people who engage in engineering practice
Correct Answer: D

95) X has been appointed by the Cyber Security Department of New Delhi to break into the website of a terrorist
organization to extract information – what among the following is a suitable description of X’s profile?
a) Hactivist
b) Ethical Hacker
c) Troll
d) Black hat Hacker Correct Answer B

96) Which of the following is true about ‘professional ethics’?

1) It borrows its codes and rules from common and universal morality
2) It formulates codes for unique roles played by individuals
3) They deal with ‘special obligations’ as per the duties undertaken by professionals
4) Different professions can have a radically different set of professional ethics Which of the following are
correct?
a) 1, 3 and 4
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1 and 4
d) 2 and 3
Correct Answer: B

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97) X is a director of a Nationalized Bank in India; the bank has opened up few posts for recruitment in one of
their branches through lateral entry. X recommends the name of his nephew to the selection board, the selection
board members all feel under pressure and influence of X because of his status in the company. What of the following
ethical issues pertain to X’s behavior in the matter.
a) Conflict of Interest
b) Nepotism
c) Embezzlement
d) Conflict of Competence Correct Answer: B

98) Which of the following statements is true in respect to ‘business ethics’?

a) The common view of business as being amoral and therefore the need for a separate discourse of “ethics” in
which to hold business morally accountable
b) That business by nature is accountable to the institutions of government only and that by nature covers all
forms of accountability, including ethical accountability.
c) That business must be see only as a profit oriented enterprise and business ethics is an oxymoron
d) That the only way to make up for the ethical lapse in businesses is by imposing higher taxes on them
Correct Answer: A

99) Which of the following is a correct combination

Type of Ethic Application
1) Micro Ethics A) Applies to microchips and software technologies
2) Meta Ethics B) Deals with abstract philosophical questions pertaining
Ethics
3) Macro Ethics C) Applies to society as a whole
4) Normative Ethics D) Applies to religious order

a) 1 – A; 2 – B; 3 – C; 4 – D
b) 2 - B ; 3 – C
c)2 – B only
d)2 – B; 3 – C and 4 - D Correct Answer: B

100) How is technology in need of ethics?

1) Technology can allow human beings to do what they earlier could not do, eg – explode a nuclear bomb
2) Technology can create new possibilities for collective and institutional arrangements, eg
– Bitcoin can slowly replace fiat currency. Which of the following are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2 both
c) 2 only
d) Neither of the above Correct Answer: B

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