2019-2020

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETA
JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MYSURU-570006

Subject name: Principles of Electrical

Engineering(CB140)
Event – 2
Simulation report on
TITLE- SAFETY FIRE ALARM
Course outcome covered in this event: CO2-Analyze current voltage
relations in electrical network using network theorems.

Submitted by
Sl. No. USN NAME
1. 194029 ARYAN KUMAR
2. 194030 KARAN KUMAR SHARMA
3. 194031 NAMAN OLI
4. 194054 VISHAL MISHRA

Submitted to
PROFESSOR K.M. VINAY
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
JSS S&TU, SJCE, Mysuru

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
 2019-2020
JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETA
JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MYSORE-570006

Subject name: Principles of Electrical

Engineering(CB140)
Event – 2
Course outcome covered in this event: CO2-Analyze current voltage
relations in electrical network using network theorems
Name ARYAN KUMAR
Roll Number 05
Section R
USN 194029
Submission Date

Evaluation Component Max. Marks Marks Scored

Presentation skills 8
Documentation 8
Interaction/Viva 4
Total 20

Name of the faculty PROFESSOR K.M. VINAY

Signature of the faculty
 2019-2020
JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETA
JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MYSORE-570006

Subject name: Principles of Electrical

Engineering(CB140)
Event – 2
Course outcome covered in this event: CO2-Analyze current voltage relations
in electrical network using network theorems.
Name KARAN KUMAR SHARMA
Roll Number 22
Section R
USN 194030
Submission Date

Evaluation Component Max. Marks Marks Scored

Presentation skills 8
Documentation 8
Interaction/Viva 4
Total 20

Name of the faculty PROFESSOR K.M. VINAY

Signature of the faculty
 2019-2020
JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETA
JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MYSORE-570006

Subject name: Principles of Electrical

Engineering(CB140)
Event – 2
Course outcome covered in this event: CO2-Analyze current voltage
relations in electrical network using network theorems.
Name NAMAN OLI
Roll Number 28
Section R
USN 194031
Submission Date

Evaluation Component Max. Marks Marks Scored

Presentation skills 8
Documentation 8
Interaction/Viva 4
Total 20

Name of the faculty PROFESSOR K.M. VINAY

Signature of the faculty
 2019-2020
JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETA
JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MYSORE-570006

Subject name: Principles of Electrical

Engineering(CB140)
Event – 2
Course outcome covered in this event: CO2-Analyze current voltage relations
in electrical network using network theorems.

Name VISHAL MISHRA

Roll Number 47
Section R
USN 194054
Submission Date

Evaluation Component Max. Marks Marks Scored

Presentation skills 8
Documentation 8
Interaction/Viva 4
Total 20

Name of the faculty PROFESSOR K.M. VINAY

Signature of the faculty
 CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgement

2. Abstract

3. Introduction

4. Basic Principle

5. Circuit diagram

6. Components

7. Working and Explanations

8. Applications

9. Advantages and Disadvantages

10. Simulation Output

11. Conclusion

12. Future scope

13. Reference
 SAFETY FIRE ALARM

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great pleasure to acknowledge all those involved in the process of
our education and research. In the first place we would like to record our deep and

sincere gratitude to our sir Mr. K.M. VINAY for his supervision, advice,

guidance and crucial contribution which makes him the backbone of this project.
His understanding, encouraging and personnel guidance have provided a good
basis for the present project. His involvement with his originality has triggered and
nourished our intellectual maturity that we will benefit from, for a long time to
come.

We wish to express our gratitude towards our all companions who helped
us throughout our course work.
 2. ABSTRACT
Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and
activates the Siren Sound or Buzzer. Fire Alarm Circuits are very
important devices to detect fire in the right time and prevent any
damage to people or property.
Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke Sensors are a part of the security
systems which help in detecting or preventing damage. Installing Fire
Alarm Systems and Smoke Sensors in commercial buildings like offices,
movie theatres, shopping malls and other public places is compulsory.
There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in
the form of stand-alone devices, but we have designed very simple Fire
Alarm Circuits using common components like Thermistor,
Operational Amplifier, Resistors, Potentiometers.
.
 3. INTRODUCTION

Fire alarms are prime necessities in modern buildings and architectures,

especially in banks, data centers and gas stations. They detects the fire in ambiance
at very early stage by sensing smoke or/and heat and raise an alarm which warns
people about the fire and furnish sufficient time to take preventive measures. It not
only prevents a big losses caused by deadly fire but sometimes proves to be life
savers.
The key component of the circuit is Thermistor, which has been used as fire detector
or fire sensor. Thermistor is temperature sensitive resistor, whose resistance
changes according to the temperature, its resistance decreases with the increase in
temperature and vice versa.
We have built the circuit using, mainly three components that is :-
 1 x 10 K Thermistor
 1 x LM358 Operational Amplifier (Op – Amp)
 1 x 4.7 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 10 KΩ Potentiometer
 1 x Small Buzzer (5V Buzzer)
 5. BASIC PRINCIPLE

We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing to know
is that the main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K Thermistor. As we
mentioned in the component description, the 10 K Thermistor used here is a NTC
type Thermistor. If the temperature increases, the resistance of the Thermistor
decreases.
In case of fire, the temperature increases. This increase in temperature will reduce
the resistance of the 10 K Thermistor. As the resistance decreases, the output of the
voltage divider will increase. Since the output of the voltage divider is given to the
non – inverting input of the LM358 Op – Amp, its value will become more than that
of the inverting input. As a result, the output of the Op – Amp becomes high and it
activates the buzzer.
 6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

The circuit diagram of this simple Fire Alarm Project is shown in the following
image.
 7. COMPONENTS

6.1. 10K Thermistor :

Fig 1.1
Thermistors are Temperature Dependent Resistors i.e. the resistance of a
Thermistor varies according to the ambient temperature. There are two types of
Thermistors: PTC Thermistor and NTC Thermistor. PTC stands for Positive
Temperature Coefficient and NTC stands for Negative Temperature Coefficient.
In PTC Thermistor, the resistance is directly proportional to the temperature and
in NTC Thermistor, the resistance is inversely proportional to the temperature.
In this project we have used a 10 KΩ Thermistor with NTC. At 250C, the resistance
of the 10 KΩ Thermistor is 10 KΩ. The following image shows the 10K Thermistor
used in this project.
6.2. LM358 Operational Amplifier :

Fig 1.2
LM358 is a Dual Operational Amplifier (Op – Amp) IC. All the functional modes
of the typical operational amplifier can be implemented using LM358 IC. In this
project though, we will be using the LM358 Operational Amplifier in the
Comparator Mode where the input signals on inverting and non – inverting
terminals are compared and corresponding output is produced.

6.3. Potentiometer(10k):

Fig 1.4
Potentiometers also known as POT, are nothing but variable resistors. They can
provide a variable resistance by simply varying the knob on top of its head. It can
be classified based on two main parameters. One is their Resistance (R-
ohms) itself and the other is its Power (P-Watts) rating.
The value or resistance decides how much opposition it provides to the flow of
current. The greater the resistor value the smaller the current will flow. Some
standard values for a potentiometer are 500Ω, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 22K, 47K, 50K,
100K, 220K, 470K, 500K, 1 M.
Resistors are also classified based on how much current it can allow; this is called
Power (wattage) rating. The higher the power rating the bigger the resistor gets
and it can also more current. For potentiometers the power rating is 0.3W and
hence can be used only for low current circuits.

6.4. Resistors (4.7k ohm)

Fig 1.5
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to
reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements,
and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as
a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity.
6.5. Buzzer (5 v):

Fig 1.6
A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to add sound features to our
project/system. It is very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily
used on breadboard, Perf Board and even on PCBs which makes this a widely
used component in most electronic applications.
There are two types are buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown here
is a simple buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous Beeeeeeppp....
sound, the other type is called a readymade buzzer which will look bulkier than
this and will produce a Beep. Beep. Beep. Sound due to the internal oscillating
circuit present inside it. But, the one shown here is most widely used because it
can be customised with help of other circuits to fit easily in our application.
This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply ranging
from 4V to 9V. A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is recommended to use
a regulated +5V or +6V DC supply. The buzzer is normally associated with a
switching circuit to turn ON or turn OFF the buzzer at required time and require
interval.
 7. WORKING AND EXPLAINATION

The fire alarm working principle is based on thermistor used in the fire alarm
circuit. This fire alarm circuit is used to identify and indicate an increase in
temperature beyond certain value (temperature of an enclosed area).
The increase in temperature is indicated by turning ON the LED (cooling system can
be used to bring the temperature to its normal value). Thus, if the temperature exceeds
a certain value, then the cooler or load turns ON automatically without any monitoring
system. To actuate the relay instead of LED, operational amplifier along with
negative coefficient thermistor can be used.
In this fire alarm mini project circuit, thermistor is used as a temperature sensor
because thermistor is very economical compared to all other temperature
sensors. But, for applications that require linear response correction is needed as
thermistors exhibit highly nonlinear resistance vs temperature characteristics. In the
above block diagram if the temperature changes then the input to NPN transistor
changes. The output of NPN transistor is used to turn ON the LED indicator. The
accuracy of this fire alarm mini project can be increased by using a digital
temperature sensor instead of analog. This project can be further enhanced to
extinguish fire using fire fighting robot project.
The fire fighting robot is used to extinguish fire which can be detected using
temperature sensor. The fire fighting robot consists of a water tank with a pump to
sprinkle water in case of a fire accident.

Thermistors serve a crucial role in temperature detection. For example, thermistor

temperature detection can be used in fire alarms to detect fires based on a sudden change
in temperature. Unlike photoelectric detectors or ionization alarms, thermistors only
require heat to activate.

Voltage is constantly flowing through the buzzer and the thermistor. When the
thermistor gets hot, as it would during a fire, the resistance drops allowing the
positive voltage to pass through the thermistor, diode and the (#2) 1k resistor. The
1k resistor regulates the voltage to the transistor to ensure proper function. The
transistor connects the ground to the buzzer and is required to complete the
circuit. Once the positive voltage flows through the transistor, it “switches” on
allowing the buzzer to sound.
On standby, the (#1) 1k resistor grounds the capacitor and base of the transistor
so the buzzer remains off when there isn’t the danger of fire. The capacitor is used
for electrical “noise” and the function to keep the alarm on once turned on. When
the capacitor becomes charged it will provide voltage to keep the transistor on. To
reset the alarm with the optional reset, the switch discharges the capacitor which
turns off the transistor, turning the buzzer off.

The circuit/buzzer activates when the thermistor reaches 8.7k ohms. The
temperature the thermistor needs to reach for 8.7k ohms is 87°c or 188.6°f.
Thermistors with different beta and resistance can be used to fine tune the 8.7k
ohms temperature activation point on the circuit

9. ADVANTAGES

Thermistors as temperature detectors are versatile in the fire alarm example

because of the many placement options available. Thermistor fire alarms can be
placed in
 areas with high steam, such as used in dairy factories

 Incineration and oven rooms where smoke usually gathers

 rooms with high temperatures like welding workshops

 industrial workplaces with a lot of dust and smoke

With strategic placing, the thermistor method would not cause unnecessary
alarms, while still being reliable in the industrial workplace to ensure all employees
reach safety when a threat of fire occurs. Thermistors can activate at specific
temperatures. The fine tuning allows for even greater versatility in their placement.

Data compiled and published by www.usfa.fema.gov show the numbers on residential

fires and their causes from 2009 to 2011. The connections behind outlets in the wall cause
about nine percent of all residential fires. Although not a high number comparatively, it is
another place a thermistor temperature detection type fire alarm would prove beneficial.
The thermistor used for temperature detection is so tiny that an alarm could be
manufactured small enough to be placed behind electrical outlets. Should a high
temperature occur in the outlet creating a fire danger, the alarm would alert those around
to shut the power off or could shut off power automatically.

11. CONCLUSION

Production of a fire alarm utilizing the thermistor temperature detection method is

more cost effective because of the simple circuitry and easy construction. The
alarms require one part for manufacturing, rather than multiple complex parts. The
thermistor doesn’t contain hazardous material, allowing for easy disposal when
the alarm is no longer working.

Thermistors used in temperature detection are versatile and cost effective pieces
of circuitry. In our example of fire alarms, we have seen that they are more cost
effective due to simple circuitry, have fewer false alarms due to their effective
detection of temperature and are versatile due to their small size. These
thermistors are crucial for temperature detection, not just in fire alarms, but in any
piece of machinery that requires temperature detection.

12. FUTURE SCOPE

In 2019, a new definition of a “Building System Information Unit” was added.

Paragraph 3.3.34 reads, “A computer-based electronic device that is intended to
display building information and execute system control functions, including fire
system information display and control.” At the present time, this would
typically be a computer installed in the same room as the fire alarm control unit
that would be used for controlling building management systems as well as the
fire alarm. Since computers now run the world, isn’t it feasible that fire alarms
will be part of the computer system at some point in the future? There already
are smoke alarms that can send a signal to your cellphone when activated. There
may come a day that fire sensors report directly to a computer instead of a fire
alarm control and occupants of the building will get an alert on their cellphone,
tablet or computer.

Fire alarms of the future should have the capability of providing better information to
occupants as well as fire departments, improving fire and life safety through better use of
technology, combining with other equipment like security or mass notification equipment
for broader usage and reducing costs over the life of the system. It’s hard to believe
iPhones have only been around for 12 years. Look how they have changed the world. I
believe we have only seen the tip of the iceberg for fire alarm systems of the future.

13. REFERENCE

WWW.SCRIBD.COM

WWW.ELECTRONICSCHEMATICS.IN

WWW.CIRCUITEASY.COM

WWW.KPSEC.COM

WWW.BUILDCIRCUIT.COM
10. Output