Heat and Mass Transfer (MEL 242)

IIT Jammu
Tutorial 6, 29th March 2019

Problem 7.70 Consider conditions for which a mercury-in-glass thermometer of 4 mm diameter is inserted to a length
L through the wall of a duct in which air at 77°C is flowing. If the stem of the thermometer at the
duct wall is at the wall temperature Tw = 15°C, conduction heat transfer through the glass causes the
bulb temperature to be lower than that of the airstream.

a) Develop a relationship for the immersion error, ∆Ti = T (L) − T∞ , as a function of air velocity,
thermometer diameter, and insertion length L.
b) To what length L must the thermometer be inserted if the immersion error is not to exceed 0.25°C
when the air velocity is 10 m/s?
c) For a given insertion length, will the immersion error increase or decrease if the diameter of the
thermometer is increased? Is the immersion error more sensitive to the diameter or air velocity?

Problem 7.72 In an extrusion process, copper wire emerges from the extruder at a velocity Ve and is cooled by
convection heat transfer to air in cross flow over the wire, as well as by radiation to the surroundings.

a) By applying conservation of energy to a differential control surface of length dx, which either moves
with the wire or is stationary and through which the wire passes, derive a differential equation
that governs the temperature distribution, T (x), along the wire. In your derivation, the effect of
axial conduction along the wire may be neglected. Express your result in terms of the velocity,
diameter, and properties of the wire (Ve , D, ρ, cp , ǫ), the convection coefficient associated with the
cross flow (h), and the environmental temperatures (T∞ , Tsur ).
b) Neglecting radiation, obtain a closed form solution to the foregoing equation. For Ve = 0.2 m/s,
D = 5 mm, V = 5 m/s, T∞ = 25°C, and an initial wire temperature of Ti = 600°C, compute
the temperature To of the wire at x = L = 5 m. The density and specific heat of the copper are
ρ = 8900 kg/m3 and cp = 400 J/kg·K, while properties of the air may be taken to be k = 0.037
W/m·K, ν = 3 × 10−5 m2 /s, and P r = 0.69.

Answer: 340°C

Figure for problem 7.72

Problem 8.12 Water enters a tube at 27°C with a flow rate of 450 kg/h. The heat transfer from the tube wall to the
fluid is given as Q̇′s (W/m) = ax, where the coefficient a is 20 W/m2 and x (m) is the axial distance
from the tube entrance.

1
 a) Beginning with a properly defined differential control volume in the tube, derive an expression for
the temperature distribution Tm (x) of the water.
b) What is the outlet temperature of the water for a heated section 30 m long?
c) Sketch the mean fluid temperature, Tm (x), and the tube wall temperature, Ts (x), as a function of
distance along the tube for fully developed and developing flow conditions.
d) What value of a uniform wall heat flux, Q̇′′s (instead of Q̇′s = ax), would provide the same fluid
outlet temperature as that determined in part (b)? For this type of heating, sketch the temperature
distributions requested in part (c).

Answers: (a) Tm (x) = Tm,i + (ax2 )/(2ṁcp ), (c) Q̇′′s = (ax)/(2p)