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TIRUCHIRAPALLI – 621213
QUESTION BANK
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Sub. Code : EE2402 Semester : VII
Subject : PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Unit : II
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PART A
1. Name the different kinds of over current relays. [AU/Apr/May/12/13]
Induction type non-directional over current relay, Induction type directional
over current relay & current differential relay.
11. Define the term pilot with reference to power line protection.
[AU/Apr/May/08/11]
Pilot wires refer to the wires that connect the CT’s placed at the ends of a power
transmission line as part of its protection scheme. The resistance of the pilot wires is
usually less than 500 ohms.
12. Mention any two disadvantage of carrier current scheme for transmission line
only. [AU/Apr/May/08/12]
The program time (ie, the time taken by the carrier to reach the other end-upto .1%
mile); the response time of band pass filter; capacitance phase-shift of the
transmission line.
13. What are the features of directional relay? [AU/Apr/May/12/13]
High speed operation; high sensitivity; ability to operate at low voltages; adequate
short-time thermal ratio; burden must not be excessive.
18. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay? (nov/dec
2011)
Low power consumption as low as 1mW
No moving contacts; hence associated problems of arcing, contact bounce,
erosion, replacement of contacts
No gravity effect on operation of static relays. Hence can be used in vessels ie,
ships, aircrafts etc.
A single relay can perform several functions like over current, under voltage,
single phasing protection by incorporating respective functional blocks. This is
not possible in electromagnetic relays
Static relay is compact
Superior operating characteristics and accuracy
Static relay can think , programmable operation is possible with static relay
Effect of vibration is nil, hence can be used in earthquake-prone areas
Simplified testing and servicing. Can convert even non-electrical quantities to
electrical in conjunction with transducers.
23. What are the different types of over current relays. [AU/April/May/12/13]
Instantaneous over current relays, Definite time over current relay, IDMT
26. A relay is connected to 400/5 ratio current transformer with current setting of 150%.
Calculate the PSM when the fault current is 4000A (nov/dec 2011)
4000/(7.5*80)=6.667
3. Draw and explain the schematic of an impedance relay and its operating
characteristics on R-X diagram.
Since this type of relay involves impedance-type units, let us first become acquainted
with them. Generally speaking, the term “impedance” can be applied to resistance
6. What is static relay? List the advantages and disadvantages of static relays.
Static relays are those in which the designed response is developed by electronic or
magnetic means without mechanical motion. This means, that the designation ‘static
relay’ covers the electronic relays of both the analog and digital designs. The analog
relays refer to electronic circuits with discrete devices like transistors, diodes, etc.,
which were adopted in the initial stages. However, the digital designs incorporate
integrated chips, microprocessors, etc., which had been developed subsequently. In
recent years, very few relays of the analog type are being developed or introduced for
the first time. Most modern overcurrent relays are of the digital type.
There are many reasons for this, the main ones being associated with cost, accuracy,
flexibility, reliability, size, auxiliary power drain, etc. Many of these reasons will
become evident during the course of this chapter, which will concentrate on relays of
the digital type. Microprocessor relays are of the digital type. The main objective of
PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 7
using static relays is to improve the sensitivity, speed and reliability of a protection
system by removing the delicate mechanical parts that can be subject to wear due to
vibration, dust and corrosion.
During the early development of static relays, the use of static components were
particularly attractive for the more complicated relays such as impedance relays,
directional relays, voltage regulating relays, etc. On the other hand, the early static
IDMT overcurrent relays were expensive because it was difficult to match the inverse
time characteristic using analog protection circuits. The battery drain associated with
these static IDMT relays was too high and this discouraged the use of this type of
relay for medium-voltage applications.
The general developments in the field of electronics and the introduction of digital
circuits have overcome many of the above problems. Using modern microprocessor
relays, almost any characteristic is possible and economical, even for the simplest
applications such as, overcurrent relays and motor protection relays.
9. Briefly discuss about classification of relays. With neat diagrams explain the
different types of attracted armature type relays & induction type relays.