Lec 23 PDF

23
1
Recapitulate
• We discussed the transformation
of Electric and Magnetic Fields.
• Using this transformation, the
fields, if known in a frame can
be obtained in another frame.
2
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Electric Fields
Ex Ex Ex Ex
Ey Ey vBz Ey Ey vBz
Ez Ez vBy Ez Ez vBy
3
Magnetic Fields
Bx Bx Bx Bx
v v
By By 2
Ez By By 2
Ez
c c
v v
Bz Bz 2
Ey Bz Bz 2
Ey
c c
4
Before we proceed
ahead, we would like
to demonstrate that
the transformation of
y and z component of
magnetic fields can
also be obtained from
direct and inverse
transformation of
Electric Field.
5
For this we take the
second equation from
both the sets.
Ey Ey vBz
Ey Ey vBz
Ey Ey vBz vBz
6
We solve for Bz .
Ey Ey vBz vBz
2 2
Ey Ey vBz vBz
2
Ey Ey 2
vBz
Bz
v v v
Ey Ey
Bz Bz
v v
7
Ey Ey
Bz Bz
v v
1
Ey Bz
v v
Ey 1
2
1 Bz
v
8
Ey 1
Bz 2
1 Bz
v
Ey v 2
2
Bz
v c
v
Bz 2
Ey
c
9
Similarly we can take
the third equation from
each set and eliminate E z
to obtain following
equation.
v
By By 2
Ez
c
10
In case we do not want
the relative velocity
direction between the
frames along x-
direction, we can write
the perpendicular and
parallel to relative
velocity components.
11
In such a case the
transformation equations
for electric field can be
written as.
E E
E E v B
12
For magnetic Field they
are given by following.
B B
1
B B 2
v E
c
13
This can be verified by
taking the velocity
along x-direction and
expanding the cross
product.
14
Example
Consider three
frames, S, S’ and
S”. The speed of S’
and S” in S frame is
0.6 c and 0.8 c
respectively in +x
direction.
15
In the frame S’
magnetic field is zero
while there is an
electric field of
magnitude E’o along y’
direction. Find the
fields and force on a
charge q in all the
frames, given that q is
at rest in S’.
16
In the frame S’
Bx 0, By 0o , Bz 0
Ex 0, E y Eo , E z 0
S’ moves in S with speed

+0.6 c. Hence to get fields in
S, we have to apply inverse
transformation with v=0.6 c.
17
The components of
electric field in S would
be given as follows.
1.25
Ex Ex 0
Ey Ey vBz 1.25 E o
Ez Ez vBy 0
18
The components of magnetic field
in S would be given as follows.
Bx Bx 0
v
By By 2
Ez 0
c
v
Bz Bz 2
Ey
c
Eo Eo
1.25 0.6 0.75
c c 19
We thus see that the
electric field in S is
1.25 times the same in
S’. Moreover, a
magnetic field would
also be felt in S frame
pointing in z-direction.
20
The force on charge q
in S’ would be in +y’
direction and its
magnitude would be
given by
F qEo ˆ
j
Let us evaluate force on this
charge q in S using the
calculated fields.
21
In S
u 0.6ciˆ
E
F j 0.6ciˆ 0.75 o kˆ
q 1.25 E o ˆ
c
q 1.25 E o ˆ
j 0.45 E o ˆ
j
0.8qE o ˆ
j
22
We thus see clearly that
Fy Fy
Fy
1.25
23
The components of
electric field in S” can be
found out using the field
values in S. we have
now to use direct
transformation using
v=0.8 c.
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5
;Ex Ex 0
3
Ey E y vBz
5 Eo
1.25 E o 0.8c 0.75
3 c
3.25 13
Eo Eo
3 12
Ez Ez vBy 0
25
The components of
magnetic field in S” can
now be found out using
the field values in S.
26
Bx Bx 0
v
By By 2
Ez 0
c
27
v
Bz Bz 2
Ey
c
5 Eo Eo
0.75 0.8 1.25
3 c c
1.25 E o 5 Eo
3 c 12 c
28
We thus see that in S’’ has
the magnetic field would
also be felt in negative z-
direction.
29
In order to calculate
force on charge q in
S” We have to find
the speed of the
charge in S”, using
velocity
transformation.
30
ux v 0.6c 0.8c 0.2
ux c
vux 1 .48 0.52
1 2
c
uy uz
uy 0; uz 0
vux vux
1 2
1 2
c c
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In S”
13 0.2 ˆ 5 E o ˆ
F q Eo ˆ
j ci k
12 0.52 12 c
13 1
q Eo ˆ
j Eo ˆ
j
12 6.24
12
qE o ˆ
j
13
32
Let us confirm that this
follows the force
transformation law.
v
Fx 2
F u
c
Fx
vux
1
c2
33
We have
Fx 0
uy 0
Fz 0, uz 0
F .u 0
This gives
Fx 0
34
Fy
Fy
vux
1 2
c
5
Fy 0.8qE o; ux 0.6c;
3
3 0.8qE o
Fy
5 1 .48
2.4 12
qE o qE o
2.6 13
35
Fz
Fz 0
vux
1 2
c
We thus see that
force transformation
equations are obeyed
as expected.
36
Field and Forces
Let us summarize
various quantities in
the three frames.
37
In S’
u 0
B 0, E y Eo
Fy qE o
Other electric field and

force components are zero.
38
In S
ux 0.6c
Eo
Bz 0.75 , Ey 1.25E o
c
Fy 0.8qE o
Other, velocity, fields and

39
In S”
0.2
ux c
0.52
5 Eo 13
Bz , Ey Eo
12 c 12
12
Fy qE o
13
Other, velocity, field and
40
Before we close this
example, let us
attempt a
transformation from
S’ to S” frame,
without going
through S.
41
For this we have to
evaluate between S’
and S”. For this we
have to find the speed
of frame S” in S’. The
charge is at rest in S’
and we know the speed
of charge in S”.
42
Hence the speed of S”
in S’ as given below.
0.2
v c
0.52
1 13
2 12
0.2
1
0.52
43
The electric field would thus
be given by
13
;Ex Ex 0
12
Ey E y vBz
13
Eo
12
Ez Ez vBy 0
44
Bx Bx 0
v
By By 2
Ez 0
c
45
v
Bz Bz 2
Ey
c
13 0.2 E o
0
12 0.52 c
2.6 E o 5 Eo
6.24 c 12 c
46
We thus get the identical
result as expected.
47
Summary
• We used another method to
derive perpendicular magnetic
field transformation.
• We worked out an example of
electric and magnetic field
transformation.
48

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S’ moves in S with speed

Other electric field and

Other, velocity, fields and

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