The atom is the smallest particle that has the properties of an element.

The atom is the basic building

block of matter. An atom has NO CHARGE. The word atom comes from the Greek word "atmos" meaning
"unable to be divided"

ELEMENT

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

PROTON

A subatomic particle. A proton is found in the nucleus of an atom. A proton has a POSITIVE CHARGE.

Proton (+)

NEUTRON

A subatomic particle. A neutron is found in the nucleus of an atom. A neutron has NO CHARGE (it is
"neutral".)

Neutron (0 charge)

ELECTRON

A subatomic particle. An electron is found outside the nucleus of an atom. An electron "orbits" the
nucleus of an atom in an "electron cloud". The electron has a NEGATIVE CHARGE.

Electron (-)

NUCLEUS of an ATOM

The center of an atom; it is made up of PROTONS and NEUTRONS.

ATOMIC NUMBER

The number of PROTONS in the nucleus of an atom. In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the
number of electrons.
#protons = #electrons

ATOMIC MASS
NUMBER

The total number of

PROTONS +
NEUTRONS in the nucleus
of an atom. Most of the
atom's mass is in the nucleus.

Mass number = #protons

+ #neutrons.

1: The Solid Sphere model

was brought in by John Dalton in
1803. This model was made by
tiny invisible particals which
are atoms and all atoms
are alike. John Dalton also he
included the law of multiple
proportions and also the law
definite composition on his
model. His model was not
perfect but his model lasted
the main model for 90 years.

2: The plum pudding model.

in 1897 a man named J.J.
Thompson used cathode
ray with small particles,
smaller than an atom and it
consisted of negatively charged
particles John Daltons theroy
was no longer
workable. They needed
a new theroy with
subatomic particles. He proposed that the atom was a mass of positive charge with negative electrons
placed into it like raisins in a pudding, and dubbed it the Plum Pudding model.
3: The Nuclear model. In 1906 Ernest Rutherford and his assistants, performed the famous Gold Foil
experiment that led to the discoveries of the atomic nucleus and that the atom is mostly space. This
experiment determind that the mass of an atom was the same as J.J. Thomson's model. The volume of
the mass was much smaller and seemed to be located in the center of the atom. So in 1911 Thompsons
model wasnt workable so Ernest Rutherford proposed the Nuclear model of the atom.

4: The Bohr Model. in 1913 Neils Bohr suggested putting the quantum theory to the Rutherford model.
Nelis Bohr's new model suggested that electrons are in fixed energy levels he called orbits. The energy of
these orbits are multiples and the electrons absorb or release energy (which are protons) at certain
wavelengths to move between energy levels.