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EEE 439
Communication Systems II
Dr. Md. Saifur Rahman
Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET, Dhaka 1205

Key Terms on
Communication, Network & Protocol
Some Key Terms

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Key Terms on
Communication, Network & Protocol
Some Key Terms

Fig. 1: A Communications Network.

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Key Terms on
Communication, Network & Protocol
Some Key Terms

Fig. 2: Communication Links. 4

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Transmission Technologies
Baseband Transmission- This type of transmission uses digital
signalling over a single frequency bandwidth.
It uses the entire media bandwidth for a single channel.
Each device in a baseband network transmits signals bidirectionally.
A baseband system uses repeaters that generate a digital signal to
its original strength at regular intervals.
Broadband Transmission- This type of transmission uses analog
signalling and provides the functionality to divide the entire
bandwidth into multiple channels.
A broadband network supports multiple simultaneous transmissions
over a single transmission medium.
Here, signal flow is unidirectional. Two paths need to be provided for
data flow so that the signal can reach all devices.
There are two types of Broadband transmission: Mid-split broadband
and Dual-Cable broadband. 5

Switching Mechanisms
Circuit-Switching: Requires dedicated connection (or circuit)
between the two communication points.
Analog signal transmission such as telephone system. Some
computer networks also use this which uses telephone lines as the
communication medium.

Store and Forward Switching: No dedicated connection needs to be

established between the communication points. The message is
divided into small parts; each part is an independent entity and
carries the address information of the destination. Storage switches
are used. Two types of store and forward switching schemes are
used: Message-switching and Packet Switching.
In Message switching, there is no upper limit on the size of the
message block.

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Switching Mechanisms
Packet-Switching: Messages are broken into segments called
packets, which are routed individually through the network. Each
packet contains the address information of the source and the
destination along with the actual data.

Fig. 3 Packet-switching. 7

Switching Mechanisms
• To improve the efficiency of transferring information over a
shared communication line, messages are divided into fixed-
sized, numbered packets.
• Network devices called routers are used to direct packets
between networks.

Fig. 4:
Messages
sent by
packet
switching

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks
A Computer network
connects two or more
autonomous computers.
The computers can be
geographically located
anywhere.

Fig. 5: A Computer Network.

Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN, MAN & WAN
• Local-area network (LAN) A network that connects a
relatively small number of machines in a relatively close
geographical area (Room, Building or a Campus).
• Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The communication
infrastructures that have been developed in and around large
cities. (Network in a City is called MAN ).

• Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects two or

more local-area networks over a potentially large geographic
distance. (Country or across Globe).
The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the
ultimatewide-area network, spanning the entire globe.
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
– Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
– Software (application software)
Information Sharing
– Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
– Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
– Email
– Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
The network topology
defines the way in which
computers, printers, and
other devices are
connected.

A network topology
describes the layout of the
wire and devices as well as
the paths used by data
transmissions.

Fig. 6: Network topologies.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Various configurations, called topologies, have been used to
administer LANs
– Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes in a
closed loop on which messages travel in one direction.
– Star topology A configuration that centers around one
node to which all others are connected and through which
all messages are sent.
– Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both
directions.

Fig. 7: Various network topologies.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as a
linear bus, all the devices
on a bus topology are
connected by one single
cable.
Fig. 8: Bus topology.

A bus technology called Ethernet

has become the industry standard
for local-area networks

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology
The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
When installed, the star topology
resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.
Larger networks use the extended
Fig. 9: Star topology.
star topology also called tree
topology. When used with network
devices that filter frames or packets,
like bridges, switches, and routers,
this topology significantly reduces
the traffic on the wires by sending
packets only to the wires of the
destination host.
Fig. 10: Tree topology.
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
Fig. 11: Single Ring topology.
A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node wants
to transmit data, it adds the data as well
as the destination address to the frame.
The frame then continues around the
ring until it finds the destination node,
which takes the data out of the frame.
Single ring – All the devices on the
network share a single cable
Dual ring – The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
Fig. 12: Dual Ring topology.
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology
connects all devices (nodes)
to each other for
redundancy and fault
tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and for
mission critical networks
like those used by banks
and financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh
Fig. 13: Mesh topology.
topology is expensive and
difficult.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components
Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Applications

Networking Media
Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which
signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by
cable or wireless means).

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media

Fig. 14: UTP and STP Network Cables.

Usually, the connections between computers in a network are

made using physical wires or cables. However, some
connections are wireless, using radio waves or infrared signals
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Fig. 15: STP Cable and Connector.

Networking Devices
HUB, Switches, Routers,
Wireless Access Points,
Modems etc.

Fig. 16: Networking Devices (Hub,

Wireless Access Point, Modem).
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers
Computer networks have opened up an entire frontier in
the world of computing called the client/server model.

Fig. 17: Client/Server Operation.

• File server A computer that stores and manages files for
multiple users on a network
• Web server A computer dedicated to responding to requests
(from the browser client) for web pages 21

Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers
In a client/server network
arrangement, network
services are located in a
dedicated computer whose
only function is to respond
to the requests of clients.

The server contains the file,

print, application, security,
and other services in a
central computer that is
continuously available to
respond to client requests.
Fig. 18: Client/Server Architecture.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

Fig. 19: Networking Protocols.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications
E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Firewall A machine and its software that serve as a special
gateway to a network, protecting it from inappropriate access.
– Filters the network traffic that comes in, checking the
validity of the messages as much as possible and perhaps
denying some messages altogether.
– Enforces an organization’s access control policy.

Fig. 20: A firewall protecting a LAN

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a
gateway to handle all communication going between that
LAN and other networks
Communication between networks is called internetworking

Fig. 21: Local-area networks connected across a distance to create a

wide-area network.
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Who Does Own The Internet?
Well, nobody does. No single person or
company owns the Internet or even controls it
entirely. As a wide-area network, it is made up
of many smaller networks. These smaller
networks are often owned and managed by a
person or organization. The Internet, then, is
really defined by how connections can be
made between these networks.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks that carry
Internet traffic
These networks are provided by companies such as AT&T,
GTE, and IBM
• Internet service provider (ISP) A company that provides
other companies or individuals with access to the Internet
• Network protocols are layered such that each one relies on
the protocols that underlie it
• Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack.

Fig. 22: Layering of key network protocols.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
TCP software breaks messages into packets, hands them
off to the IP software for delivery, and then orders and
reassembles the packets at their destination
• IP stands for Internet Protocol
IP software deals with the routing of packets through the
maze of interconnected networks to their final destination
• UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol
– It is an alternative to TCP
– The main difference is that TCP is highly reliable, at the
cost of decreased performance, while UDP is less reliable,
but generally faster

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Other protocols build on the foundation established by the
TCP/IP protocol suite
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– Telnet
– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Hostname A unique identification that specifies a particular
computer on the Internet
For example
buet.ac.bd
condor.develocorp.com
• A hostname consists of the computer name followed by the
domain name
• csc.villanova.edu is the domain name
– A domain name is separated into two or more sections
that specify the organization, and possibly a subset of an
organization, of which the computer is a part
– Two organizations can have a computer named the same
thing because the domain name makes it clear which one
is being referred to.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• The Domain Name System (DNS) is chiefly used to translate
hostnames into numeric IP addresses
– DNS is an example of a distributed database.
– If that server can resolve the hostname, it does so.
– If not, that server asks another domain name server.

• Network software translates a hostname into its

corresponding IP address
For example 205.39.145.18

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• An IP address can be split into
– network address, which specifies a specific network
– host number, which specifies a particular machine in that
network

Fig. 23: An IP address is stored in four bytes

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• The very last section of the domain is called its top-level
domain (TLD) name

Fig. 23: Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones.

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Introduction to Computer Networks

• Organizations based in countries other than the United States
use a top-level domain that corresponds to their two-letter
country codes

Fig. 24: Some of the top-level domain

names based on country codes.

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