A

SUMMER TRAININGREPORT ON
UTTEER PRADESH POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATIONLIMITED
132/33KV SUBSTATION, MANAURE
ALLAHABAD

A
Summer training Report Submitted in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirement For
The Award of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
By
Alok Tiwari
UN. R.N. - 1201021011

UNDAR GUIDANCE: -
Mr.-FULCHAND (S.D.O)
Mr. - SHUDHANSU SUCSENA (J.E)

United College of Engineering & Research Naini Allahabad (Code 010)

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 CERTIFICATE

Certified that work presented in this Report entitled Title of topic

''SUMMER TRAINING" for the award of Bachelor of Technology from Uttar
Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow embodies results of original work, and
studies are carried out by us and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for
the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any
other University/Institution.

Name & Signature of Students

Alok Tiwari

Name & Signature of Guide

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING PLACE A IMPORTANT ROLE IN EXPOSING

THE STUDENT IN REAL LIFE SITUATION IN A INDUSTRY. IT WAS A GREAT
EXPERIENCE FOR ME TO WORK AS A TRAINER AT UPPCL.TROUGH WHICH I
COULD LEARN HOW TO WORK IN A PROFESSIONAL ENVIRONMENT.

NOW I WOULD LIKE TO THINK THE PEOPLE WHO GUIDED ME AND HAVE
BEEN A CONSTANT SOURCE OF INSPIRATION THROUGH THE TRAINER OF MY
TRAINING.

I AM SINCERELY GRATEFUL TO Mr. FULCHAND (S.D.O.)AT 132 KV SUB-

STATION MANAURE ALLAHABAD. WHO RENDERED HIS VALUABLE ASSISTANCE,
CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT AND ABLE GUIDANCE, WHICH MADE THIS
TRAINING A POSSIBILITY.

I WISH MY DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO Mr. SHDHANSU SUCSENA

(J.E) UPPTCL WHOS AFFECTIONATE HAS ENABLE US TO COMPLETE THIS
TRAINING SUCCESFULLY.

Alok Tiwari

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 INDEX :-

• INTRODUCTION …………………………………..(05)

• ISOLATOR ………………………………………….(05)

• INSULATOR ………………………………………...(06)

• TRANSFORMER ……………………………………(06)

• PROTECTION OF TRANFORMER ………………...(07)

• EQUIPMENT OF SUB-STATION …………………..... .(10)

• CURRENT TRANSFORMER ……………………….(12)

• POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER …………………….(13)

• CONTROL PANEL ………………………………….(15)

• BATTERY ROOM ………………………………….(16)

• SINGLE LINE DIGRAM……………………..……….(17)

• TYPE OF SUBSTATIONS……………………………(18)

• CHARACTRISTICS OF SUBSTATIONS…………….(20)

• DISIGNE OF SUBSTATIONS………………………...(21)

• EARTHING MATERIAL……………………………..(23)

• POWER LINE CAREAR COMMUNICATION………(25)

• APPLICATIONS OF PLCC……………………………(26)

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 Introduction

India has been divided into five regions for power system planning
and operation. These regions are the Northern region, Western region, Eastern
region and North-eastern region. Provide means of connection and disconnection of
engine with rest of power train without shock and smoothly.
Provide a varied leverage between the engine and the drive wheels
Provide means to transfer power in opposite direction. Present almost 70% of the
population is enjoying the fruits of electricity.
The present day electricity power system is AC i.e. electric power is
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric
power is produced at the power station, whicare located at favorable place,
generally quite away from the consumers.

ISOLATOR:-
Mainly the isolator is connected after the circuit breaker .The circuit
breaker is trip due to the fault, or when suddenly a heavy current is flows, it means
that the current will not flow after the breaker, but small amount of current is flows
inner circuit.

Isolators are two types:-

 Bus Isolator- the isolator is directly connected with main bus.

 Line Isolator- the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder.

For making this current total zero the isolator is open and isolator is connected to
ground so all inner current will grounded. This is the main work of isolator and
other equipments are saved.

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INSULATOR:-
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductor (bus
bar) and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly used material for
the manufacturer of insulator is porcelain

But the most wild use of insulator is to insulate the support or tower
from the electric current .These are several type of insulators (e.g. pin type,
suspension type , post insulator ,shackle insulator etc.) and their use in the substation
will depend upon the service requirement .For example post insulator is used for bus
bars can directly bolted to the cap.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two
or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Types of Transformers:-
1. Step Up Transformer
2. Step Down Transformer
3. Power Transformer
4. Distribution Transformer
Ideal Transformer:-
Its primary and secondary winding resistances are negligible.
Its leakage flux and leakage inductance are zero. There are no losses due
to resistance, hysteresis and eddy currents. The efficiency is 100 percent.
In case of ideal transformer Np*Ip = Ns*Is

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PROTECTION OF TRANFORMER:-
CONSERVATOR -

• As the temperature of oil increases or decreases during operation there is

corresponding rise or fall in volume. To account for this an expansion vessel is
connected to the transformer tank.

• The conservator has got a capacity between minimum and maximum oil
level equal to 10% of the total oil in transformer.
• The conservator is provided with magnetic oil level gauge on one of the end
covers which has a low oil level alarm. The ideal indicates empty 1/4, 30.c, ¾
and full oil level.

RADIATOR:-
Owing the transport limitation and considering possible transient damages.
Large transformers are provided with detachable radiators with radiator value.

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 At the time of dispatch these radiators are detach and sent
separately keeping the valve in position on tank flange. The valve blanking plate is too
removed only when the radiators is ready for mounting on flanges. On removal of blanking
plate a small quantity of oil which may have collected between valves and blanking plate will
seep out.
The radiator section is made of 1mm thick cold rolled carbon steel sheets. The
distance between each section is 50mm. The number of section per radiators and the
number of radiators per transformer will depend upon cooling requirement of that
transformer.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY:-
The device comprises with the cast iron housing containing the
hinged floats, one in upper part and other in lower part . Each float is fitted with
mercury switches, leads of which are connected to terminal box for external
connection

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  The transformer is fitted with double float buchholz
relay.
• It is fitted in the feed pipe from conservator to tank and it is provided with
two sets of mercury contacts.
• An arrow in cast on the housing to indicate the direction of conservator.
The operation of buchholz relay should be tested before installing by
injecting air at the lowest cock.
• It is connected to the protection circuit to give an early alarm in case of gas
collection and to disconnection of transformer from supply in case the sever
fault inside the transformer.

SILICA GEL BREATHE:-

When transformer is loaded or unloaded the oil temperature inside
the transformer is rise or falls. Accordingly the volume of air is changes by either
by sucking in or pushing out . This transformer phenomena is called BREATHING
of transformer.
The air which I being sucked in container may have foreign
impurities and humidity which changes dielectric stray of transformer oil. Hence it
is necessary that the air entering into the transformer is free room moisture and
foreign impurities. The breather is connected to an outlet pipe of conservator
vessel and the air which is sucked by the transformer is made to pass through
silica gel breather to dehumidify the air and remove the foreign impurities. The air
which is pass through the gel is pass first to oil compartment of the breather.
COOLING:-
When a transformer is in operation the heat is generated due to iron loss
in winding and core loss. The process of minimize this heat is called cooling.
AIR NATURAL COOLING -
In a dry type self-cooled transformer, the natural circulation of
surrounding air is used for cooling. This process of cooling is satisfactory for low
voltage small transformer up to few KVA.

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AIR BLAST COOLING-
It is similar to natural cooling with an addition that continuous blast of
filtered cooled air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan
produces the blast.
Water Co Forced Oil with Circulating oiling
In this type of system heat exchanger is used for cooling the
transformer. This system is used for large rating of power transformer.

EQUIPMENT OF SUB-STATION

WAVE TRAP :-
Wave trap unit is inserted between bus bar and connection of coupling
capacitor to the line. It is parrel tuned circuit comprising L and C. It has low
impedance to 50 Hz and high impedance to carrier frequencies. Thus coupling
capacitor allows carrier frequencies signals to enter the carrier equipment, but
does not allows 50Hz power frequency current to enter the carrier equipment

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LIGHTING ARRESTER:-

Lighting arresters are protective device for limiting surge

voltages due to lighting strikes or equipment faults or other events, to prevent
damage to equipment and disruption of service. This type of equipment also
called surge arresters

Lighting arresters are installed on many different pieces of equipment

such as power poles and towers, power transformer, circuit breaker,
bus structure, and steel superstructure in substation.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating
electric currents. Current transformers, together with voltage (or potential)
transformers (VT or PT), are known as instrument transformers. When current in
a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments.

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 Current transformers are commonly used in metering and
protective relays in the electrical power industry. They are commonly used in
metering and protective relaying in the electrical power industry. The current
transformer safely isolates measurement and control circuitry from high voltage
typically present on the circuit being measured. The CT acts as constant current
series device with an apparent power burden a fraction of that of high voltage primary
circuit.
Common secondary's are 1 or 5 amperes . For example; a 400:1 CT
would provide an output current of 1 ampere when the primary was passing 400
amperes. Current transformers used in metering equipment for three-phase 400-
ampere electricity supply
The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating
magnetic field in the core, which then induces an alternating current in the
secondary winding circuit. An essential objective of current transformer design is
to ensure the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so the
secondary current is linearly proportional to the primary curren

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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:-

A voltage transformer theory or potential transformer theory is just

like a theory of general purpose step down transformer. Primary of this transformer
is connected across the phase and ground. Just like the transformer used for
stepping down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding at its
secondary.

Voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of that

transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the
secondary terminals of the PT.

The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V. In an ideal

potential transformer or voltage transformer, when rated burden gets connected
across the secondary; the ratio of primary and secondary voltages of transformer is
equal to the turns ratio and furthermore, the two terminal voltages are in precise
phase opposite to each other.
A potential Transformer is a special type of transformer that allows
meters to take reading from electrical service connections with higher voltage than
the meter is normally capable of handling without at potential transformer .Potential
transformer has an accuracy of +_ 5% from 0 to 130% of their rated voltage.

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CIRCUIT BREAKER
Circuit breaker is mechanical device which is so designed by which
circuit normal current fault position will be on and off .They are used for high
capacity. A circuit breaker can make or break a circuit either manually or
automatically under all condition viz. no load and short circuit condition.

Types of circuit breake is:-

• Low voltage air circuit breaker

• oil circuit breaker

• Sulphur Hexa Fluoride circuit breaker

• Air blast circuit breaker

• vacuum circuit breake

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CONTROL PANNEL :-
This is the main part of the substation. We plant it outside the
switchyard. All the equipment which is installing inside the switchyard is connected
to the control panel by a underground cable. These cables are connected to the
measuring devices like as voltmeter and ammeter of high rating.

This control panel also consists a different type of relays like as

differential, earth fault, auxiliary etc. control panel gives all the correct reading for
example when a line is come in switch yard is connected to CVT. This CVT gives
an exact value of incoming voltage on the control panel, If any fault is occurs, the
relay is trip and we can see it on control panel and except it control panel gives the
rating of all feeders and temperature of oil and winding in the transformer.

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BATTERY ROOM:-
This is the room, which consist DC batteries. There are 55 DC
cell of 2 Volt each. These cells are connected in series, so it will give total of 110V.
This 110V DC Supply is used for operating the control panel, when the AC supply is
off. This 110V DC voltage is also supplied to circuit breakers for operating; this
supply is used when AC is off. We use this supply as a secondary supply. It means
that this DC voltage is used when the AC is interrupted.

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM MANAURI;-

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TYPES OF SUBSTATION;-

According to the service requirement:

 Transformer substation
 Switch substation
 3 .Power factor correction substation
 Frequency change substation
 Converting substation
 Industrial substation

According to the constructional features:

 substation
 Outdoor substation
 Underground substation
 Pole mounted Indoor substation

TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION;-

At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to

change some characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of
electric supply. This accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For
example; generation voltage (11 KV or 33 KV) at the power station is set up to
high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of electric power. The
assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the
substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be
step down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus
called substation. (18)
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply
is

Transformer substation-

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the

main component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the
purposed served transformer substations may be classified into:

STEP UP SUBSTATION-
The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect
economy in transmission of electric power. These are generally located in
the power houses and are of outdoor type.

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PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION-
Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces
the voltage level to 11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid
substation is generally of outdoor type.

SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS-
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to
11KV. The 11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The
secondary substations are also of outdoor type.

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION-

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step
down to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage
between any two phases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is
230V.

CHARACTERISTICS of SUBSTATION

Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant
outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply.

A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer
and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.

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 A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete
shutdown of the substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty
circuit breaker. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves
loss of the circuit Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit
isolator allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and

Bonding System.

Farthing and Bonding: -

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing

system connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be
connected in order to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also
ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within the
substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel. The
earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that there are no
dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
In designing the substation, three voltage have to be considered these are:

Touch Voltage:

This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the
potential at earthedequipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed
structure.

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Step Voltage:

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of

1m with his feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.

Mesh Voltage:

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the
earthing grid.

Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on
site measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with
particular conductors is then analyzed to determine the effective substation
earthing resistance, from which the earthing voltage is calculated.

In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth
grid calculation purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin
such that expansion of the system is catered for.

To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site.
These tests are best performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity
readings are obtained.

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Earthing Materials

Conductors:

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The
copper bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square
millimeters, and they are laid at a shallow depthof 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In
addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above ground earthing ring is
usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is bonded.

Connections:

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered
because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to
fail. Joints are usually bolted.

Earthing Rods:

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation
of earth faultcurrents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance.
These rods are usually made ofsolid copper, or copper clad steel.

Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by
different utilities. These are:

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Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence
is thenbonded to the grid at regular intervals.

Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid
and bond the fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not
coupled to the main substation earthing grid.

CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

 An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements.

 Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time
currents.
 Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces
comprise self weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short
circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
 Should be corona free at rated voltage
 Should have the minimum number of joints.
 Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
 Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums.
Steel may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility
to corrosion.

In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been
utilized, and these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and
Tubular Conductors.

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POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Introduction:

PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient

&economical power supply. To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to
maintain the interconnected grid system in optimum working condition; to
coordinate the operation of various generating unit communication network is
indispensable for state electricity board.

In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are

generally located at a far distance from cities. Where P & T communication
provided through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick.

As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which
interconnected, hence power line carrier communication is found to be most
economical and reliable for electricity boards.

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APPLICATIONS:

The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:

1. Telephony

2. Teleprotection

3. Remote control or indication

4. Telemetry

5.Teleprinting

PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:
All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to
500 KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the
sending end and filtered out again at the respective stations. Long earlier system
double side band amplitude modulation was more common but the present
amplitude modulated system.

Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of
energy on the high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they
cannot be directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling
equipments have therefore to be employed which will permit the injection of high
frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute protection of
communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard.

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The coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:-

 Wave trap or line trap:

Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of
connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance
to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and thermally for short circuit
current in the event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking frequency bank,
the wave trap can be following type:

I. ALL WAVE
II. SINGAL FREQUENCY
III. DOUBLE FREQUENC
IV. BROAD BAND
 Coupling capacitor:

The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor
specially designed to with stand line voltage under all weather condition. The
upper end of the coupling capacitor is connected directly to the line and the lower
end is connected to the ground through a carrier frequency chock coil or drain coil.
Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC equipment and power
line. The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.

The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand
normal atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain,
snow, anticipated wind load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage.

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 In some case capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) used as a source of line
voltage for metering and protection as also used coupling capacitor for PLCC.

 Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrester:

This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is
connected to the bottom of the coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is
provided to protect the coupling filter against line surges. An air gap is provided,
where voltage of the order of 1.8 to 2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. on
line.

 Coupling of Filter:

The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the
coupling capacitor and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal.
Some time an earth switch is also provided with this unit. This unit mainly
performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection of equipment from the
power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the power line
to that of the H.F. cable to connection equipments.

 H.F. Cable:

H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling
terminal. The cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The
impedance of this H.F. cable is so as to match with the output of the PLCC
terminal and secondary impedance of coupling filter.

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  TYPES OF COUPLING:

The following three types of coupling are being used in UPSEB depending on the
requirement:

Phase to ground coupling

Phase to phase coupling

Internal coupling

 COUPLING LOSSES:

Composite loss

Tapping loss

cable loss

Additional loss

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OVERVIEW OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF UTTAR PRADESH;-

The Transmission function in the state of Uttar Pradesh is being

looked afterby U.P. Power Transmission Corporation Limited (UPPTCL), which is
a State Government owned company. UPPTCL maintains a very robust intra-
StateTransmission System, which is part of the integrated “NEW” grid network.
Itconsists of 1 no. 765KV, 14 Nos. 400KV, 69 Nos. 220KV & 271 Nos.
132KVsubstations with total transformation capacity of around 56844
MVA.UPPTCL further has total line length of 411 ckms 765KV, 4260 ckms
400KV,8099 ckms 220KV and 13800 ckms of 132KV lines.
Transmission map ofUttar Pradesh. The total demand met by the
transmission system of UPPTCL in the range of 8000 MW to 11500 MW. Out of
this total demand, approximately 2500 MW ismet through State Government
owned generating stations and balance 5500to 8500 MW through IPP’s & co-
generators in the State, allocations from thecentre sector generating stations,
bilateral agreement and purchases throughpower exchange.

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