ECE 404 HW #7 Chap.

4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15

Introduction to Power Systems

4.8 A 60 Hz single-phase, two-wire overhead line has solid cylindrical copper conductors with 1.5
cm diameter. The conductors are arranged in a horizontal configuration with 0.5 m spacing.

Calculate in mH/km:
a) the inductance of each conductor due to internal flux linkages only,
b) the inductances of each conductor due to both internal and external flux linkages, and
c) the total inductance of the line.

Dcond := 1.5⋅ cm Dcond = 1.500 ⋅ cm

Ds := 0.5⋅ m Ds = 0.500 m

a)

1 −7 H mH
Lint := ⋅ 10 ⋅ Lint = 0.050 ⋅
2 m km

b)
−1
4
Dcond
rp := e ⋅ rp = 0.584 ⋅ cm
2

−7 H ⎛ Ds ⎞ mH
Lx := 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜
⎟ Lx = 0.890 ⋅
m
⎝ rp ⎠ km

c)

mH
LLoop := 2 ⋅ Lx LLoop = 1.78⋅
km

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

4.9 Rework Problem 4.8 with the diameters of each conductor:

a) increased by 20% to 1.8 cm,

b) decreased by 20% to 1.2 cm, without changing the phase spacing.

Compare the results with those of Problem 4.8.

a)

Dcondp20 := 1.2⋅ Dcond Dcondp20 = 1.80⋅ cm

1 −7 H mH
Lint := ⋅ 10 ⋅ Lint = 0.050 ⋅ Same
2 m km

−1
4
Dcondp20
rpp20 := e ⋅ rpp20 = 0.701 ⋅ cm Increased
2

−7 H ⎛ Ds ⎞ mH
Lxp20 := 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ Lxp20 = 0.853 ⋅
m
⎝ rpp20 ⎠ km

Lxp20 − Lx
Δp20 := Δp20 = −4.097 ⋅ % Decreased
Lx

mH
LLoopp20 := 2 ⋅ Lxp20 LLoopp20 = 1.71⋅
km

LLoopp20 − LLoop
ΔLoopp20 := ΔLoopp20 = −4.097 ⋅ % Decreased
LLoop

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

b)
Dcondm20 := 0.8⋅ Dcond Dcondm20 = 1.20⋅ cm

1 −7 H mH
Lint := ⋅ 10 ⋅ Lint = 0.050 ⋅ Same
2 m km

−1
4
Dcondm20
rpm20 := e ⋅ rpm20 = 0.467 ⋅ cm decreased
2

−7 H ⎛ Ds ⎞ mH
Lxm20 := 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ Lxm20 = 0.935 ⋅
m
⎝ rpm20 ⎠ km

Lxm20 − Lx
Δm20 := Δm20 = 5.015 ⋅ % Increased
Lx

mH
LLoopm20 := 2 ⋅ Lxm20 LLoopm20 = 1.87⋅
km

LLoopm20 − LLoop
ΔLoopm20 := ΔLoopm20 = 5.015 ⋅ % Increased
LLoop

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

4.10 A 60 Hz three-phase, three-wire overhead line has solid cylindrical conductors arranged in
the form of an equalateral triangle with 4 ft conductor spacing. Conductor diameter is 0.5 in.

Calculate:
a) the positive-sequence inductance in H/m and
b) the positive-sequence reactance in ohms/km

Dcond10 := 0.5⋅ in Dcond10 = 1.270 ⋅ cm

Ds10 := 4 ⋅ ft Ds10 = 1.219 m

a)
−1
4
Dcond10
rp10 := e ⋅ rp10 = 0.495 ⋅ cm
2

−7 H ⎛ Ds10 ⎞ −6 H
Lps := 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ Lps = 1.10 × 10 ⋅
m
⎝ rp10 ⎠ m

b)

Ω
Xps := 2 ⋅ π⋅ 60⋅ Hz⋅ Lps Xps = 0.415 ⋅
km

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

4.11 Rework Problem 4.10 with the spacing:

a) increased by 20% to 4.8 ft and

b) decreased by 20% to 3.2 ft.

Compare the results with those of Problem 4.10.

a)

Dsp20 := 1.2⋅ 4 ⋅ ft Dsp20 = 1.463 m

−7 H ⎛ Dsp20 ⎞ −6 H
Lpsp20 := 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜⎟ Lpsp20 = 1.14 × 10 ⋅
m
⎝ rp10 ⎠ m

Lpsp20 − Lps
ΔLp20 := ΔLp20 = 3.310 ⋅ % Increased
Lps

Ω
Xpsp20 := 2 ⋅ π⋅ 60⋅ Hz⋅ Lpsp20 Xpsp20 = 0.429 ⋅
km

Xpsp20 − Xps
ΔXp20 := ΔXp20 = 3.310 ⋅ % Increased
Xps

b)

Dsm20 := 0.8⋅ 4 ⋅ ft Dsm20 = 0.975 m

−7 H ⎛ Dsm20 ⎞ −6 H
Lpsm20 := 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ Lpsm20 = 1.06 × 10 ⋅
m
⎝ rp10 ⎠ m

Lpsm20 − Lps
ΔLm20 := ΔLm20 = −4.052 ⋅ % Decreased
Lps

Ω
Xpsm20 := 2 ⋅ π⋅ 60⋅ Hz⋅ Lpsm20 Xpsm20 = 0.398 ⋅
km

Xpsm20 − Xps
ΔXm20 := ΔXm20 = −4.052 ⋅ % Decreased
Xps

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

4.12 Calculate the inductive reactance per mile of a single-phase overhead transmission line
operating at 60 Hz, given the conductors to be Partridge and the spacing between centers
to be 20 ft.

Ds12 := 20⋅ ft Ds12 = 6.10 m

From Table A.4 rp12 := 0.0217⋅ ft rp12 = 0.6614⋅ cm

−7 H ⎛ Ds12 ⎞ mH
L12 := 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ L12 = 2.730 ⋅
m
⎝ rp12 ⎠ km

Ω
X12 := 2 ⋅ π⋅ 60⋅ Hz⋅ L12 X12 = 1.657 ⋅
mi

Note that Table A.4 gives a conductor diameter of 0.642 in.

⎛ 1⎞
−⎜ ⎟
4 0.642 ⋅ in
e ⎝ ⎠⋅ = 0.635 ⋅ cm
2

The corresponding radius does not yield the GMR given in the table.
It is a stranded conductor!

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

4.13 A single-phase overhead transmission line consists of two solid aluminum conductors
having a radius of 2.5 cm, with a spacing of 3.6 m between centers.

a) Determine the total line inductance in mH/m.

b) Given the operating frequency of 60 Hz, find the total inductive reactance of the line in
ohms/km and in ohms/mi.
c) If the spacing is doubled to 7.2 m, how does the reactance change?

rcond := 2.5⋅ cm rcond = 0.025 ⋅ m

−1
4
rp13 := e ⋅ rcond rp13 = 1.95⋅ cm

a)
Ds13 := 3.6⋅ m Ds13 = 3.600 m

−7 H ⎛ Ds13 ⎞ − 3 mH
Lp13 := 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜
⎟ Lp13 = 2.09 × 10 ⋅
m
⎝ rp13 ⎠ m

b)
Ω
Xp13 := 2 ⋅ π⋅ 60⋅ Hz⋅ Lp13 Xp13 = 0.787 ⋅
km

Ω
Xp13 = 1.267 ⋅
mi

c)

Ds13c := 7.2⋅ m Ds13c = 7.200 m

−7 H ⎛ Ds13c ⎞ − 3 mH
Lp13c := 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ Lp13c = 2.37 × 10 ⋅
m
⎝ rp13 ⎠ m

Ω
Xp13c := 2 ⋅ π⋅ 60⋅ Hz⋅ Lp13c Xp13c = 0.892 ⋅
km

Xp13c − Xp13
ΔXp13 := ΔXp13 = 13.279⋅ % Increases
Xp13

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

4.15 Calculate the GMR of a stranded conductor consisting of six outer strands surrounding and
touching one central strand, all strands having the same radius r.

2R R := 1
4R D
R = 1.000

D 2R 2 2
2R D := ( 4⋅ R) − ( 2⋅ R)

R D = 3.464 ⋅ R
2R
M := 7

−1
4
rp15 := e ⋅R rp15 = 0.779 ⋅ R

For the center strand.

d := rp15 d := 2 ⋅ R d = 2.000 ⋅ R
1, 1 1, 2 1, 2

d := d d := d d := d
1, 3 1, 2 1, 4 1, 2 1, 5 1, 2

d := d d := d
1, 6 1, 2 1, 7 1, 2

7
P :=
1 ∏ d1 , k P = 49.843⋅ R
1
k= 1

For all of the six outer stands

d := 2 ⋅ R d := rp15 d := 2 ⋅ R
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3

d := D d := 4 ⋅ R d := D d := 2 ⋅ R
2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7
7
P :=
2 ∏ d2 , k P = 299.060 ⋅ R
2
k= 1

n := 3 , 4 .. 7 P := P
n 2

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ECE 404 HW #7 Chap. 4: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 15
Introduction to Power Systems

2
M
M
GMR :=
∏ Pm GMR = 2.177 ⋅ R
m= 1

OR

6 3 2
rp15 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ R) = 49.843 rp15 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ R) ⋅ ( 4 ⋅ R) ⋅ ( D) = 299.060

49
6
GMR2 := ⎡r ⋅ ( 2⋅ R) 6⎤ ⋅ ⎡r ⋅ ( 2⋅ R) 3⋅ ( 4⋅ R) ⋅ ( D) 2⎤ GMR2 = 2.177
⎣ p15 ⎦ ⎣ p15 ⎦

For fun and learning

2 2
AactualCond := 7 ⋅ π⋅ R AactualCond = 21.991⋅ R

Look at a Solid Conductor with the same GMR

−1
4
GMR = e ⋅ RsolidCond

GMR
RsolidCond := RsolidCond = 2.795 ⋅ R
⎛ − 1⎞
⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝e ⎠
2 2
AsolidCond := π⋅ RsolidCond AsolidCond = 24.541⋅ R

A solid conductor with the same GMR would have to have a larger
cross-sectional area; i.e., greater cost and heavier.

AsolidCond − AactualCond
= 11.6⋅ %
AactualCond

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