Microstrip Patch Antenna For 2.
4GHz Using
Slotted Ground Plane
Karthikeya Anusury Haneesh Survi
ECE ECE
VNIT VNIT
Nagpur, India Nagpur, India
anusurikarthikeya143@gmail.com haneeshsurvi@gmail.com
Srinivas Dollapalli Ashwin Kothari
ECE ECE
VNIT VNIT
Nagpur, India Nagpur, India
srinivasbpa@gmail.com ashwinkothari@ece.vnit.ac.in
Abstract A patch antenna is designed to work at several
wireless applications is presented in this paper. A microstrip
patch antenna with rectangular slots on the radiating patch has
been proposed this paper. This antenna can be used for WLAN
applications. The bandwidth provided by the antenna is 2.4-2.49
GHz which can be used for the WLAN applications. The
proposed antenna is operated with a return loss below -19.53dB
and with a resonating frequency at 2.428GHz. The simulated
results have been obtained using FEKO software. The simulated
and tested results of the proposed model have been presented in
the paper.
Keywords Patch antenna, Microstrip, Wireless
communication, Rectangular Ground Slot.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the field of Wireless communication systems,
microstrip patch antennas have utmost importance because of
their properties like bandwidth, flexibility, multiband
operations and compact dimensions. Because of their benefits
like lightweight, easily integrable to microwave circuits, low
manufacturing cost and compact size, they are fundamental
building blocks in wireless communications. Microstrip
Patch antenna provides good return loss, high efficiency and
directional radiation pattern. Patch antennas works in both
dual and multiple frequency bands. [1]
However, these type of patch antennas have a major
drawback of narrow bandwidth. Several approaches were
proposed to succeed in dealing with this problem, such as
introducing parasitic elements, increasing thickness of the
substrate, defected ground structures, modifying the shape of
patches and introducing slots. [7]
Different shaped patches have been used to increase
the return loss, resonant frequency, and bandwidth of the
antenna. In [12], slots are inserted in a square patch to
improve the return loss of the antenna.
In this paper, the square patch antenna with partial
ground and slotted patch is proposed. Rectangular slots are
incorporated symmetrically in the patch and a single
rectangular slot is made in the ground at the center which
achieves wide bandwidth. The proposed antenna is used for
development of microwave systems such as WiMAX,
WLANs along with the delivery of high-speed data and for
high speed mobile communications.
Paritosh Peshwe
ECE
VNIT
Nagpur, India
paritoshpeshwe@gmail.com
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
In this section, literature survey based on the previous
works on the microstrip patch antenna has been discussed.
Studies show that these antennas have many advantages like
low cost, light weight, planar configuration, high portability,
easy for fabrication and integration with other external
circuitries. Though microstrip patch antennas have many
advantages they suffer from disadvantages like low gain,
narrow bandwidth and relatively large size. these factors may
lead to disadvantageous impact on efficiency of antenna.
By increasing the substrate thickness the bandwidth of the
antenna can be improved but it results in the reduction of
efficiency because large amount of input power is dissipated.
Reducing the height of the antenna can be a solution for this,
but it leads to lower radiation efficiency and reduction in
impedance bandwidth. So, to improve impedance bandwidth
of antenna different techniques were adapted like high
permittivity substrate but it is deficient in antenna bandwidth.
For low dielectric substrate, the bandwidth of the antenna is
supreme because total available power for radiation gets
trapped along the substrate's surface. Ultra-Wideband can be
achieved by creating T, U, L slots in the ground plane of the
microstrip patch antenna. High gain for the microstrip patch
antenna can be achieved by adding the negative
capacitor/inductor. An alternative way for increasing gain is
Lens covering. The lenses like elliptical, hemi elliptical,
extended hemispherical focus the radiation from radiator
elements. In Multi-layer dielectric substrate, partial substrate
removal is also effective in improving the gain.
From above discussion, many methods are used to
improve microstrip antenna properties. The previous works
has recognized that if improvement in one of the properties
of antenna is unaccompanied by the other property.
Therefore, in development of the microstrip patch antenna
more compatible and comprehensive consideration must be
given.
 III. ANTENNA DESIGN
The proposed patch antenna is presented in Figure 1 TABLE 1
having overall dimensions of 50×50×1.6mm³ and designed OPTIMIZED VALUES OF SQUARE PATCH WITH
with FR-4 r=4.4) as the substrate material. The length and RECTANGULAR SLOTS ANTENNA
width of the substrate are L and W.

Figure 1 shows the shape of the patch which has Values in Values in
been designed by making different rectangular slots and with Parameters (mm) Parameters (mm)
a thickness of about 0.035mm is loaded on top of the
substrate. The length and width of the patch are L and W L 50 W 50
respectively. The proposed antenna ground plane is loaded on
the bottom layer of the substrate with length L and width W. L 33 W 33
The thickness of the ground plane is 0.035m.
L 8.5 W 1.75

L 50 W 50

35 10

IV. PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS

The parametric analysis has been executed for

the proposed model of the antenna.
In the first stage, a square microstrip patch antenna
with length (L =40mm) and width (W =40mm) is conceived
as shown in Figure 3 (a). The resonant frequency obtained is
1.75GHz, and return loss is -7.99 presented in Figure 4. The
desired resonant frequency is not obtained, and the return
loss is above -10dB.
Figure 1
The geometry of Square patch with rectangular slots antenna.
(Front View)

(a)Design1 (b)Design2 (c)Design3

Figure 3

The resonant frequency depends upon the effective

length of the patch, and the patch width has a minor effect on the
resonant frequency, but it has a significant impact on bandwidth.
So, to increase the resonant frequency and bandwidth the
dimensions of the patch have been reduced to a length (L
=33mm) and width(W =33mm) as shown in Figure 3(b). There
is an increase in the resonant frequency (2.08GHz) and the return
loss (-10.345dB). The results at this stage are compared with the
results of Design1 which are presented in Figure 5. But the
bandwidth is less which is not desirable, so some other
Figure 2 modifications have been done.
The geometry of ground plane with rectangular slot.
(Back View)
 Figure 4 Figure 6
The parametric analysis of the square patch antenna with The parametric analysis with rectangular slots in the patch.
L =40mm and W =40mm.
To increase the antenna's fundamental resonant frequency
and surface current on the patch, the slot technique can be
applied to the antenna's ground plane. To increase the resonant
frequency slot has been made in the ground plane and the width
of the microstrip feed line has been reduced to increase the
bandwidth. A rectangular slot of le
been made in the ground plane, so the resonant frequency is
shifted to 2.428GHz which is desirable for WLAN applications.
The results of this design are compared with the Design3 and
presented in Figure 7.

Figure 5
The parametric analysis of the square patch antenna with
L =33mm and W =33mm

The effect of resonant frequency shift is more

pronounced for the slots in the patch. So, regular rectangular
slots of different sizes have been made on the square patch, and
symmetrically shaped patch is obtained as shown in Figure 1.
Insertion of slots increases the electrical length of antenna which
result in the high intensity current flow throughout the antenna.
Due to which the performance of the antenna at the resonant
frequency is increased. Figure 7
The resonant frequency is increased to 2.21GHz and The parametric analysis of the proposed antenna.
there is also an increase in return loss (-24.388dB) and
bandwidth(0.025GHz) which are compared with Design3 are
presented in Figure 6. The return loss quite appreciable but L
the bandwidth is very less at the resonant frequency. and width W of the microstrip feed line. Figure 8 presents
the comparison of all stages of the antenna design. The
optimized parameters of the proposed model are
tabulated in Table. 1.
 Figure 8
Comparison of antenna design in all stages. Figure 10
The 3-D radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at 2.428GHz.

The current distribution of the antenna is

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
shown in Figure 11. The current distribution is mostly
concentrated on the patch. These distributions are plotted so
The proposed antenna is designed and simulated
that relationship between operating principle, impedance
using FEKO software. The proposed antenna return loss has
parameters and resonant frequency can be known.
observed band 0.089GHz (2.401-2.492GHz), and it resonates
single frequency 2.428GHz with a return loss of -19.5544dB.
The radiation patterns of the H-Plane and E-Plane at
the resonant frequency of 2.428GHz are presented in Figure
9. For the proposed patch antenna H-plane is the principle of
XZ-plane and E-plane is the principle of YZ-plane. The 3-D
radiation pattern of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure
10.

Figure 11
The current distribution of the proposed antenna at 2.428GHz.

The fabrication of the proposed antenna is quite

successful. Figure 12 shows the front view and back view of
the proposed antenna.
The results after testing the antenna are very close
to the simulated results. The resonant frequency of the
fabricated antenna is 2.58GHz with return loss 0f -14.09dB.
The standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the fabricated antenna is
found to be 1.492 at the resonant frequency of 2.58GHz.
There are small variations between the fabricated results and
(a) (b) the simulated results. The resonant frequency of the
Figure 9 fabricated antenna is high compared to the resonant
The radiation pattern of the E-plane and H-plane frequency of the simulated antenna, and there is also a
At the resonant frequency 2.428GHz. decrease in the return loss. The variations in the results might
be due to imperfections in fabrication, connector soldering
and testing of the antenna.
 compact size of 50×50×1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna
parameters have been simulated, validated and measured
experimentally. Return loss, radiation patterns, gain are
appreciable and allow the antenna fit for use in
WLAN/WiMAX applications. The proposed antenna design
has been fabricated and tested.
Some of the limitations were discussed in the section II.
Similarly, minimizing the relatively large size of the
microstrip patch antenna is one of the limitations particularly
at low frequencies, since electrical size of antenna is related
to operational frequencies. One of the effective ways to
minimize the size of antenna is capacitive or inductive
loading. There have been several efforts to decrease the size
of the antenna for smaller wireless communication systems
Figure 12
The fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna. or devices.

In Figure 13, the simulated and fabricated VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

results of the proposed antenna are compared. The results
are tabulated in TABLE 2. This work was supported by Centre of Excellence of
CO-EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, (Under TEQIP 1.2.1z),
VNIT, Nagpur, India.

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